İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi 1303-1732 Istanbul University Girişimcilik yönelimi ve örgütsel performans ilişkisi: Çanakkale bölgesinde faaliyet gösteren otel işletmelerinde bir araştırma The relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and organizational performance: Evidence from the hotel industry in Çanakkale Region Altuntas Gultekin Donmez Dilek 12 03 2009 39 1 50 74 02 27 2012 Copyright © 2013, İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi 2013 İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi

It is aimed in this study to present the relationship between the entrepreneurial orientation (i.e. managerial methods, practices and decision-making styles in a business to make competitive conditions in its favor and to meet the strategic objectives), an antecedent of the corporate entrepreneurship (i.e. “all formal and informal activities to develop new products, services, technologies, strategies and administrative techniques) and financial / nonfinancial success in scope of organizational performance. With a literature review, an empirical study has been conducted on hotels businesses in Çanakkale Region in Turkey with Pearson and Spearman Correlations as well as multiple linear regression analysis. The study reveals that there is a positive relationship between innovatiness and change in sales, net profit margin, and net profit level as well as between proactivity and change in sales, net profit margin, gross profit margin, net profit from operations and ability to fund growth. In addition, the competitive aggressiveness is in a similar relationship with change in sales, net profit margin, gross profit margin, and net profit level. Furthermore, the findings suggest that innovatiness and employee performance is positively related to each other as do proactivity, employee and customer performances in terms of nonfinancial performance.

It is aimed in this study to present the relationship between the entrepreneurial orientation (i.e. managerial methods, practices and decision-making styles in a business to make competitive conditions in its favor and to meet the strategic objectives), an antecedent of t he c orporate e ntrepreneurship ( i.e. “ all f ormal a nd informal a ctivities t o develop n ew p roducts, services, t echnologies, strategies and administrative te chniques) and f inancial / no nfinancial s uccess i n s cope o f o rganizational p erformance. With a literature review, an empirical study has been conducted on hotels businesses in Çanakkale Region in Turkey with Pearson and Spearman Correlations as well as multiple linear regression analysis. The study reveals that there is a positive relationship between innovatiness a nd c hange in s ales, n et profit m argin, and net p rofit l evel as well as between proactivity and change in sales, net profit margin, gross profit margin, net profit from operations and ability to fund growth. In addition, the competitive aggressiveness is in a similar relationship with change in sales, net profit margin, gross profit margin, and net p rofit l evel. Furthermore, th e f indings s uggest th at i nnovatiness a nd employeeperformance is positively related to each other as do proactivity, employee and customerperformances in terms of nonfinancial performance.

 Girişimcilik yönelimi örgütsel performans yenilikçilik inovasyon risk alma proaktivite saldırgan rekabetçilik otel endüstrisi Entrepreneurial orientation performance innovation risk-taking proactivity competitive aggressiveness hotel industry B. Dreyer, K. Gronhaug, Uncertainty, flexibility and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Business Research. 57, 5, 484–494 (2004). E.M. Ol son, S.F. Slater, The b alanced s corecard, competitive s trategy, a nd performance. Business Horizons. 45, 3, 11–16 (2002). J.G. Covin, D.P. Slevin, A conceptual m odel of entrepreneurship a s firm b ehavior. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 16, 1, 7–24 (1991). M. Porter, Competitive Strategy. New York: Free Press, 1980. D. Miller, The c orrelates of entrepreneurship i n t hree t ypes o f firms. Management Science. 29, 7, 770–791 (1983). V. Sathe, F ostering e ntrepreneurship i n a l arge d iversified f irm. Organizational Dynamics. 18, 1, 20–32 (1989). T. Kelley, J. Littman, The Ten Faces Of Innovation: IDEO's Strategies For Defeating The Devil's Advocate And Driving Creativity Throughout Your Organization, Currency, USA: Trade Cloth, 2005. P. Drucker, The discipline of the innovator. Harvard Business Review. 63, 3, 67–72 (1985). J.A. Schumpeter, On the concept of social value. Quarterly Journal of Sociology. 23, 2, 213–232 (1909). J.A. Schumpeter, The Theory Of Economic Development: An Inquiry Into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest, And The Business Cycle, (Çev. Redvers Opie), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1934. T.J. Hostager, et al., Seeing environmental opportunities: Effects of intrapreneurial ability, efficacy, motivation and desirability. Journal of Organisational Change Management. 11, 1, 11- 25 (1998). A.M. Fiş, D. Çetindamar, Kurumsal girişimcilik ve performans ilişkisi, 17. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı. 320–325, 2009. J.C. Hayton, D.J. Kelley, A competency-based f ramework f or p romoting c orporate entrepreneurship. Human Resource Management. 45, 3, 407–427 (2006). G.T. Lumpkin, G.G. Dess, Linking two dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation to firm p erformance: T he m oderating rol e of e nvironment a nd industry l ife c ycle, Journal of Business Venturing, 16, 5, 429–451 (2001). K. Chittipeddi, T. A. Wallet, Entrepreneurship a nd c ompetitive s trategy f or t he 1990's. Journal of Small Business Management. 29, 1, 94–98 (1991). D.F. Jennings, R.J. Lumpkin, Functioning modeling corporate entrepreneurship: An empirical integrative analysis. Journal of Management. 15, 3, 485–502 (1989). S.A. Zahra, Predictors and financial outcomes of corporate entrepreneurship: An exploratory study. Journal of Business Venturing. 6, 4, 259–285 (1991). V. Gautam, V. Verma, C orporate e ntrepreneurship: C hanging p erspectives. The Journal of Entrepreneurship. 6, 2, 233–247 (1997). R. Van Wyk, M. Adonisi, The role of entrepreneurial characteristics in predicting job satisfaction. South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences. 11, 4, V. Ağca, M . Kurt, İç girişimcilik ve temel belirleyicileri: Kavramsal b ir çerçeve. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 29, (Temmuz-Aralık), 83–112 (2007). L. Alpkan, vd., Şirket girişimciliğinin şirket performansına etkileri. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi. 6, 2, 175–189 (2005). A. Danışman, E. Erkocaoğlan, Kurumsal girişimcilik ve firma performansı: İMKB'de işlem gören firmalar üzerine bir araştırma. İktisat İşletme ve Finans. 22, 11, 82– 101 (2007). Ç. Bulut, vd., Kurumsal girişimcilik: Kavramsal yapı üzerine bir tartışma. Journal of Yasar University. 3, 10, 1–26 (2007). G. Pinchot, Intrapreneuring. New York: Harper and Row, 1985. D.F. Kuratko, R.V. Montagno, J.S. Hornsby, Developing an intrapreneurial assessment i nstrument f or a n e ffective c orporate e ntrepreneurial environment. Strategic Management Journal. 11, 4, 49–58 (1990). H. Schollhammer, Internal corporate entrepreneurship, İçinde, C. Kent, D. Sexton ve K. Vesper (Editörler), Encyclopaedia of Entrepreneurship, Englewood Clipp, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1982. W. Guth, A. Ginsberg, G uest editors’ i ntroduction: C orporate e ntrepreneurship. Strategic Management Journal. 11, 4, 297–308 (1990). R.J. Ellis, N.T. Taylor, Specifying entrepreneurship (N.C. Churchill, et al., Eds.), Frontiers Of Entrepreneurship Research. Wellesley, MA: Babson College, 1987. I.C. MacMillan, Z. Block, P.N.S. Narasimha, C orporate v enturing: A lternatives, obstacles encountered, and experience effects. Journal of Business Venturing. 1, 2, 177–192 (1986). J.S. Hornsby, D.F. Kuratko, S.A. Zahra, Middle managers’ perception of the internal environment for corporate entrepreneurship: Assessing a measurement scale. Journal of Business Venturing. 17, 3, 253–273 (2002). P.N. Khandwalla, The Design Of Organizations. New York:Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1977. D. Miller, P. Friesen, Strategy-making and environment: The third link. Strategic Management Journal. 4, 3, 221–235 (1983). J.G. Covin, D.P. Slevin, Strategic management of small firms in hostile and benign environment. Strategic Management Journal. 10, 1, 75–87 (1989). G.R. Merz, B.J. Parker, M.J. Kallis, Resource-related dependencies: Marketing strategies of technological-based firms. European Journal of Marketing. 23, 4, 44– 65 (1990). G. Knight, Cross-cultural reliability and validity of a scale to measure firm entrepreneurial orientation. Journal of Business Venturing. 12, 3, 213–225 (1987). S.A. Zahra, D.F. Jennings, D.F. Kuratko, The antecedents and consequences of firm-level entrepreneurship: The state of the field. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 24, 2, 45–64 (1999). [37] A.M. Fiş, D. Çetindamar, Girişimcilik oryantasyonu, kurum içi girişimcilik ve bağlı ölçeklerin T ürkçe’de g eçerlemesi, 15. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı. 124–132 (2007). M.H. Morris, D.F. Kuratko, Corporate Entrepreneurship. Mason, OH: South-Western College Publishers, 2002. B. Antoncic ve R.D. Hisrich, C larifying t he i ntrapreneurship c oncept. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development. 10, 1, 7–24 (2003). G.T. Lumpkin, G.G. Dess, C larifying the entrepreneurial orientation construction and linking it to performance. Academy of Management Review. 21, 1, 135–173 (1996). O. Richard, et al., Cultural diversity in management, firm performance, and the moderating role of entrepreneurial orientation dimensions. Academy of Management Journal. 47, 2, 255–266 (2004). S. Lee, S . Peterson, Culture, e ntrepreneurial ori entation, a nd g lobal competitiveness. Journal of World Business. 35, 4, 401–416 (2000). J. Wi klund, D. Shepherd, Knowledge-based r esources, entrepreneurial ori entation, and the performance of small and medium-sized businesses. Strategic Management Journal. 24, 13, 1307–1314 (2003). J. Wiklund, D. Shepherd, Entrepreneurial orientation a nd s mall business performance: A configurational approach. Journal of Business Venturing. 20, 1, 71– 91 (2005). A.M. Fiş, S.A. Wasti, Örgüt kültürü ve girişimcilik yönelimi ilişkisi. ODTÜ Gelişme [45] Dergisi. 35, Özel Sayı, 127-164 (2009). D.F. Kuratko, et al., A model of middle-level managers’ entrepreneurial behavior. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 29, 6, 699–716 (2005). S.A. Zahra, Governance, ownership a nd c orporate entrepreneurship: The moderating impact of industry technology opportunities. Academy of Management Journal. 39, 6, 1713–1735 (1996). T.E. Brown, P.Davidsson, J. Wiklund, An operationalization of Stevenson's conceptualisation of Entrepreneurship as opportunity-based firm behavior. Strategic Management Joumal. 22, 953–968 (2001). H.H. Stevenson, J.C. Jarillo, A paradigm of entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial management. Strategic Management Journal. 11, 17–27 (1990). B. Antoncic, R.D. Hisrich, Intrapreneurship: Construct refinement and cross-cultural validation. Journal of Business Venturing. 16, 5, 495–527 (2001). J.M.L. Poon, R.A. Ainuddin, S.A. Junit, Effects of self-concept traits and entrepreneurial orientation on firm performance. International Small Business Journal. 24, 1, 61–82 (2006). W. Aloulou, A. Fayolle, A conceptual approach of entrepreneurial orientation within small business context. Journal of Enterprising Culture. 13, 1, 21–45 (2005). S.A. Zahra, J. Covin, C ontextual i nfluences on t he c orporate entrepreneurship- company p erformance relationship in e stablished f irms: A longitudinal a nalysis. Journal of Business Venturing. 10, 1, 43–58 (1995). R.D. Ireland, M.A. Hitt, D.G. Sirmon, A model of strategic entrepreneurship: The construct and its dimensions. Journal of Management. 29, 6, 963–989 (2003). S. Shane, S. Venkataraman, The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of Management Review. 25, 1, 217–226 (2000). S.A. Zahra, D. Garvis, International corporate entrepreneurship and firm performance: The moderating effect of international environmental hostility. Journal of Business Venturing. 15, 5–6, 469–492 (2000). F.W. Swierczek, T.H. Thai, Motivation, entrepreneurship and the performance of SMEs in Vietnam. Journal of Enterprising Culture. 11, 1, 47–68 (2003). N.J. Adler, International Dimensions Of Organizational Behavior, 2nd Edition, S. Mueller, A. Thomas, Culture and entrepreneurial potential: A nine country study of locus of control and innovativeness. Journal of Business Venturing. 16, 1, 51–75 (2001). K. Tajeddini, E ffect of c ustomer o rientation and e ntrepreneurial ori entation on innovativeness: Evidence from the hotel industry in Switzerland. Tourism Management. (Article in Press), 1–11 (2009). M. Sonfield, R. Lussier, The entrepreneurial strategy matrix: Strategies for new and ongoing ventures. Business Horizons. 40, 3, 73–77 (1997). J.M. Stopford, C.W.F. Baden-Fuller, Creating corporate entrepreneurship. Strategic Management Journal. 15, 7, 521–536 (1994). B.R. Barringer, A.C. Bluedorn, The relationship between corporate entrepreneurship and strategic management. Strategic Management Journal. 20, 5, 421–444 (1999). S.A. Zahra, Environment, corporate entrepreneurship and financial performance: A taxonomic approach. Journal of Business Venturing. 8, 4, 319–340 (1993). R.A. Burgelman, A model of the interaction of strategic behavior, corporate context, and the concept of strategy. Academy of Management Review. 8, 1, 61–70 (1983a). R.A. Burgelman, Corporate entrepreneurship and strategic management: Insights R.A. Burgelman, A process model of internal corporate venturing in the diversified major firm. Administrative Science Quarterly. 28, 2, 223–244 (1983c). J.G. Covin, D.P. Slevin, New venture strategic posture, structure and performance: An industry life cycle analysis. Journal of Business Venturing. 5, 2, 123–135 (1990). J.L. Naman, D.P. Slevin, Entrepreneurship and the concept of fit: A model and empirical tests. Strategic Management Journal. 14, 2, 137–153 (1993). S.I. Krauss, et al., Entrepreneurial orientation: A psychological model of success among Southern A frican small business o wners. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology. 14, 3, 315–344 (2005). K. Atuahene-Gima, A. Ko, An empirical investigation of the effect of market orientation and entrepreneurship orientation alignment on product innovation. Organization Science. 12, 1, 54–74 (2001). J. Birkinshaw, Entrepreneurship in multinational corporations: The role of subsidiary initiative. Strategic Management Journal. 18, 3, 207–229 (1997). J.G. Covin, K.M. Green, D.P. Slevin, Strategic process effects on the entrepreneurial orientation-sales growth rate relationship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 30, 1, 57–81 (2006). G.G. Dess, G.T. Lumpkin, J.G. Covin, Entrepreneurial strategy making and firm performance: T ests of c ontingency a nd c onfigurational m odels. Strategic Management Journal. 18, 9, 677–695 (1997). D. Lyon, G.G. Lumpkin, G.G. Dess, Enhancing entrepreneurial orientation research: Operationalizing and measuring a key strategic decision making process. Journal of Management. 26, 5, 1055–1085 (2000). H. Mintzberg, Strategy-making in three modes. California Management Review. 16, 2, 44–53 (1973). N. Karagözoğlu, W.B. Brown, Adaptive responses by conservative and entrepreneurial firms. Journal of Product Innovation Management. 5, 4, 269–281 J.G. Covin, D.P. S levin, R. Schulz, Implementing s trategic m issions: E ffective strategic, structural and tactical choices. Journal of Management Studies. 31, 4, 481–505 (1994). G.T. Lumpkin, G.G. Dess, J.G. Covin, Entrepreneurial strategy making and firm performance: T ests of c ontingency a nd c onfigurational m odels. Strategic Management Journal. 18, 9, 677–695 (1997). J.G. C ovin, D.P. Slevin, T he d evelopment a nd t esting of a n org anization-level entrepreneurship scale (R. Ronstadt, J.A. Hornaday, K.H. Vesper, Eds.), Frontiers Of Entrepreneurship Research, Wellesley, MA: Babson College, 1986. G.T. Lumpkin, C.C. Cogliser, D.R. Schneider, U nderstanding a nd m easuring autonomy: A n entrepreneurial ori entation p erspective. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 33, 1, 47–69 (2009). M.H. Morris, D.L. Sexton, The concept of entrepreneurial intensity: Implications of company performance. Journal of Business Research. 36, 1, 5–13 (1996). J.G. Covin, M.P. Miles, Corporate entrepreneurship a nd t he p ursuit of c ompetitive advantage. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 23, 3, 47-63 (1999). R. Nelson, S. Winter, An Evolutionary Theory Of Economic Change. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982. J. Wiklund, Small firm growth and performance: Entrepreneurship and beyond. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Jonkoping International Business School, Sweden, 1998. R. Luecke, Managing Creativity and Innovation. Boston. MA: H arvard B usiness Essentials, 2003. H.H. Stevenson, D.E. Gumpert, The heart of entrepreneurship. Harvard Business Review. March-April, 85–94 (1985). G.G. Dess, G.T. Lumpkin, The rol e of entrepreneurial orientation in stimulating effective corporate entrepreneurship. The Academy of Management Executive. 19, 1, 147–156 (2005). A. Neely, J. Hii, Innovation And Business Performance: A Literature Review. Cambridge, MA: The Judge Institute of Management Studies, 1988. F. Damanpour, Organizational innovation: A m eta-analysis o f e ffects of determinants and moderators. The Academy of Management Journal. 34, 3, 555– 590 (1991). T. Koçel, İşletme Yöneticiliği. 10. Baskı, İstanbul: Arıkan Basım Yayım Dağıtım Ltd. Şti., 2005, s.314. D. Dougherty, B.F. Hardy, Sustained innovation production in large mature organizations: Overcoming innovation-to-organization problems. Academy of Management Journal. 39, 5, 826–851 (1996). B.H. Kemelgor, A c omparative a nalysis of c orporate entrepreneurial ori entation between s elected f irms in t he N etherlands a nd t he U SA. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development. 14, 1, 67–87 (2002). D. Miller, C. Dröge, J.M. Toulouse, Strategic process a nd content as mediators between organizational context and structure. Academy of Management Journal. 31, 3, 544–569 (1988). R.L. Daft, A dual-core model of organizational innovation. Academy of Management Review. 21, 2, 193–210 (1978). F. Damanpour, Organizational complexity and innovation: Developing and testing multiple contingency models. Management Science. 42, 5, 693–716 (1996). M.A. Hitt, R.D. Ireland, H. Lee, Technological learning, knowledge management, firm growth, and performance. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management. 17, 3–4, 231–246 (2000). F. Damanpour, W. Evans, Organizational innovation and performance: The problem of organizational lag. Administrative Science Quarterly. 29, 3, 392–402 (1984). R. Zammuto, E. O’Connor, Gaining advanced manufacturing technologies benefits: The role of organizational design and culture. Academy of Management Review. 17, 4, 701–728 (1992). T.D. Kuczmarski, Creating an innovative mind-set. Management Review. 85, 11, 47–51 (1996). S. Kitchell, Corporate culture, environmental adaptation, and innovation adoption: A qualitative/quantitative approach. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 23, 3, 195–205 (1995). R.D. Russell, C.J. Russell, A n e xamination of effects o f organizational n orms, organizational structure, a nd environmental u ncertainty on entrepreneurial strategy. Journal of Management. 18, 4, 639–656 (1992). A.M. Khan, V. Manopichetwattana, Models for innovative and non innovative small firms. Journal of Business Venturing. 4, 3, 187–196 (1989). R.A. Burgelman, Designs for corporate entrepreneurship. California Management Review. 26, 154–166 (1984). R. Cantillon, Essay on the Nature of General Commerce. http:// cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/cantillon.htm, (Erişim: 20.2.2009). D.R. Hisrich, P.M. Peters, Entrepreneurship. London: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2002, p.48. I.S. Baird, H. Thomas, Toward a contingency model of strategic risk taking. Academy of Management Review. 10, 2, 230–243 (1985). J.R. Cornwall, B. Perlman, Organizational Entrepreneurship. Homewood, IL: Boston- Irvin, 1990. J.G. Covin, D .P. Slevin, A dherence t o p lans, r isk t aking, a nd e nvironment a s predictors of firm growth. Journal of High Technology Management Research. 9, 2, 207–237 (1998). [110] D.F. Kuratko, J.S. Hornsby, M. G. Goldsby, Sustaining corporate entrepreneurship: Modelling p erceived i mplementation a nd ou tcome c omparisons a t o rganizational and individual levels. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation. 5, 2, 77–90 (2004). R.H. Brockhaus, Risk taking propensity of entrepreneurs. Academy of Management Journal. 23, 3, 509–520 (1980). R.H. Brockhaus, The psychology of the entrepreneur (C.A. Kent, D.L. Sexton, K.H. Vesper, Eds.), Encyclopedia Of Entrepreneurship. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice- Hall, 1982. I.M. Kirzner, E ntrepreneurial d iscovery and the competitive market process: A n S.B. Sitkin, A.L. Pablo, Reconceptualizing the determinants of risk behavior. Academy on Management Review. 17, 1, 9–38 (1992). H.T. Keh, M.D. Foo, B. C. Lim, Opportunity evaluation under risky conditions: The cognitive processes of entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 27, 2, 125–148 (2002). P. Hughes, R.E. Morgan, A r esource-advantage p erspective of p roduct-market strategy pe rformance and s trategic c apital in h igh te chnology f irms. Industrial Marketing and Management. 36, 4, 503–517 (2007). P.R. Dickson, J.J. Giglierano, Missing the boat and sinking the boat: A conceptual model of entrepreneurial risk. Journal of Marketing. 50, July, 58–70 (1986). L. Busenitz, J. Barney, Differences between entrepreneurs and managers in large organizations: B iases a nd h euristics i n st rategic decision-making. Journal of Business Venturing. 12, 1, 9–30 (1997). G.T. Lumpkin, G .G. Dess, Proactiveness v ersus competitive a ggressiveness: Teasing apart key dimensions of an entrepreneurial orientation (P. Reynolds, et al., Eds.), Frontiers Of Entrepreneurship Research, Wellesley, M A: B abson C ollege, 1997. P. Dimitratos, E. Plakoyiannaki, T heoretical f oundations o f a n i nternational entrepreneurial culture. Journal of International Entrepreneurship. 2, 1, 187–215 (2003). A. Rauch, M. Frese, Psychological approaches to entrepreneurial success: A general model and an overview of findings (C.L. Cooper, I.T. Robertson, Eds.), International Review Of Industrial And Organizational Psychology, 13, Chichester, UK: Wiley, 2000. T. Begley, D. Boyd, Psychological characteristics associated with performance in entrepreneurial firms and smaller businesses. Journal of Business Venturing. 2, 1, 79–93 (1987). J.A. Timmons, L.E. Smollen, A.L.M. Dingee, New Venture Creation. Homewood, Illinois: lrwin, 1985. S.F. Slater, J.C. Narver, Market orientation and the learning organization. Journal of Marketing. 59, July, 63–74 (1995). R. Mayer, J. Davis, F. Shoorman, An integrative model of organizational trust. The Academy of Management Review. 20, 3, 709–734 (1995). E.W. Morrison, S .L. Robinson, W hen employees feel betrayed: A model of how psychological contract violation develops. Academy of Management Review. 22, 1, R.E. Miles, G. Miles, C.C. Snow, Collaborative entrepreneurship: A business model for continuous innovation. Organizational Dynamics. 35, 1, 1–11 (2006). N. Venkatraman, T he concept of f it i n s trategy research: Toward v erbal a nd statistical correspondence. Academy of Management Review. 14, 3, 423–444 (1989). T.S. Bateman, J .M. Crant, T he p roactive c omponent of organizational b ehavior: A measure and correlates. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 14, 2, 103–118 C. Lee, K. Lee, J.M. Pennings, Internal capabilities, external networks, and performance: A s tudy of t echnology-based v entures. S trategic Management Journal. 22, 6/7, 615–640 (2001). D. Miller, Strategy making and structure: Analysis and implication for performance. Academy of Management Journal. 30, 1, 7–32 (1987). V. Wood, K. Robertson, S trategic o rientation a nd e xport s uccess: An e mpirical study. International Marketing Review. 14, 6, 424–444 (1997). J. Johannessen, A.B. Olsen, G.T. Lumpkin, Innovation as newness: What is new, how new, and new to whom? European Journal of Innovation Management. 4, 1, 20–30 (2001). A. Shapero, L. Sokol, The social dimensions of entrepreneurship (C.A. Kent, D.L. Sexton, K.H. Vesper, Eds.), Encyclopedia Of Entrepreneurship, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice–Hall, 1982. J.G. Covin, T. Covin, Competitive aggressiveness, environmental context, and small firm performance. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 14, 4, 35–50 (1990). I.C. MacMillan, P.E. Jones, Designing organizations to compete. Journal of Business Strategy. 4, 4, 11–26 (1984). T. Blumentritt, Does small and mature have to mean dull? Defying the ho-hum at SMEs. Journal of Business Strategy. 25, 1, 27–33 (2004). M.J. Chen, D.C. Hambrick, Speed, stealth, and selective attack: How small firms differ f rom l arge firms in c ompetitive b ehavior. Academy of Management Journal. 38, 2, 453–482 (1995). J. Birkinshaw, N. Hood, S. Young, Subsidiary entrepreneurship, internal and external c ompetitive f orces, a nd s ubsidiary p erformance. International Business Review. 14, 2, 227–248 (2005). R.A. D’aveni, Hypercompetition: Managing The Dynamics Of Strategic Maneuvering. New York: The Free Press, 1994. A. Miller, B. Camp, Exploring determinants of success in corporate ventures. Journal [141] of Business Venturing. 1, 1, 77–105 (1985). I.C. MacMillan, D.L. Day, C orporate ventures i nto i ndustrial markets: Dynamics of aggressive entry. Journal of Business Venturing. 2, 1, 29–39 (1987). W.J. Ferrier, Navigating the competitive landscape: The d rivers and consequences of competitive aggressiveness. Academy of Management Journal. 44, 4, 858–877 (2001). R.E. Morgan, C .A. Strong, M arket o rientation a nd d imensions o f strategic orientation. European Journal of Marketing. 32, 11/12, 1051–1073, (1998). I.C. MacMillan, P.E. Jones, Designing organizations to compete. Journal of Business Strategy. 4, 4, 11–26 (1984). A. Utsch, et a l., W ho b ecomes a s mall s cale e ntrepreneur i n a post-socialist environment: O n t he differences b etween entrepreneurs a nd m anagers i n E ast Germany. Journal of Small Business Management. 37, 3, 31–42, (1999). M.J. Chen, Competitor analysis and inter-firm rivalry: Towards a theoretical integration. Academy of Management Review. 21, 1, 100–134 (1996). H.J. Sheu, S .F. L o, A n ew c onceptual f ramework i ntegrating e nvironment i nto corporate performance evaluation. Sustainable Development. 13, 2, 79–90 (2005). G.A. Boyne, Sources of public service improvement: A critical review and research agenda. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. 13, 3, 367–394 (2003). H.G. Rainey, Understanding and Managing Public Organizations. 2nd Edition, San R.L. Daft, Organization Theory And Design. 7th Edition, Mason: S outh-Western G.B. Murphy, J.W. Trailer, R.C. Hill, Measuring performance in entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Research. 36, 1, 15–23 (1996). G.G. Dess, R.B. Robinson, Measuring organizational performance in the absence of objective measures. Strategic Management Journal. 5, 3, 265–273 (1984). J.D. Ford, D.A. Schellenberg, Conceptual issues of linkage in the assessment of organisational performance. Academy of Management Review. 7, 1, 49–58 (1982). B.M. Beamon, Measuring supply chain performance. International Journal of Operations & Production Management. 19, 3, 276–277 (1999). S.E. Seashore, E. Yuchtman, Factorial analysis of organizational performance. Administrative Science Quarterly. 12, 377–395 (1967). J.P. Campbell, On the nature of organizational effectiveness (P. Goodman, J.M. Pennings, Eds.), New Perspectives On Organizational Effectiveness, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1977. B.H. Clark, Marketing p erformance m easures: History a nd interrelationships. Journal of Marketing Management. 15, 8, 711 – 732 (1999). S. Haber ve A. Reichel, Identifying performance measures of small ventures — The case of the t ourism i ndustry, Journal of Small Business Management, 43, 3, 257– 286 (2005). N. Venkatraman, V. Ramanujam, Measurement of business performance in strategy research: A comparison of approaches. Academy of Management Review. 11, 4, 801–814 (1986). N. Venkatraman, J. Prescott, Environment-strategy coalignment: An empirical test of its performance implications. Strategic Management Journal. 11, 1, 1–23 (1990). T.C. Powell, Organizational alignment as competitive advantage. Strategic Management Journal. 13, 2, 119–134 (1992). S. Hart, C. Banbury, How strategy making process can make difference? Strategic Management Journal. 15, 4, 251–269 (1994). R. Eusebio, J.L. Andreu, M.P.L. Belbeze, Measures of marketing performance: A comparative study from Spain. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. 18, 2, 145–155 (2006). N. Aggarwal, M. Gupta, Marketing performance measures: Current status in Indian companies. Decision. 33, 1, 47–74 (2006). R.M. Kanter, When Giants Learn To Dance. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989. J.M. Geringer, L. Hebert, Measuring performance of international joint ventures. Journal of International Business Studies. 22, 2, 249–263 (1991). C. Bendheim, S. Graves, Determining best practice in corporate-stakeholder relations using data envelopment: An industry level study. Business and Society. 37, 3, 306–339 (1998). T. Peters, R.H. Waterman, In Search Of Excellence. New York: Harper and Row, 1982. G.T. Lumpkin, B .B. Lichtenstein, The role of organizational learning in the opportunity recognition process. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 29, 4, 451– 472 (2005). J.T. Hage, O rganizational innovation and organizational change. Annual Review of Sociology. 25, 597–622 (1999). H. Atkinson, J.B. Brown, Rethinking performance measures: Assessing progress in UK hotels. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. 13, 3, 128–135 (2001). P.J. Harris, M. Mongiello, Key performance indicators in European hotel properties: General Managers’ choices and company profiles. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. 13, 3, 120–128 (2001). M. Gosselin, An empirical study of performance measurement in manufacturing firms. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management. 54, 5/6, 419–437 (2005). W. Van D er S tede, C.W. Chow, W .L. Thomas, Strategy, c hoice of performance measures, and performance. Behavioral Research in Accounting. 18, 1, 185–205 (2006). T.D. Wall, et al., On the validity of subjective measures of company performance. Personnel Psychology. 57, 1, 95–118 (2004). M.B.E. Clarkson, A stakeholder framework for analysing and evaluating corporation. The Academy of Management Review. 21, 1, 92–117 (1995). M. Maurer, S. Sachs, Implementing the stakeholder view, learning process for a changed stakeholder orientation. The Journal of Corporate Citizenship. 17, 93–107 (2005). S. Berman, et a l., Does s takeholder orientation m atter? T he r elationship b etween J.E. Mattingly, Stakeholder salience, structural development, and firm performance: Structural a nd p erformance c orrelates of sociopolitical s takeholder management strategies. Business and Society. 43, 1, 97–114 (2005). J. Galbreath, Does primary stakeholder management positively affect the bottom line? Management Decision. 44, 8, 1106–1121 (2006). C.G. Brush, P.A. Vanderwerf, A c omparison o f m ethods a nd s ources for obtaining estimates of new venture performance. Journal of Business Venturing. 7, 2, 157– 170 (1992). Ö. Turunç, A. Erkuş, M. Polat, İşletmelerde örgütsel performansın değerlendirilmesinde n icel-nitel kriterler: Savunma sanayiinde bir araştırma, 15. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi, 761–768 (2005). G.E. Greenley, G.R. Foxal, External moderation of associations among stakeholder orientation a nd c ompany p erformance. International Journal of Research in Marketing. 15, 1, 51–69 (1998). N. Bontis, W.C. Keow, R. Stanley, Intellectual capital and business performance in Malaysian industries. Journal of Intellectual Capital. 1, 1, 85–100 (2000). N. Bontis, Intellectual capital: An exploratory study that develops measures and models. Management Decision. 36, 2, 63–76 (1998). S.W.J. Kozlowski, K .J. Klein, A m ultilevel a pproach t o t heory a nd re search i n organizations: Contextual, temporal, and emergent processes (K.J. Klein, S.W.J. Kozlowski, Eds.), Multilevel Theory, Research, And Methods In Organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2000. R. Harms, S. Kraus, E. Schwarz, The suitability of the configuration approach in entrepreneurship research. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development. 21, 1, 25– 49 (2009). D. George, P . Mallery, SPSS For Windows Step By Step: A Simple Guide And Reference. 11.0 Update, 4th Edition, Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 2003. J. Cohen, Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd Edition, [190] Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1988. Y.H. Li, J.W. Huang, M.T. Tsai, Entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance: The r ole of k nowledge c reation p rocess. Industrial Marketing Management. 38, 440–449 (2009).