Transformation From Soft Law to Hard Law of International Environmental Protection: Process, Basic Concepts and Principles – Part 1: “Common Heritage of Mankind”, “Present and Future Generations”, “Inter/Intra-generational Equity” and “Sustainable Development

Year 2022, Issue: 71, 119 - 219, 31.12.2022

Mehmet Semih Gemalmaz

https://doi.org/10.26650/annales.2022.71.0011

Abstract

In this study transformation from soft law to hard law of international environmental protection is analysed within the historical perspective with a special emphasis on process, basic concepts and principles. In Part I of this study, firstly soft- hard law dichotomy and enforcement is examined and attention has been drawn to the 1972 Stockholm and the 1992 Rio Declarations. It follows the examination of “common heritage of mankind”, “present and future generations”, “inter/ intra-generational equity”, and “sustainable development” as the basic notions and principles which have roots in soft law and subsequently become an integral part of international environmental protection of hard law instruments. In Part 2 of the study which will be published in the subsequent issue, “no transboundary environmental harm”, “precautionary”, “environmental impact assessment” principles as well as “access to information and participation to decision-making processes” criteria have been analysed. As a whole in this study in addition to relevant international literature and soft/ hard law documents some of the significant jurisprudence in its historical process have been referred to.

Keywords

Common Heritage of Mankind, Environmental Law, Sustainable Development, Present and Future Generations, Inter/ Intragenerational Equity, 1972 Stockholm Declaration, 1992 Rio Declaration

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