Research Article
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The Effect of Cell-Free Supernatants of Free-Living Amoeba against Some Staphylococcus Bacteria: First Findings from Turkey

Year 2021, Volume: 80 Issue: 1, 29 - 34, 15.06.2021

Abstract

Objective: Free-living amoeba (FLA) are protozoa living in soil and in natural and man-made water systems. They attractBmuch attention owing to the illnesses associated with them and to their relationships with bacteria. In this study, the effect of cell-free supernatant (CFS) obtained from FLA against Staphylococcus was investigated.


Materials and Methods: Environmental FLA strains (A1, A2, A3) were obtained from lake water and swimming pools in Istanbul. Acanthamoeba castellanii ATCC 50373 was used as the standard strain. Clinical Staphylococcus strains (S1, S2, S3) were obtained from a culture collection at Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology. As standard strains, MRSA ATCC 43300, S. epidermidis ATCC 12228, S. aureus ATCC 29213 were used. FLA-CFS were obtained by centrifuging and filtering of axenic cultures. Colony counting technique was used to investigate the inhibition activities of FLA-CFS against Staphylococcus bacteria.


Results: Against MRSA ATCC 43300 strain, CFSs of A. castellanii ATCCC 50373 and A1 showed an inhibition efficiency of 78.36% and 73.47%, respectively. Against S1 strain, CFSs of A. castellanii ATCCC 50373 and A2 showed an inhibition of 65.64% and 15.14%, respectively. Against S. aureus ATCC 29213, only A1-CFS showed inhibitory effect (44%). It was found that A. castellanii ATCC 50373 and A2-CFSs inhibited the S2 strain 26.20% and 9.24% respectively. Against S3 strain, A2-CFS was inhibitory at 33.33%. No FLA-CFS could be inhibitory against S. epidermidis ATCC 12228.

Conclusion: It is necessary to devise new studies in which sample numbers are increased when using FLA strains in the inhibition of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Supporting Institution

İstanbul University

Project Number

FBA-2019-31324.

Thanks

-

References

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  • 2. Zeybek Z, Üstüntürk M, Binay AR. Morphological characteristics and growth abilities of free living amoeba ısolated from domestic tap water samples in Istanbul. Eur J Biol 2010, 69.1: 17-23.
  • 3. Penz T, Horn M, Schmitz-Esser S. The genome of the amoeba symbiont ‘Candidatus Amoebophilus asiaticus’ reveals common mechanisms for host cell interaction among amoeba-associated bacteria. J Bacteriol 2010, 1.6:541-545.
  • 4. Burak DM. and Zeybek Z. Investigation of legionella pneumophila and free living amoebas in the domestic hot water systems in Istanbul. Turkish J Biol 2011, 35.6:679-685.
  • 5. Trabelsi H, Dendana F, Sellami A, Sellami H, Cheikhrouhou F, Neji S, Ayadi A. Pathogenic free-living amoebae: epidemiology and clinical review. Pathol Biol 2012, 60.6: 399-405.
  • 6. Üstüntürk M. and Zeybek Z. Microbial contamination of contact lens storage cases and domestic tap water of contact lens wearers. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2012, 24.3: 17-22.
  • 7. Zeybek Z, Dogruoz Gungor N, Turetgen I. Investigation of heterotrophic bacteria, legionella and free - living amoeba in cooling tower samples by fısh and culture methods. Eur J Biol 2017, 76.1: 7-13.
  • 8. Zeybek Z and Türkmen A. Investigation of the incidence of legionella and free-living amoebae in swimming pool waters and biofilm specimens in istanbul by different methods. Microbiol Bull 2020, 54: 50–65.
  • 9. Saburi E, Rajaii T, Behdari A, Kohansal MH, Vazini H. Free-living amoebae in the water resources of Iran: a systematic review. J Parasit Dis 2017, 41.4: 919-928.
  • 10. Balczun C. and Scheid PL. Free-living amoebae as hosts for and vectors of intracellular microorganisms with public health significance. Viruses 2017, 9.4: 65.
  • 11. Schuster FL. Cultivation of pathogenic and opportunistic free-living amebas. Clin Microbiol Rev 2002, 15.3.342-354.
  • 12. Lambrecht E, Baré J, Van Damme I, Bert W, Sabbe K. Houf K. Behavior of Yersinia enterocolitica in the presence of the bacterivorous Acanthamoeba castellanii. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013, 79.20: 6407-6413.
  • 13. Villanueva MP, Medina G, Fernández H. Arcobacter butzleri survives within trophozoite of Acanthamoeba castellanii. Rev Argent Microbiol 2016, 48.2: 105-109
  • 14. Şenler NG, Yıldız İ. Tatlı Su Protozoonları ve Önemi. Turk J Sci Rev 2010, 3.1: 7-16.
  • 15. Cateau E, Delafont V, Hechard Y, Rodier MH. Free-living amoebae: What part do they play in healthcare-associated infections?. J Hosp Infect 2014, 87.3: 131-140.
  • 16. Winiecka-Krusnell J. and Linder E. Bacterial infections of free-living amoebae. Res Microbiol 2001, 152.7: 613-619.
  • 17. Akya A, Pointon A, Thomas C. Mechanism involved in phagocytosis and killing of Listeria monocytogenes by Acanthamoeba polyphaga. Parasitol Res 2009, 105.5: 1375-1383.
  • 18. Chekabab SM, Daigle F, Charette SJ, Dozois CM, Harel J. Survival of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in the presence of Acanthamoeba castellanii and its dependence on Pho regulon. Microbiologyopen 2012, 1.4: 427-437.
  • 19. Marciano-Cabral F and Cabral G. Acanthamoeba spp. as agents of disease in humans. Clin Microbiol Rev 2003, 16.2:273-307.
  • 20. Greub G, La Scola B, Raoult D. Parachlamydia acanthamoeba is endosymbiotic or lytic for Acanthamoeba polyphaga depending on the incubation temperature. Ann NY Acad Sci 2003, 990.1: 628-634.
  • 21. Nakisah MA and Chandrika K. Antimicrobial activities of aqueous lysate of Acanthamoeba SPP against selected pathogenic bacteria. Malaysian Appl Bio 2012, 41. 2:45–49.
  • 22. Iqbal J, Siddiqui R, Khan NA. Acanthamoeba and bacteria produce antimicrobials to target their counterpart. Parasites and Vectors 2014, 7.1:1–6.
  • 23. Tashmukhambetov B. An investigation of the effects of an antimicrobial peptide on the survival of Acanthamoeba and intracellular bacteria associated with Cystic Fibrosis. University of Essex, Phd Thesis. 2016.
  • 24. De Souza TK, Soares SS, Benitez LB, Rott MB. Interaction between Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Acanthamoeba polyphaga. Curr Microbiol 2017, 74.5: 541-549.
  • 25. CDC. Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States. Cent. Dis. Control Prev. 2019, https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/pdf/threats-report/2019-ar-threats-report-508.pdf
  • 26. Ali SM, Siddiqui R., Ong SK, Shah MR, Anwar A, Heard PJ, Khan NA. Identification and characterization of antibacterial compound(s) of cockroaches (Periplaneta americana). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017, 101.1: 253-286.
  • 27. Ali S., Siddiqui R, Khan NA. Antimicrobial discovery from natural and unusual sources. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018, 70.10: 1287-1300.
  • 28. Akbar N, Siddiqui R, Iqbal M, Khan NA. Antibacterial activities of selected pure compounds isolated from gut bacteria of animals living in polluted environments. Antibiotics 2020, 9.4: 190.
  • 29. Ali SM, Siddiqui R, Sagathevan KA, Khan, NA. Antibacterial activity of selected invertebrate species. Folia Microbiol. (Praha) 2021, 66.2:285–291.
  • 30. Borin S, Feldman I, Ken-Dror S, Briscoe D. Rapid diagnosis of Acanthamoeba keratitis using non-nutrient agar with a lawn of E. coli. J ophth inflam inf 2013, 3.1: 1-2.
  • 31. Özpınar N, Özçelik S, Yünlü Ö. Isolation and morphotyping of Acanthamoeba spp. and Vermamoeba spp. from hospital air-conditioning systems. Cumhur Medical J 2017, 39.1: 369-373.
  • 32. Jacquier N, Aeby S, Lienard J, Greub. Discovery of new intracellular pathogens by amoebal coculture and amoebal enrichment approaches. JOVE 2013, 80.
  • 33. Schuppler M. How the interaction of Listeria monocytogenes and Acanthamoeba spp. affects growth and distribution of the food borne pathogen. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014, 98.7: 2907-2916.
  • 34. H. P. Agency. Isolation and Identification of Acanthamoeba Species. Nat Stand Method 2014, 17.2:1–12.
  • 35. Eroğlu F, Evyapan G, Koltaş İS. The cultivation of Acanthamoeba using with different axenic and monoxenic media. Mid Black Sea J Heal Sci 2015, 1.3: 13-17.
  • 36. Üstüntürk M. and Zeybek Z. Amoebicidal efficacy of a novel multi-purpose disinfecting solution: First findings. Exp Parasitol 2014, 145: 93-S97.
  • 37. Zeibig E. Clinical Parasitology-E-Book: A Prac App 2012.
  • 38. Huang FC, Shih MH, Chang KF, Huang JM, Shin JW, Lin WC. Characterizing clinical isolates of Acanthamoeba castellanii with high resistance to polyhexamethylene biguanide in Taiwan. J Mıcrobıol Immunol 2017, 50.5: 570-577.
  • 39. Barker J, Humphrey TJ, Brown MWR. Survival of Escherichia coli 0157 in a soil protozoan: Implications for disease. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1999, 173.2: 291-295.
  • 40. Garcia, A, Goñi P, Cieloszyk J, Fernandez MT, Calvo-Beguería L, Rubio E, Clavel A. Identification of free-living amoebae and amoeba-associated bacteria from reservoirs and water treatment plants by molecular techniques. Environ Sci Technol 2013, 47.7: 3132-3140.
  • 41. Gonçalves DDS, Ferreira MDS, Liedke SC, Gomes KX, de Oliveira GA, Leão PEL, Guimaraes AJ. Extracellular vesicles and vesicle-free secretome of the protozoa acanthamoeba castellanii under homeostasis and nutritional stress and their damaging potential to host cells. Virulence 2018, 9.1: 818-836.
  • 42. Martin KH, Borlee GI, Wheat, Jackson WHM, Borlee BR. Busting biofilms: Free-living amoebae disrupt preformed methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Mycobacterium bovis biofilms. Microbiology 2020, 166.8: 695.
  • 43. Jang, IT, Yang M, Kim HJ, Park JK. Novel Cytoplasmic Bacteriocin Compounds Derived from Staphylococcus epidermidis Selectively Kill Staphylococcus aureus, Including Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Pathogen 2020, 9.2: 87.
Year 2021, Volume: 80 Issue: 1, 29 - 34, 15.06.2021

Abstract

Project Number

FBA-2019-31324.

References

  • REFERANCES 1. Thomas V, Herrera-Rimann K, Blanc DS, Greub G, Biodiversity of amoebae and amoeba-resisting bacteria in a hospital water network. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006, 72.4:2428-2438.
  • 2. Zeybek Z, Üstüntürk M, Binay AR. Morphological characteristics and growth abilities of free living amoeba ısolated from domestic tap water samples in Istanbul. Eur J Biol 2010, 69.1: 17-23.
  • 3. Penz T, Horn M, Schmitz-Esser S. The genome of the amoeba symbiont ‘Candidatus Amoebophilus asiaticus’ reveals common mechanisms for host cell interaction among amoeba-associated bacteria. J Bacteriol 2010, 1.6:541-545.
  • 4. Burak DM. and Zeybek Z. Investigation of legionella pneumophila and free living amoebas in the domestic hot water systems in Istanbul. Turkish J Biol 2011, 35.6:679-685.
  • 5. Trabelsi H, Dendana F, Sellami A, Sellami H, Cheikhrouhou F, Neji S, Ayadi A. Pathogenic free-living amoebae: epidemiology and clinical review. Pathol Biol 2012, 60.6: 399-405.
  • 6. Üstüntürk M. and Zeybek Z. Microbial contamination of contact lens storage cases and domestic tap water of contact lens wearers. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2012, 24.3: 17-22.
  • 7. Zeybek Z, Dogruoz Gungor N, Turetgen I. Investigation of heterotrophic bacteria, legionella and free - living amoeba in cooling tower samples by fısh and culture methods. Eur J Biol 2017, 76.1: 7-13.
  • 8. Zeybek Z and Türkmen A. Investigation of the incidence of legionella and free-living amoebae in swimming pool waters and biofilm specimens in istanbul by different methods. Microbiol Bull 2020, 54: 50–65.
  • 9. Saburi E, Rajaii T, Behdari A, Kohansal MH, Vazini H. Free-living amoebae in the water resources of Iran: a systematic review. J Parasit Dis 2017, 41.4: 919-928.
  • 10. Balczun C. and Scheid PL. Free-living amoebae as hosts for and vectors of intracellular microorganisms with public health significance. Viruses 2017, 9.4: 65.
  • 11. Schuster FL. Cultivation of pathogenic and opportunistic free-living amebas. Clin Microbiol Rev 2002, 15.3.342-354.
  • 12. Lambrecht E, Baré J, Van Damme I, Bert W, Sabbe K. Houf K. Behavior of Yersinia enterocolitica in the presence of the bacterivorous Acanthamoeba castellanii. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013, 79.20: 6407-6413.
  • 13. Villanueva MP, Medina G, Fernández H. Arcobacter butzleri survives within trophozoite of Acanthamoeba castellanii. Rev Argent Microbiol 2016, 48.2: 105-109
  • 14. Şenler NG, Yıldız İ. Tatlı Su Protozoonları ve Önemi. Turk J Sci Rev 2010, 3.1: 7-16.
  • 15. Cateau E, Delafont V, Hechard Y, Rodier MH. Free-living amoebae: What part do they play in healthcare-associated infections?. J Hosp Infect 2014, 87.3: 131-140.
  • 16. Winiecka-Krusnell J. and Linder E. Bacterial infections of free-living amoebae. Res Microbiol 2001, 152.7: 613-619.
  • 17. Akya A, Pointon A, Thomas C. Mechanism involved in phagocytosis and killing of Listeria monocytogenes by Acanthamoeba polyphaga. Parasitol Res 2009, 105.5: 1375-1383.
  • 18. Chekabab SM, Daigle F, Charette SJ, Dozois CM, Harel J. Survival of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in the presence of Acanthamoeba castellanii and its dependence on Pho regulon. Microbiologyopen 2012, 1.4: 427-437.
  • 19. Marciano-Cabral F and Cabral G. Acanthamoeba spp. as agents of disease in humans. Clin Microbiol Rev 2003, 16.2:273-307.
  • 20. Greub G, La Scola B, Raoult D. Parachlamydia acanthamoeba is endosymbiotic or lytic for Acanthamoeba polyphaga depending on the incubation temperature. Ann NY Acad Sci 2003, 990.1: 628-634.
  • 21. Nakisah MA and Chandrika K. Antimicrobial activities of aqueous lysate of Acanthamoeba SPP against selected pathogenic bacteria. Malaysian Appl Bio 2012, 41. 2:45–49.
  • 22. Iqbal J, Siddiqui R, Khan NA. Acanthamoeba and bacteria produce antimicrobials to target their counterpart. Parasites and Vectors 2014, 7.1:1–6.
  • 23. Tashmukhambetov B. An investigation of the effects of an antimicrobial peptide on the survival of Acanthamoeba and intracellular bacteria associated with Cystic Fibrosis. University of Essex, Phd Thesis. 2016.
  • 24. De Souza TK, Soares SS, Benitez LB, Rott MB. Interaction between Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Acanthamoeba polyphaga. Curr Microbiol 2017, 74.5: 541-549.
  • 25. CDC. Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States. Cent. Dis. Control Prev. 2019, https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/pdf/threats-report/2019-ar-threats-report-508.pdf
  • 26. Ali SM, Siddiqui R., Ong SK, Shah MR, Anwar A, Heard PJ, Khan NA. Identification and characterization of antibacterial compound(s) of cockroaches (Periplaneta americana). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017, 101.1: 253-286.
  • 27. Ali S., Siddiqui R, Khan NA. Antimicrobial discovery from natural and unusual sources. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018, 70.10: 1287-1300.
  • 28. Akbar N, Siddiqui R, Iqbal M, Khan NA. Antibacterial activities of selected pure compounds isolated from gut bacteria of animals living in polluted environments. Antibiotics 2020, 9.4: 190.
  • 29. Ali SM, Siddiqui R, Sagathevan KA, Khan, NA. Antibacterial activity of selected invertebrate species. Folia Microbiol. (Praha) 2021, 66.2:285–291.
  • 30. Borin S, Feldman I, Ken-Dror S, Briscoe D. Rapid diagnosis of Acanthamoeba keratitis using non-nutrient agar with a lawn of E. coli. J ophth inflam inf 2013, 3.1: 1-2.
  • 31. Özpınar N, Özçelik S, Yünlü Ö. Isolation and morphotyping of Acanthamoeba spp. and Vermamoeba spp. from hospital air-conditioning systems. Cumhur Medical J 2017, 39.1: 369-373.
  • 32. Jacquier N, Aeby S, Lienard J, Greub. Discovery of new intracellular pathogens by amoebal coculture and amoebal enrichment approaches. JOVE 2013, 80.
  • 33. Schuppler M. How the interaction of Listeria monocytogenes and Acanthamoeba spp. affects growth and distribution of the food borne pathogen. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014, 98.7: 2907-2916.
  • 34. H. P. Agency. Isolation and Identification of Acanthamoeba Species. Nat Stand Method 2014, 17.2:1–12.
  • 35. Eroğlu F, Evyapan G, Koltaş İS. The cultivation of Acanthamoeba using with different axenic and monoxenic media. Mid Black Sea J Heal Sci 2015, 1.3: 13-17.
  • 36. Üstüntürk M. and Zeybek Z. Amoebicidal efficacy of a novel multi-purpose disinfecting solution: First findings. Exp Parasitol 2014, 145: 93-S97.
  • 37. Zeibig E. Clinical Parasitology-E-Book: A Prac App 2012.
  • 38. Huang FC, Shih MH, Chang KF, Huang JM, Shin JW, Lin WC. Characterizing clinical isolates of Acanthamoeba castellanii with high resistance to polyhexamethylene biguanide in Taiwan. J Mıcrobıol Immunol 2017, 50.5: 570-577.
  • 39. Barker J, Humphrey TJ, Brown MWR. Survival of Escherichia coli 0157 in a soil protozoan: Implications for disease. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1999, 173.2: 291-295.
  • 40. Garcia, A, Goñi P, Cieloszyk J, Fernandez MT, Calvo-Beguería L, Rubio E, Clavel A. Identification of free-living amoebae and amoeba-associated bacteria from reservoirs and water treatment plants by molecular techniques. Environ Sci Technol 2013, 47.7: 3132-3140.
  • 41. Gonçalves DDS, Ferreira MDS, Liedke SC, Gomes KX, de Oliveira GA, Leão PEL, Guimaraes AJ. Extracellular vesicles and vesicle-free secretome of the protozoa acanthamoeba castellanii under homeostasis and nutritional stress and their damaging potential to host cells. Virulence 2018, 9.1: 818-836.
  • 42. Martin KH, Borlee GI, Wheat, Jackson WHM, Borlee BR. Busting biofilms: Free-living amoebae disrupt preformed methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Mycobacterium bovis biofilms. Microbiology 2020, 166.8: 695.
  • 43. Jang, IT, Yang M, Kim HJ, Park JK. Novel Cytoplasmic Bacteriocin Compounds Derived from Staphylococcus epidermidis Selectively Kill Staphylococcus aureus, Including Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Pathogen 2020, 9.2: 87.
There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Şevval Maral Özcan 0000-0002-3336-5618

Zuhal Zeybek 0000-0002-9407-9519

Project Number FBA-2019-31324.
Publication Date June 15, 2021
Submission Date April 25, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 80 Issue: 1

Cite

AMA Özcan ŞM, Zeybek Z. The Effect of Cell-Free Supernatants of Free-Living Amoeba against Some Staphylococcus Bacteria: First Findings from Turkey. Eur J Biol. June 2021;80(1):29-34.