Art-Sanat 2148-3582 Istanbul University 10.26650/artsanat.2026.25.0007 Archaeological Science Arkeoloji Bilimi Hristiyan Liturjisinin Mistik ve Kutsal Objesi: Post-Bizans Dönemi’ne Ait Bir Kalisin Kültürel ve İkonografik Tahlili The Mystical and Sacred Object of the Christian Liturgy: Cultural and Iconographic Analysis of Post-Byzantine Chalice https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9416-2638 Yıldırım Ateş Berna 01 31 2026 25 157 184 09 01 2024 01 26 2026 Copyright © 2014, Art - Sanat 2014 Art - Sanat

Bu çalışmanın konusunu Ökaristi (Şükran) ayininde kutsal şarabın takdis edilmesi için kullanılan ve İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzelerinde yer alan altın yaldızlı gümüş bir kalis oluşturmaktadır. Kalis, İsa’nın kanını sembolize eden şarabın konulduğu kabın adıdır ve Ökaristi’nin iki ana objesinden biridir. Örneklem olarak seçilen İstanbul Müzelerine ait 7641 (M) Envanter No.lu eserin tanımı ve tarihlendirme önerisi yapıldıktan sonra eser hem ikonografik hem de kültürel bağlamda değerlendirilmiştir. Eldeki veriler dikkate alındığında, 7641 (M) Envanter No.lu kalisin bir model olarak alandaki boşluğun doldurulmasına yardımcı olacağı düşünülmektedir. Benzer örnekleri dikkate alınarak 18. yüzyıla tarihlendirilen eser, geniş ve kapsamlı bir çalışma konusunu oluşturduğu için sadece Post-Bizans Dönemi üzerinden bilgi aktarımı yapılmaya çalışılmıştır. Eserin 18. yüzyıla tarihli benzer örneklerinin Rum ve Ermenilerin ortak tarzına uygun olarak yapıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Benzer örnekleri, Gümüşhane, Tokat, Doğu Trakya ve Yunanistan (Doğu Teselya civarı), Kayseri, Van ve Kozan (Sis) civarlarından gelmiştir. Ayrıca değerlendirme bölümünde Post-Bizans ve Osmanlı sanatı arasındaki dinî ilişkiye ve kültürel bağlama da dikkat çekilmiştir. Eser üzerinde yer alan melek ve on iki havarinin tasviri ise ikonografik açıdan ele alınırken sadece Ökaristi'nin teolojik ilişkisi ile sınırlı tutulmuştur.

The subject of this study is a gilded silver chalice used to consecrate the holy wine in the Eucharist (Thanksgiving) ritual and located in the Istanbul Archeological Museums. Chalice is the name of the vessel in which the wine symbolizing Jesus's blood is placed and is one of the two main objects of the Eucharist. After the definition and dating proposal of the object with Inventory No. 7641 (M) belonging to the Istanbul Museums, which was selected as a sample, the object was evaluated in both iconographic and cultural contexts. Considering the available data, the chalice with Inventory No. 7641 (M) will help fill the gap in the field as a model. Considering similar examples, the work was dated to the 18th century, and since it constitutes a large and comprehensive study subject, an attempt was made to convey information only on the Post-Byzantine period. It has been determined that similar examples of the chalice dating back to the 18th century were made in accordance with the common style of the Greek Orthodox and Armenians. Similar examples came from Gümüşhane, Tokat, Eastern Thrace, Greece (around Eastern Thessaly), Kayseri, Van, and Kozan (Sis). The common feature of these regions is that they were settlements where Greek Orthodox and Armenian populations lived densely in the 17th-19th centuries. In addition, the religious relationship and cultural context between Post-Byzantine and Ottoman art is highlighted in the evaluation section. The depiction of the angel and the twelve apostles on the work was considered from an iconographic point of view and was limited only to the theological relationship of the Eucharist.

 Kalis Post-Bizans Ökaristi Hristiyan Liturjisi İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri Chalice Post-Byzantine Eucharist Christian Liturgy Istanbul Archeological Museums Acara-Eser, Meryem. Bizans Maden Sanatı: Dini Törenlerde Kullanılan (Liturjik) Eşyalar. Ankara: Bilgin Kültür Sanat Yayınları, 2020. google scholar Acara, Meryem. “Bizans Ortodoks Kilisesinde Liturji ve Liturjik Eserler.” Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 15 (1998): 183-201. google scholar Alexopoulos, Stefanos ve Maxwell E. Johnson. Introduction to Eastern Christian Liturgies. Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Yayınevi, 2022. google scholar Allan, James ve Julian Raby. “Metalwork.” Tulips, Arabesques and Turbans Decorative Arts from the Ottoman Empire. Ed. Yanni Petsopoulos. Londra: Abbeville, 1982, 17-48. google scholar Bainton, Roland H. The Reformation of the Sixteenth Century. Boston: Beacon Yayınevi, 1963. google scholar Ballian, Anna. “Argyroupolis-Gümüşhane Mining Capital of Pontos.” The Greeks and The Black Sea from The Bronze Age to the Early Twentieth Century. Atina: The Panorama Cultural Society Yayınevi, 2002, 339-349. google scholar Ballian, Anna. “Ecclesiastical Silverwares from Thessaly, 17th – 18th c.” Abstract Book of the 12th Symposium of Byzantine and Post Byzantine Archaeology and Art. Atina: Greek History and Ethnology Association, 1992, 35-36. google scholar Ballian, Anna. “Karamanli Patronage in The Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries: The Case of Germir/Kermira.” Cries and Whispers in Karamanlidika Books. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Yayınevi, 2010, 45-63. google scholar Ballian, Anna. “Post-Byzantine and Other Small Art Works.” The Holy and Great Monastery of Vatopaidi Tradition-History-Art 2 (1998): 500-534. google scholar Ballian, Anna. “Relics of The Past: Treasures of The Greek Orthodox Church and The Population Exchange.” Relics of The Past/Reliques du Passé: Treasures of The Greek Orthodox Church and The Population Exchange The Benaki Museum Collections. Atina: The Benaki Museum Yayınevi, 2011, 80-114. google scholar Ballian, Anna. “Silverwork produced in Ottoman Trikala (Thessaly): Problems of Taxonomy and Interpretation.” Ottoman Metalwork in the Balkans and in Hungary. Budapeşte: Macar Ulusal Müzesi, 2015, 11-35. google scholar Ballian, Anna. “Εκκλησιαστικά ασημικά από την Κωνσταντινούπολη και ο πατριαρχικός θρόνος του Ιερεμία Β΄.” [Ecclesiastical Silverware from Constantinople and The Patriarchal Throne of Jeremiah II] Deltio Kentrou Mikrasiatikon Spoudon 7 (1988-1989): 51-73. google scholar Braun, Joseph S. Das Christliche Altargerät in Seinem Sein ve in Seiner Entwicklung. Münih: Max Hueber, 1932. google scholar Campbell, Gordon. The Grove Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts. New York: Oxford Üniversitesi Yayınevi. 2006. google scholar Carlen, Claudia. The Papal Encyclicals: 1878-1903. Raleigh: Pierian Yayınevi, 1990. google scholar Chatzidaki, Eugenie. “Χριστιανικές επιγραφές Μικράς Ασίας και Πόντου.” [Christian Inscriptions of Asia Minor and Pontus] Mικρασιατικά Χρονικά (Mikrasiatiká Chroniká) 8 (1959): 1-27. google scholar Croegaert, August. The Mass a Liturgical Commentary. Londra: Burns & Oates, 1958. google scholar Cummings, Glenn. A Study of the Twelve Apostles. New York: Tate Yayınevi, 2009. google scholar Daley, Brian E. “Councils (Christian Councils).” The Encylopedia of Religion. 4. New York: Macmillan Yayınları, 1987, 125. google scholar Delivorrias, Angelos ve Dionyssis Fotopoulos, Greece at the Benaki Museum. Atina: Benaki Müzesi Yayınevi, 1997. google scholar Doğan, Sema ve Şükran Ünser. “Bizans Sanatında Kherub ve Seraph İmgeleri.” Anadolu Kültürlerinde Süreklilik ve Değişim, Dr. A. Mine Kadiroğlu’na Armağan. Ankara: Rekmay, 2011, 199-219. google scholar Dunraven, Earl of. “On an Ancient Chalice and Brooches Lately Found at Ardagh in The County of Limerick.” Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy 24 (1873): 433-455. google scholar Durand, Jannic, Ioanna Rapti ve Dorota Giovannoni. Armenia Sacra Mé moire Chré tienne des Armé niens, IVe-XVIIIe siècle: [exposition]. Paris: Somogy, 2007. google scholar Emminghaus, Johannes H. “Art. Verkündigung an Maria.” Lexikon Der Christlichen Ikonographie IV (1972): 422-437. google scholar Faroqui, Suraiya ve Randi Deguilhem. Crafts and Craftsmen of the Middle East: Fashioning the Individual in The Muslim Mediterranean. Londra ve New York: I. B. Tauris, 2005. google scholar Ffrench, James F. M. “A Notice of Some County Wexford and Other Chalices.” The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland 5 (1898): 126-136. google scholar Fritz, Johann Michael. Goldschmiedekunst der Gotik in Mitteleuropa. Münih: C. H. Beck, 1982. google scholar Gratziou, Olga. “Μεταβυζαντινή τέχνη, χρονολογικός προσδιορισμός ή εννοιολογική κατηγορία.” [Post-Byzantine Art, Chronological Definition or Conceptual Category] 1453: Η άλωση της Κωνσταντινούπολης και η μετάβαση από τους μεσαιωνικούς στους νεότερους χρόνους [1453: The Fall of Constantinople and The Transition from Medieval to Modern Times]. Atina: Heraklion, 2005, 183-196. google scholar Hernmarck, Carl. The Art of the European Silversmith 1430–1830. Londra: Sotheby Parke Bernet, 1977. google scholar İskefiyeli, Zeynep. “Ermeni Kimliğinin Oluşumunda Din Faktörü: Hıristiyanlık, Kilise ve Misyonerler.” SBE Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi 2 (2007): 231-255. google scholar Jungnitz, Joseph. Visitationsberichte der Diözese Breslau: Archidiakonat Breslau. Wrocław: Aderholz, 1902. google scholar Kondakov, Nicodim P. Македония-Археологическое путешествие [Macedonia-Archaeological Expedition]. St. Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences Yayınevi, 1909. google scholar Kousouni, Christina K., ve Adamantia Panagopoulou. “Non-destructive Physicochemical Analysis and Conservation of Metallic Book Covers of Ecclesiastical Books from Saint Mavra and Timotheos Church in Zakynthos (Greece).” Scientific Culture 4 (2018): 85-95. google scholar Kouymjian, Dickran. “Identifying the Apostles in Armenian Narrative Miniatures.” From Byzantium to Iran: Armenian Studies in Honour of Nina G. Garsoïan. Atlanta: Scholars Yayınevi, 1997, 453-474. google scholar Kouymjian, Dickran. “The Importance of the Cilician Museum Collection for the History of Armenian Liturgical Metalwork.” Culture of Cilician Armenian 11 (2009): 1-10. google scholar Kutsal Kitap Eski ve Yeni Antlaşma (Tevrat, Zebur, İncil). İstanbul: Kitab-ı Mukaddes Şirketi, 2002. google scholar Külekçi, Cahit. “Dinî Münasebetler Çerçevesinde Osmanlı Devleti’nde Toplumsal Çatışma: Rum- Ermeni Toplumu Örneği (XIX. Yüzyıl).” Şarkiyat Mecmuası 23 (2013): 65-90. google scholar Laiou, Sophia. “Τα Τρίκαλα στα τέλη του 17ου αιώνα με βάση δυο κατάστιχα κεφαλικού φόρου.” [Trikala at The End of the 17th Century Based on Two Poll Tax Records] Mnemon 28 (2006-2007): 9-29. google scholar Laskaris, Nick, Ioannis Varalis, Constantine Tsodoulos ve Constantine Dolmas. “Evidence of Au–Hg Gilding Process in Post Byzantine Ecclesiastical Silverwares (Chalices) of Eastern Thessaly by PXRF.” Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 20 (2020): 189-203. google scholar Meier, John P. A Marginal Jew: Rethinking The Historical Jesus, III, Companions and Competitors. New York: Doubleday, 2001. google scholar Merian L. Sylvie. “The Armenian Silversmiths of Kesaria/Kayseri in The Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries.” Armenian Kesaria-Kayseri and Cappadocia. Costa Mesa: Mazda, 2013, 117-185. google scholar Merianos, Gerasimos. “Alchemy.” The Cambridge Intellectual History of Byzantium. Cambridge: Cambridge Yayınevi, 2017, 234-251. google scholar Moran, Patrick F. History of The Catholic Archbishops of Dublin Since The Reformation. Dublin: James Duffy, 1864. google scholar Mutafov, Emmanuel ve Ida Toth. “Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Art: Crossing Borders, Exploring Boundaries.” Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Art: Crossing Borders. Bulgaristan: Institue of Art Studies, 2018, 11-39. google scholar Nilgen, Ursula. “Art. Evangelisten und Evangelistensymbole.” Lexikon der Christlichen Ikonographie I (1968): 696-713. google scholar O’loughlin, Thomas. “The List of Saints on The Bowl of The Ardagh Chalice.” Journal of Celtic Studies 5 (2005): 107-113. google scholar Onanyan, Anna. “The Iconography of The Hierarchy of Angels on the Armenian Chalice Veils.” International Review of Armenian Studies 4 (2021): 109-120. google scholar Recker, Catherina. Seraphim und Cherubim in der Spätantike und Byzanz: der Dunkle Stil Gottes. Hildesheim: Georg Olms Yayınevi, 2023. google scholar Riant, Comte Paul. Exuviae Sacrae Constantinopolitanae. Cenevre: Typis I.G. Fick Yayınevi, 1878. google scholar Rohault de Fleury, Charles. La Messe tudes Archéologiques sur Ses Monuments IV. Paris: A. Morel et Cie Yayınevi, 1887. google scholar Ryan, Salvador. “Popular Religion in Gaelic Ireland 1445-1645.” Doktora tezi, İrlanda Maynooth Ulusal Üniversitesi, 2002. google scholar Siebert, Kristine. “Kelche Der Ausgehenden Romanik bis zur Spätgotik Ihre Ikonographie und Formale Gestaltung.” Doktora tezi, Göttingen Georg-August Üniversitesi, 2015. google scholar Skubiszewski, Piotr. Die Bildprogramme Romanischer Kelche und Patenen. Ed. Arne Effenberger. Berlin: Berlin Devlet Müzeleri Yayınevi, 1982. google scholar Smolarski, Dennis C. The General Instruction of the Roman Missal, 1969-2002, A Commentary. Collegeville, Minnesota: The Liturgical Yayınevi, 2003. google scholar Taylor, Michael D. “A Historiated Tree of Jesse.” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 34/35 (1980/1981), 125-176. google scholar Todorova, Maria. “The Ottoman Legacy in the Balkans.” Imperial Legacy The Ottoman Imprint on the Balkans and the Middle East. New York: Kolombiya Üniversitesi Yayınları, 1996, 46-54. google scholar Yıldırım-Ateş, Berna. “İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzelerinde Bulunan Bizans Dönemi Liturjik Eserler.” Doktora tezi, Anadolu Üniversitesi, 2021. google scholar Yıldırım-Ateş, Berna. “Orta Çağ Bizans’ında Bir Simya Sanatı: Örnekler Işığında Süblimasyonda Kullanıldığı Düşünülen Taşınabilir Bronz Bir Isıtma Kabı Üzerine Araştırma.” Tüba-Ked Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Kültür Envanteri Dergisi 29 (2024): 147-163. google scholar Ynsa-Alcala, Maria D., Jorge Chamón Fernández, Patricia Guijarro Gutiérrez, Inmaculada Gomez Morilla, Olga Enguita, Ana Pardo, Marcos Arroyo, Joaquín Barrio Martín, Marco Ferretti ve Aurelio Climent Pont. “Study of Ancient Islamic Gilded Pieces Combining PIXE-RBS on External Microprobe with sem Images.” Applied Physics A, Materals Science and Processing 92 (2008): 235-241. google scholar