Crime in Tourism: A Systematic Literature Review and Bibliometric Analysis

Year 2024, Volume: 12 Issue: 2, 247 - 274, 31.12.2024

Eylem Baş , Engin Bayraktaroğlu

https://doi.org/10.26650/JPLC2024-1501843

Abstract

Tourism is closely related to social factors. This situation also leads to a relationship between tourism and crime. The increase in tourist movements increases the population of destinations, and the increasing population creates a suitable environment for criminal activities. Social, economic, cultural differences, environmental conditions, and inadequate security measures affect the crime activities observed within tourism. From this perspective, crime in tourism is a multi-dimensional problem that needs to be addressed in detail. It is also essential to evaluate crime patterns within the tourism phenomenon. This study evaluated 273 articles indexed in the Web of Science Core Collection by a systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis. The articles were subjected to structured content analysis, and a literature review was conducted within the scope of the study. Various variables such as author, citation, and publication were examined using bibliometric techniques such as co-occurrence, network, and co-citation analysis. According to the results, it was seen that multi-dimensional collaborations should be carried out to solve the problems arising within the scope of crime in tourism. Among these, international, interdisciplinary, and inter-institutional collaborations are at the forefront. In addition, long-term studies should be conducted to collect real-time data, and preventive measures and policies should be developed. Interdisciplinary studies should be encouraged to create a safer environment for tourists and hosts in destinations.

Keywords

Crime, tourism, systematic literature review, bibliometric analysis

References

• Açar KV, ‘Webcam Child Prostitution: An Exploration of Current and Futuristic Methods of Detection’ (2017) 11 International Journal of Cyber Criminology 98 google scholar
• Adam I and Adongo CA, ‘Do Backpackers Suffer Crime?’ Empirical Investigation of Crime Perpetrated against Backpackers in Ghana’ (2016) 27 Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management 60 google scholar
• Altindag DT, ‘Crime and International Tourism’ (2014) 35 Journal of Labor Research, 1 google scholar
• Ambagtsheer F and others, ‘Cross-Border Quest: The Reality and Legality of Transplant Tourism’ (2012) 2012 Journal of Transplantation google scholar
• Ambagtsheer F, Zaitch D, Weimar W, ‘The Battle for Human Organs: Organ Trafficking and Transplant Tourism in a Global Context’ (2013) 14 Global Crime 1 google scholar
• Andresen MA and Tong W, ‘The Impact of the 2010 Winter Olympic Games on Crime in Vancouver’ (2012) 54 Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice 333 google scholar
• Archibald MM, ‘Investigator Triangulation: A Collaborative Strategy with Potential for Mixed Methods Research’ (2016) 10 Journal of Mixed Methods Research 228 <https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689815570092> accessed 17 December 2024 google scholar
• Aria M, and Cuccurullo C, ‘Bibliometrix: An R-Tool for Comprehensive Science Mapping Analysis’ (2017) 11 Journal of Informetrics 959 google scholar
• Asongu SA and Nwachukwu J, ‘Mitigating Externalities of Terrorism on Tourism: Global Evidence from Police, Security Officers and Armed Service Personnel’ (2019) 22 Current Issues in Tourism 2466 google scholar
• Aston J, Wen J and Yang SH, ‘Tourists’ Perceptions of and Reactions to Child Sex Tourism: An Exploratory Qualitative Investigation’ (2023) 35 Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 1206 google scholar
• Avraham E and Ketter E, ‘Will We Be Safe There? Analysing Strategies for Altering Unsafe Place Images’ (2008) 4 Place Branding and Public Diplomacy 196 google scholar
• Bagheri A, ‘Child Organ Trafficking: Global Reality and Inadequate International Response’ (2016) 19 Medicine Health Care and Philosophy 239 google scholar
• Barker M and Page SJ, ‘Visitor Safety in Urban Tourism Environments: The Case of Auckland, New Zealand’ (2002) 19 Cities 273 google scholar
• Barrett D, ‘An Opportunity or Liability? London 2012 and Security’ (2011) 10 Safer Communities 41 google scholar
• Baş E, Banka Veya Kredi Kartlarının Kötüye Kullanılması Suçu [The Crime of Abuse of Bank or Credit Cards] (Yetkin 2015) google scholar
• ——, Ceza Hukukunda Fail ve Mağdur [Offender and Victim in Criminal Law] (Seçkin 2021) google scholar
• ——, ‘Enforcement of Territoriality Principle in the Crimes Committed by Foreign Tourists in Turkey’ (2021) 3 Journal of Tourism Leisure and Hospitality 26 <https://doi.org/10.48119/toleho.884426> accessed 1 January 2021 google scholar
• Bayraktaroğlu E and others, ‘Geopolitical Risks and International Tourist Arrivals to Turkey: A Causality Study’ (2021) 11 Anais Brasileiros de google scholar
• Estudos Turfsticos <https://periodicos.ufjf.br/index.php/abet/article/view/34237> accessed 22 November 2024 google scholar
• Bayraktaroglu E and Kozak N, ‘Intrinsic and Extrinsic Values of Destinations’ (2022) 31 European Journal of Tourism Research 3104 google scholar
• Belen M, ‘The Online Tourist Fraud: The New Measures of Technological Investigation in Spain’ (2017) 6 ADCAIJ-Advances in Distributed Computing and Artificial Intelligence Journal 85 google scholar
• Biagi B and Detotto C, ‘Crime as Tourism Externality’ (2014) 48 Regional Studies 693 google scholar
• Bianchi G and Chen Y, ‘Testing Effects of Hospitality Employment on Property Crime in the United States’ (2022) 28 Tourism Economics 1545 google scholar
• Boakye KA, ‘The Concept of Capable Guardianship: Exploring Police Views on Tourist Protection in Ghana’ (2009) 11 Crime prevention & community safety 104 google scholar
• Bornmann L and Daniel H, ‘What Do Citation Counts Measure? A Review of Studies on Citing Behavior’ (2008) 64 Journal of Documentation 45 google scholar
• Botterill D and others, ‘Violence, Backpackers, Security and Critical Realism’ (2013) 42 Annals of Tourism Research 311 google scholar
• Botterill D, Seixas S and Hoeffel JL, ‘Tourism and Transgression: Resort Development, Crime and the Drug Economy’ (2014) 11 Tourism Planning & Development 27 google scholar
• Brunt P and Brophy K, ‘Gay Tourist Victimisation’ (2006) 13 International Review of Victimology 275 google scholar
• Brunt P and Hooton N, ‘Community Responses to Tourism and Crime’ (2010) 12 Crime Prevention & Community Safety 42 google scholar
• Brunt P, Mawby RI and Hambly Z, ‘Tourist Victimisation and the Fear of Crime on Holiday’ (2000) 21 Tourism Management 417 google scholar
• Buil-Gil D and Mawby RI, ‘Do Tourists Report Crime to the Police? An Exploratory Analysis in Barcelona’ (2023) 26 Current Issues in Tourism 2931 google scholar
• Çakmakçı E, ‘Turizm ve Suç Arasındaki İlişki ve Suçun Önlenmesine Yönelik Teoriler’ (2015) 2 Turizm Akademik Dergisi 49 <https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/touraj/issue/16605/173157> accessed 1 January 2015 google scholar
• Campaniello N, ‘Mega Events in Sports and Crime: Evidence From the 1990 Football World Cup’ (2013) 14 Journal of Sports Economics 148 google scholar
• Chaturuka M, Duffett RG and Haydam N, ‘Crime Perceptions among International Leisure Tourists in Cape Town’ (2020) 19 Safer Communities 161 google scholar
• Chemin M and Mbiekop F, ‘Addressing Child Sex Tourism: The Indian Case’ (2015) 38 European Journal of Political Economy 169 google scholar
• Chen C, ‘CiteSpace II: Detecting and Visualizing Emerging Trends and Transient Patterns in Scientific Literature’ (2006) 57 Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 359 <https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/asi.20317> accessed 1 April 2024 google scholar
• Chesneylind M and Lind IY, ‘Visitors as Victims - Crimes Against Tourists in Hawaii’ (1986) 13 Annals of Tourism Research 167 google scholar
• Chiu SP and Lin SY, ‘Study on Risk Perceptions of International Tourists in India’ (2011) 5 African Journal of Business Management 2742 google scholar
• Clayton A and Boxill I, ‘Conclusions: Tourism, Crime and Terrorism: What Are the Risks, Challenges and Policy Options?’ (2012) 4 Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes 98 google scholar
• Cohen E, ‘Robbed: A Serial Autoethnography of a Tourism Researcher as a Robbery Victim’ (2019) 44 Tourism Recreation Research 507 google scholar
• Cothran DA and Cothran CC, ‘Promise or Political Risk for Mexican Tourism’ (1998) 25 Annals of Tourism Research 477 google scholar
• Cowell NM, McDavid H and Saunders TS, ‘Managing Guest Security in a High-Violence Society the Case of the Jamaican Hospitality Industry’ (2012) 4 Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes 32 google scholar
• da Silvia AM, ‘Little Adults: Child and Teenage Commercial Sexual Exploitation in Contemporary Brazilian Cinema’ (2016) 99 Hispania-A Journal Devoted to the Teaching of Spanish and Portuguese 212 google scholar
• Davy D, ‘Understanding the Complexities of Responding to Child Sex Trafficking in Thailand and Cambodia’ (2014) 34 International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 793 google scholar
• de Albuquerque K and McElroy J, ‘Tourism and Crime in the Caribbean’ (1999) 26 Annals of Tourism Research, 968 google scholar
• Demirbaş, T., Kriminoloji (Seçkin 2020) google scholar
• Denzin NK, The Research Act: A Theoretical Introduction to Sociological Methods (1st edn, Routledge 2017) google scholar
• Sensing, S., Schleper, M.C. and Busse C, ‘Wildlife Trafficking as a Societal Supply Chain Risk: Removing the Parasite without Damaging the Host?’ (2023) 59 Journal of Supply Chain Management 3 google scholar
• Egghe, Leo, and Ronald Russo. 2011. Introduction to Informetrics. Quantitative Methods in Library, Documentation, and Information Science (Elsevier Science Publishers 1990) google scholar
• Eja EI, ‘Exploring Spatial Pattern of Crime Dynamics and Vulnerability within Tourism Infrastructure in Calabar, Nigeria’ (2023) 31 Spatial Information Research 381 google scholar
• Eman K and others, ‘Environmental Crime and Green Criminology in South Eastern Europe-Practice and Research’ (2013) 59 Crime Law and Social Change 341 google scholar
• Fardin M and others, ‘Sexual Crimes against Immature People with an Emphasis on Sex Trafficking, Sex Tourism, Pornography and Sexual Slavery’ (2018) 5 Revista Publican 429 google scholar Francis LP and Francis JG, ‘Stateless Crimes, Legitimacy, and International Criminal Law: The Case of Organ Trafficking’ (2010) 4 Criminal Law and Philosophy, 283 google scholar Fujii ET and Mak J, ‘Tourism And Crime-Implications For Regional Development Policy’ (1980) 14 Regional studies 27 google scholar
• Fullerton TM and Walke AG, ‘Homicides, Exchange Rates, and Northern Border Retail Activity in Mexico’ (2014) 53 Annals of regional science 631 google scholar
• George R, ‘Tourist’s Perceptions of Safety and Security While Visiting Cape Town’ (2003) 24 Tourism management 575 google scholar
• ——, ‘Visitor Perceptions of Crime-Safety and Attitudes toward Risk: The Case of Table Mountain National Park, Cape Town’ (2010) 31 Tourism management 806 google scholar
• ——, ‘Responsible Tourism as a Strategic Marketing Tool for Improving the Negative Image of South Africa’ (2017) 9 Worldwide hospitality and tourism themes 543 google scholar
• Ghaderi, Z., Saboori B and Khoshkam M, ‘Does Security Matter in Tourism Demand?’ (2017) 20 Current issues in tourism 552 google scholar
• Gibbs GR, ‘Different Approaches to Coding’ (2012) 42 Sociological Methodology 82 google scholar
• Gonçalves D, ‘A Whole-of-Society Approach to Wildlife Crime in South Africa’ [2017] South African Crime Quarterly-CACQ 9 google scholar
• Gozgor G and others, ‘The Effectiveness of the Legal System and Inbound Tourism’ (2019) 76 Annals of Tourism Research 24 google scholar
• Gray E, Jackson J and Farrall S, ‘Feelings and Functions in the Fear of Crime: Applying a New Approach to Victimisation Insecurity’ (2011) 51 google scholar
• The British Journal of Criminology 75 <https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azq066> accessed 17 December 2024 google scholar
• Green S and others, ‘Introduction’ in JP Higgins and S Green (eds), Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions (Wiley-Blackwell 2014) google scholar
• Griffiths M, ‘The Cultural Impact of Wildlife Crime in South Africa’ [2017] South African Crime Quarterly-SACQ 45 google scholar
• Grinols EL, Mustard DB and Staha M, ‘How Do Visitors Affect Crime?’ (2011) 27 Journal of Quantitative Criminology 363 google scholar
• Hall A, ‘The Response of the Tourism Industry in Jamaica to Crime and the Threat of Terrorism’ (2012) 4 Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes 59 google scholar
• Han S and others, ‘Crime Risks Increase in Areas Proximate to Theme Parks: A Case Study of Crime Concentration in Orlando’ (2021) 38 Justice Quarterly 1210 google scholar
• Harkönen E, ‘Corporate Liability and International Child Sex Tourism - with Special Reference to the Regulation in the Nordic Countries’ (2016) 16 Scandinavian journal of hospitality and tourism 315 google scholar
• Harper DW, Khey DN and Nolan GM, ‘Spatial Patterns of Robbery at Tourism Sites: A Case Study of the Vieux Carre in New Orleans’ (2013) 38 American Journal of Criminal Justice 589 google scholar
• Harriott A, ‘Risk Perceptions and Fear of Criminal Victimization Among Visitors to Jamaica: Bringing Perceptions in Line with Reality’ (2007) 5 Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice 93 google scholar
• Harris LC and Pressey A, ‘Dirty Work or Working Dirty? Deceiving Cruise Tourists’ (2021) 88 Annals of Tourism Research google scholar
• Henderson H, ‘The Russians Are Coming New Crimes, Old Fears, and Intercultural Alliances’ (2012) 20 Studia Austriaca 25 google scholar
• Ho TP, Zhao JL and Dooley B, ‘Hotel Crimes: An Unexplored Victimization in the Hospitality Industry’ (2017) 30 Security journal 1097 google scholar
• Hodgkinson S and Tilley N, ‘Travel-to-Crime: Homing in on The Victim’ (2007) 14 International Review of Victimology, 281 google scholar
• Howard RW, ‘Risky Business? Asking Tourists What Hazards They Actually Encountered in Thailand’ (2009) 30 Tourism Management: 359 google scholar
• Islam MM and others, ‘Assessing the Potential Impact of the Declaration of Istanbul 2008 on Internet Reporting of Human Organ Transplantation- google scholar
• Related Crimes Using Interrupted Time Series Analysis and Meta-Analysis Approaches’ (2020) 52 Transplantation Proceedings 12 google scholar
• John M, ‘A Critical Approach to Understanding Human Trafficking in the Caribbean’ (2020) 24 International Journal of Human Rights 1666 google scholar
• Johnny L and Jordan LA, ‘Tourism and Crime in the Caribbean: A Case Study of St Lucia’ (2007) 10 Annals of Leisure Research 475 google scholar
• Johns N, ‘Tourism and Sentencing: Establishing Informal Status Privileges’ (2007) 35 International journal of the Sociology of Law 63 google scholar
• Johnson AK, ‘International Child Sex Tourism: Enhancing the Legal Response in South-east Asia’ (2011) 19 International Journal of Childrens Rights 55 google scholar
• ——, ‘Protecting Children’s Rights in Asian Tourism Reflecting on Progress and the Way Forward’ (2014) 22 International Journal of Childrens Rights 581 google scholar
• Kathrada M, Burger C and Dohnal M, ‘Holistic Tourism-Crime Modelling’ (1999) 20 Tourism management 115 google scholar
• Kimchi J, Polivka B and Stevenson JS, ‘Triangulation: Operational Definitions’ (1991) 40 Nursing research 364 google scholar
• Knepper P and Azzopardi J, ‘International Crime in the Interwar Period: A View from the Edge’ (2011) 56 Crime law and social change 407 google scholar
• Koning A, ‘Public Perceptions of Child Sexual Exploitation Abroad: A Vignette Experiment on the Influence of Social Distance’ [2021] Crime & Delinquency google scholar
• Konyakhin V and Petrovskiy A, ‘Crime and Crime Prevention at Krasnodar Krai Tourist Resorts: A Study of Crime, Fear of Crime and Crime google scholar
• Prevention’ (2016) 67 Revija za Kriminalistiko in Kriminologijo 339 google scholar
• Korstanje ME, ‘Pursuing the Ethics of Hospitality: The Case of Lola Chomnalez’ (2015) 4 Turismo-Estudos e Praticas 72 google scholar
• Kosuri MD and Jeglic EL, ‘Child Sex Tourism: American Perceptions of Foreign Victims’ (2017) 23 Journal of sexual aggression 207 google scholar
• Kyriazi T, ‘The Private Sector against Human Trafficking in Tourism’ (2023) 34 Anatolia-International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research 30 google scholar
• Lepp A and Gibson H, ‘Tourist Roles, Perceived Risk and International Tourism’ (2003) 30 Annals of Tourism Research 606 google scholar
• Leung XY, Yang Y and Dubin EA, ‘What Are Guests Scared of? Crime-Related Hotel Experiences and Fear of Crime’ (2018) 35 Journal of travel & tourism marketing 1071 google scholar
• Li J and Pearce P, ‘Tourist Scams in the City: Challenges for Domestic Travellers in Urban China’ (2016) 2 International Journal of Tourism Cities 294 google scholar
• Lorde T and Jackman M, ‘Evaluating the Impact of Crime on Tourism in Barbados: A Transfer Function Approach’ (2013) 18 Tourism analysis 183 google scholar
• Maldonado-Guzman DJ, ‘Airbnb and Crime in Barcelona (Spain): Testing the Relationship Using a Geographically Weighted Regression’ (2022) 28 Annals of gis 147 google scholar
• Marteache N and Trinidad A, ‘Theft Victimization in Urban Settings: Comparison of Tourist and Resident Case Profiles’ [2023] Crime & Delinquency google scholar
• Mawby R, Boakye K and Jones C, ‘Policing Tourism: The Emergence of Specialist Units’ (2015) 25 Policing & Society 378 google scholar
• Mawby R and Jones C, ‘Attempting to Reduce Hotel Burglary: Implementation Failure in A Multi-Agency Context’ (2007) 9 Crime prevention & community safety 145 google scholar
• Mawby R and Ozascilar M, ‘Tourists’ Safety in the Risk Society: Explaining Perceptions of Safety Regarding Future Vacations’ [2023] International Criminal Justice Review google scholar
• Mawby RI, ‘Responding to Tourist Victims of Crime: Lessons the UK Can Learn’ (2014) 16 Crime prevention & community safety 294 google scholar
• ——, ‘Addressing the Security Concerns of Locals and Visitors for the Sustainable Development of Tourist Destinations’ (2016) 8 Sustainability google scholar
• Mawby RI, Brunt P and Hambly Z, ‘Fear of Crime among British Holidaymakers’ (2000) 40 British journal of criminology 468 google scholar
• Mawby RI, Ozascilar M and Ziyalar N, ‘Risk, Safety and Security among Visitors to Istanbul’ (2021) 21 Tourism and hospitality research 61 google scholar
• McGuinness S and McHale JV, ‘Transnational Crimes Related to Health: How Should the Law Respond to the Illicit Organ Tourism?’ (2014) 34 Legal studies 682 google scholar
• Mehmood S, Ahmad Z and Khan AA, ‘Dynamic Relationships between Tourist Arrivals, Immigrants, and Crimes in the United States’ (2016) 54 Tourism management 383 google scholar
• Moyo B and Ziramba E, ‘The Impact of Crime on Inbound Tourism to South Africa An Application of the Bounds Test’ (2013) 22 African security review 4 google scholar
• Muehsam MJ and Tarlow PE, ‘Involving the Police in Tourism’ (1995) 16 Tourism management 9 google scholar
• Mura P and Khoo-Lattimore C, ‘Young Tourists, Gender and Fear on Holiday’ (2012) 15 Current Issues in Tourism 707 google scholar
• Nguyen O and Le T, ‘Perceptions of Governmental and Nongovernmental Actors of Human Trafficking Victims: The Case of Vietnam’ (2021) 10 International journal for crime justice and social democracy 127 google scholar
• O’Brien M, ‘Problematic Provisions: Trafficking in Persons for Organ Removal under Australian Commonwealth Criminal Law’ (2015) 39 Criminal law journal 101 google scholar
• Ozascilar M and Mawby RI, ‘The Impact of Crime on Tourists and the Need for Greater Support for Tourist Victims’ (2023) 29 International review of victimology 3 google scholar
• Page MJ and others, ‘The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews’ (2021) 372 BMJ n71 <http://www.bmj.com/content/372/bmj.n71.abstract> google scholar
• Paliska D and others, ‘Theft Crimes against Tourists and Visitors in Slovenia’ (2020) 26 Tourism and Hospitality Management-Croatia 15 google scholar
• Panko TR, George BP and Henthorne TL, ‘Cruise Crimes: Economic-Legal Issues and Current Debates’ (2009) 11 Amfiteatru economic 585 google scholar
• Paraskevas A and Brookes M, ‘Nodes, Guardians and Signs: Raising Barriers to Human Trafficking in the Tourism Industry’ (2018) 67 Tourism management 147 google scholar
• Park M and Stokowski PA, ‘Casino Gaming and Crime: Comparisons among Gaming Counties and Other Tourism Places’ (2011) 50 Journal of Travel Research 289 google scholar
• Pati R, ‘Trading in Humans: A New Haven Perspective’ (2012) 20 Asia pacific law review 135 google scholar
• Peel V and Steen A, ‘Victims, Hooligans and Cash-Cows: Media Representations of the International Backpacker in Australia’ (2007) 28 Tourism management 1057 google scholar
• Pizam A, Tarlow PE and Bloom J, ‘Making Tourists Feel Safe: Whose Responsibility Is It?’ (1997) 36 Journal of Travel Research 23 <https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759703600104> google scholar
• Pratt S, ‘Tourists “Stealing” Stuff’ (2022) 28 Tourism economics 495 google scholar
• Pritchard A, ‘Statistical Bibliography or Bibliometrics’ (1969) 25 Journal of Documentation 348 google scholar
• Qiao G, Chen N and Prideaux B, ‘Understanding Interactions between Beggars and International Tourists: The Case of China’ (2017) 22 Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 272 google scholar
• Quader S and Khan SA, ‘Organ Trafficking and the Legal Framework in India: A Critical Analysis of the Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act, 1994’ [2022] Cardiometry 403 google scholar
• Recher V and Rubil I, ‘More Tourism, More Crime: Evidence from Croatia’ (2020) 147 Social indicators research 651 google scholar
• Routledge P, ‘Consuming Goa - Tourist Site as Dispensable Space’ (2000) 35 Economic and Political Weekly 2647 google scholar
• Rovira-Esteva S, Franco Aixela J and Olalla-Soler C, ‘Citation Patterns in Translation Studies: A Format-Dependent Bibliometric Analysis’ (2019) 11 The International Journal of Translation and Interpreting Research 147 google scholar
• Ryan C, ‘Crime, Violence, Terrorism and Tourism: An Accidental or Intrinsic Relationship?’ (1993) 14 Tourism Management 173 <https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/026151779390018G> google scholar
• Schroeder A and Pennington-Gray L, ‘Perceptions of Crime at the Olympic Games: What Role Does Media, Travel Advisories, and Social Media Play?’ (2014) 20 Journal of Vacation Marketing 225 google scholar
• Scott J and Staines Z, ‘Charting the Place of Islands in Criminology: On Isolation, Integration and Insularity’ (2021) 25 Theoretical Criminology 578 google scholar
• Simpson P, Cruz-Milan O and Gressel J, ‘Perceived Crime and Violence: Effects on Winter Migrants’ (2014) 53 Journal of Travel Research 597 google scholar
• Small H, ‘Co-citation in the Scientific Literature: A New Measure of the Relationship between Two Documents’ (1973) 24 Journal of the American Society for Information Science 265 google scholar Smith O and Raymen T, ‘Deviant Leisure: A Criminological Perspective’ (2018) 22 Theoretical criminology 63 google scholar
• Tang CF, ‘An Exploration of Dynamic Relationship between Tourist Arrivals, Inflation, Unemployment and Crime Rates in Malaysia’ (2011) 38 International journal of social economics 50 google scholar
• Tanielian AR and Brooks-Green T, ‘Cultural Change as a Long-Term Solution for Human Trafficking’ (2018) 6 International journal of human rights and constitutional studies 51 google scholar
• Thomas TK and Mura P, ‘The ’Normality of Unsafety’- Foreign Solo Female Travellers in India’ (2019) 44 Tourism Recreation Research 33 google scholar
• Thomson R and Samuels-Jones T, ‘Toxic Colonialism in the Territorial Isles: A Geospatial Analysis of Environmental Crime Across US google scholar
• Territorial Islands 2013-2017’ (2022) 66 International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 470 google scholar
• Thurmond VA, ‘The Point of Triangulation’ (2001) 33 Journal of Nursing Scholarship 253 <https://sigmapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1547-5069.2001.00253.x> accessed 1 April 2024 google scholar
• Tran B, ‘Triangulation in Organizational Research: Validating Knowledge in Human Competence at Work’ in Amandeep Takhar-Lail and Ali google scholar
• Ghorbani (eds), Market Research Methodologies: Multi-Method and Qualitative Approaches (IGI Global 2015) google scholar
• ——, ‘The Nature of Research Methodologies: Terms and Usage within Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods’ in Mette Lise Baran and Janice Elisabeth Jones (eds), Advances in Knowledge Acquisition, Transfer, and Management (IGI Global 2016) google scholar
• Tricco AC and others, ‘PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation’ (2018) 169 Annals of Internal Medicine 467 google scholar
• Tynon JF and Chavez DJ, ‘Crime in National Forests: A Call for Research’ (2006) 104 Journal of Forestry 154 google scholar
• Vakhitova ZI and others, ‘Tourism and Crime: An Exploratory Study of Burglary from Tourist Accommodation from the Criminal Opportunity Perspective’ (2023) 69 Crime & Delinquency 2164 google scholar
• van Eck NJ and Waltman L, ‘Software Survey: VOSviewer, a Computer Program for Bibliometric Mapping’ (2010) 84 Scientometrics 523 google scholar
• van Holm EJ and Monaghan J, ‘The Relationship of Airbnb to Neighborhood Calls for Service in Three Cities’ (2021) 116 Cities google scholar
• Van Hoof W and Pennings G, ‘Extraterritoriality for Cross-Border Reproductive Care: Should States Act against Citizens Travelling Abroad for Illegal Infertility Treatment?’ (2011) 23 Reproductive Biomedicine Online 546 google scholar
• Van Raan A, ‘Scientometrics: State-of-the-Art’ (1997) 38 Scientometrics 205 <https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02461131> google scholar
• ——, ‘The Use of Bibliometric Analysis in Research Performance Assessment and Monitoring of Interdisciplinary Scientific Developments’ (2003) 12 TATuP-Journal for Technology Assessment in Theory and Practice 20 google scholar
• Venditto J and Mouzos J, ‘The Murder of Overseas Visitors in Australia’ [2006] Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice google scholar
• Wahab A, ‘“The Darker the Fruit”? Homonationalism, Racialized Homophobia, and Neoliberal Tourism in the St Lucian-US Contact Zone’ (2021) 23 International Feminist Journal of Politics 80 google scholar
• Wallace WC, ‘Tourism and Crime in a Small Island Tourist Destination: The Case of Tobago’ (2009) 14 Caribbean Journal of Criminology and Public Safety 186 google scholar
• Wallace WC, ‘Policing Tourism: Findings From an Evaluation of a Tourism-Oriented Policing Training Program in the Caribbean’ (2020) 9 International Journal for Crime Justice and Social Democracy google scholar
• Walmsley DJ, Boskovic RM and Pigram JJ, ‘Tourism and Crime: An Australian Perspective’ (1983) 15 Journal of Leisure Research 136 google scholar
• Wilson JM, ‘Riverboat Gambling and Crime in Indiana: An Empirical Investigation’ (2001) 47 Crime & delinquency 610 google scholar
• Xu YH, Pennington-Gray L and Kim J, ‘Spatial Effect of Crime on Peer-to-Peer Lodging Performance’ (2022) 61 Journal of Travel Research 855 google scholar
• Zhang J and Xiang GP, ‘Revisiting the Relationship Between Tourism and Crime Based on a Dynamic Spatial Durbin Model’ (2022) 68 Crime & Delinquency 2146 google scholar