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The Role of Self-Esteem and Perceived Parental Attitudes in Determining Fear of Negative Evaluation in Men and Women

Year 2019, Volume: 39 Issue: 1, 79 - 97, 28.06.2019

Abstract

The findings in recent literature indicate that fear of negative evaluation is related to many disorders such as body dysmorphic disorder, eating disorders and social anxiety. Therefore, determining the factors that affect the development of fear of negative evaluation seems important for developing preventive programs in the field of mental health. Although previous studies reported that the fear of negative evaluation is related to low self-esteem and rejecting parental attitudes, our knowledge is still inadequate in this area. The aim of this study was to both test the assumption that the attitudes of parents of women and men differ, and to investigate the role of self-esteem and perceived parental attitudes in the determination of the fear of negative evaluation in women and men. To this end, 230 university students (125 of which were women) completed the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Perceived Parental Attitudes Scale and the Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale. The results suggest that perceived emotional warmth and rejection scores were different across genders. While women perceived more emotional warmth, men perceived higher rejective parental attitudes. Two different regression analyses were performed to determine the predictors of fear of negative evaluation in women and men. Low self-esteem accounted for 12% of the variance in fear of negative evaluation among women. Overprotective parental attitudes accounted for 20% of the variance in fear of negative evaluation among men. The findings indicate that gender role expectations should be taken into consideration in the investigation of those factors affecting the development of fear of negative evaluation and in the development of preventive interventions. In light of the findings of this study, it is believed that individual interventions which aim to improve self-esteem in women, and education programs which aim to encourage parents to develop positive parental attitudes could be effective as preventive interventions.

References

  • Akgül, G. ve Dirik, G. (2018). Perceived parental attitudes and hopelessness in predicting social anxiety symptoms of Turkish male and female adolescents. International Journal of Arts and Social Science, 1(3), 37–45.
  • American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
  • Arrindell, W. A., Sanavio, E., Aguilar, G., Sica, C., Hatzichristou, C., Eisemann, M., ... ve van der Ende, J. (1999). The development of a short form of the EMBU: its appraisal with students in Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, and Italy. Personality and Individual Differences, 27, 613–28.
  • Berg, B. ve Kelly, R. (1979). The measured self-esteem of children from broken, rejected, and accepted families. Journal of Divorce, 2(4), 363–369.
  • Biolcati, R. (2017). The role of self-esteem and fear of negative evaluation in compulsive buying. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 74, 1–8.
  • Brody, L. R. (1999). Gender, emotion and the family. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Brody, L. R. (2000). The socialization of gender differences in emotional expression: Display rules, infant temperament, and differentiation. Gender and emotion: Social psychological perspectives (ss. 24–47). Cambridge: Gambridge University Press.
  • Bruch, M. A. (2007). Cognitive bias in men’s processing of negative social information: The role of social anxiety, toughness as a masculine role norm, and their interaction. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 31(3), 273–289.
  • Chen, X., Hastings, P. D., Rubin, K. H., Chen, H., Cen, G. ve Stewart, S. L. (1998). Childrearing attitudes and behavioral inhibition in Chinese and Canadian toddlers: A cross-cultural study. Developmental Psychology, 34(4), 677–686.
  • Clarke, K., Cooper, P. ve Creswell, C. (2013). The Parental Overprotection Scale: Associations with child and parental anxiety. Journal of Affective Disorders, 151(2), 618–624.
  • Clark, D. M. ve Wells, A. (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia. R. G. Heimberg, M. R. Liebowitz, D. A. Hope ve F. R. Schneier (Ed.), Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment içinde (ss. 69–93). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2. baskı). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Cohen, M., Mansoor, D., Gagin, R. ve Lorber, A. (2008). Perceived parenting style, self-esteem and psychological distress in adolescents with heart disease. Psychology, Health and Medicine, 13(4), 381–388.
  • Cross, S. E. ve Madson, L. (1997). Models of the self: Self-construals and gender. Psychological Bulletin, 122(1), 5–37.
  • Çeçen, A. R. (2008). Öğrencilerin cinsiyetlerine ve ana-baba tutum algılarına göre yalnızlık ve sosyal destek düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(3), 415–431.
  • Çetin, B., Doğan, T. ve Sapmaz, F. (2010). Olumsuz Değerlendirilme Korkusu Ölçeği Kısa Formu’nun Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Eğitim ve Bilim, 35, 205–216.
  • Çuhadaroğlu, F. (1986). Adolesanlarda benlik saygısı (Yayınlanmamış tıpta uzmanlık tezi). Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Damercheli, N., Kakavand, A. R. ve Jalali, M. R. (2017). Proposing a model for analysing relationship between social anxiety and body dysmorphic disorder: Mediating role of fear of positive and negative evaluation. International Journal of Medical Research and Health Sciences, 6(2), 91–103.
  • De Jong, P. J. (2002). Implicit self-esteem and social anxiety: Differential self-favouring effects in high and low anxious individuals. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 501–508.
  • Demo, D. H., Small, S. A. ve Savin-Williams, R. C. (1987). Family relations and the self-esteem of adolescents and their parents. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 49, 705–715.
  • Dirik, G., Yorulmaz, O. ve Karancı, A. N. (2015). Çocukluk dönemi ebeveyn tutumlarının değerlendirilmesi: Kısaltılmış Algılanan Ebeveyn Tutumları-Çocuk Formu. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 26, 123–130.
  • Endendjik, J. J., Groeneveld, M. G., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. ve Mesman, J. (2016). Genderdifferentiated parenting revisited: Meta-analysis reveals very few differences in parental control of boys and girls. PLoS One, 11(7), e0159193.
  • Furnham, A. ve Cheng, H. (2000). Perceived parental behaviour, self-esteem and happiness. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 35(10), 463–470.
  • Gecas, V. ve Schwalbe, M. (1986). Parental behavior and adolescent self-esteem. Journal of Marriage and Family, 48(1), 37–46.
  • Gilbert, N. ve Meyer, C. (2005a). Fear of negative evaluation and eating attitudes: A replication and extension study. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 37(4), 360–363.
  • Gilbert, N. ve Meyer, C. (2005b). Fear of negative evaluation and the development of eating psychopathology: A longitudinal study among nonclinical women. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 37(4), 307–312.
  • Greenspan, S. I. ve Shanker, S. G. (2004). The first idea: How symbols, language, and intelligence evolved from our primate ancestors to modern humans. Cambridge: Da Capo Press.
  • Greco, L. A. ve Morris, T. L. (2002). Paternal child-rearing style and child social anxiety: Investigation of child perceptions and actual father behavior. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 24(4), 259–267.
  • Heimberg, R. G., Brozovich, F. A. ve Rapee, R. M. (2010). A cognitive-behavioral model of social anxiety disorder: Update and extension. Social anxiety: Clinical, developmental, and social perspectives içinde (ss. 395–422). Cambridge: Academic Press.
  • Higgins, E. T. (1987). Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 94, 319–340.
  • Hofmann, S. G., Asnaani, A. ve Hinton, D. E. (2010). Cultural aspects in social anxiety and social anxiety disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 27(12), 1117–1127.
  • Korkmaz, M. (1996). Yetişkin örneklem için bir benlik saygısı ölçeğinin güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışması (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Ege Üniversitesi, İzmir.
  • Koydemir-Özden, S. ve Demir, A. (2009). The relationship between perceived parental attitudes and shyness among Turkish youth: Fear of negative evaluation and self-esteem as mediators. Current Psychology, 28(3), 169–180.
  • Leary, M. R. (1983). A brief version of the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9, 371–376.
  • Levinson, C. A. ve Rodebaugh, T. L. (2012). Social anxiety and eating disorder comorbidity: The role of negative social evaluation fears. Eating Behaviors, 13(1), 27–35.
  • Lewis-Morrarty, E., Degnan, K. A., Chronis-Tuscano, A., Rubin, K. H., Cheah, C. S. L., Pine, D. S., … ve Fox, N. A. (2012). Maternal over-control moderates the association between early childhood behavioral inhibition and adolescent social anxiety symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40(8), 1363–1373.
  • Lieb, R., Wittchen, H. U., Hofler, M., Fuetsch, M., Martina, S., Murray, B. ve Merikangas, K. R. (2000). Parental psychopathology, parenting styles, and the risk of social phobia in offspring: A prospective-longitudinal community study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 859–866.
  • Lindhout, I., Markus, M., Hoogendijk, T., Borst, S., Maingay, R., Spinhoven, P., … ve Boer, F. (2006). Child rearing style of anxiety-disordered parents. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 37(1), 89–102.
  • Lundh, L. ve Sperling, M. (2002). Social anxiety and the post-event processing of socially distressing events. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 31, 129–134.
  • Marcic, R. ve Grum, D. K. (2011). Gender differences in self-concept and self-esteem components. Studia Psychologica, 53(4), 373–384.
  • Menatti, A. R., DeBoer, L. B. H., Weeks, J. W. ve Heimberg, R. G. (2015). Social anxiety and associations with eating psychopathology: Mediating effects of fears of evaluation. Body Image, 14, 20–28.
  • Miller, R. S. (1995). On the nature of embarrassability: Shyness, social evaluation, and social skill. Journal of Personality, 63, 315–339.
  • Moscovitch, D. A. (2009). What is the core fear in social phobia? A new model to facilitate individualized case conceptualization and treatment. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 16(2), 123–134.
  • Quatman, T. ve Watson, C. M. (2001) Gender differences in adolescent self-esteem: An exploration of domains. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 162(1), 93–117.
  • Parker, G. (1979). Reported parental characteristics of agoraphobics and social phobics. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 135(6), 555–560.
  • Rapee, R. M. ve Heimberg, R. G. (1997). A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 741–756.
  • Rapee, R. M. ve Spence, S. H. (2004). The etiology of social phobia: Empirical evidence and an initial model. Clinical Psychology Review, 24(7), 737–767.
  • Rubin, K. H., Burgess, K. B. ve Hastings, P. D. (2002). Stability and social-behavioral consequences of toddlers’ inhibited temperament and parenting behaviors. Child Development, 73(2), 483–495.
  • Rohner, R. P. (1975). They love me, they love me not: A worldwide study of the effects of parental acceptance and rejection. New Haven: Human Relations Area Files Press.
  • Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self image. Princeton, NJ: Princton University Press.
  • Rosenberg, M. (1979). Conceiving the self. New York: Basic Books.
  • Spokas, M. ve Heimberg, R. G. (2009). Overprotective parenting, social anxiety, and external locus of control: Cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships. Cognitive Therapy And Research, 33(6), 543.
  • Spence, S. H. ve Rapee, R. M. (2016). The etiology of social anxiety disorder: An evidence-based model. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 86, 50–67.
  • Stephens, M. A. (2009). Gender differences in parenting styles and effects on the parent-child relationship (Yayınlanmamış bitirme tezi). Texas State University, Texas.
  • Stopa, L. ve Clark, D. M. (1993). Cognitive processes in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 255–267.
  • Trompeter, N., Bussey, K., Hay, P., Mond, J., Murray, S. B., Lonergan, A., … ve Mitchison, D. (2018). Fear of negative evaluation and weight/shape concerns among adolescents: The moderating effects of gender and weight status. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47(7), 1398–1408.
  • Watson, D. ve Friend, R. (1969). Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33(4), 448–457.
  • Wells, A., Clark, D. M., Salkovskis, P., Ludgate, J., Hackmann, A. ve Gelder, M. (1995). Social phobia: The role of insituation safety behaviors in maintaining anxiety and negative beliefs. Behavior Therapy, 26, 153–161.

Kadın ve Erkeklerde Olumsuz Değerlendirilme Korkusunun Belirlenmesinde Algılanan Ebeveyn Tutumları ve Benlik Saygısının Rolü

Year 2019, Volume: 39 Issue: 1, 79 - 97, 28.06.2019

Abstract

Alan yazındaki bulgular olumsuz değerlendirilme korkusunun beden dismorfik bozukluğu, yeme bozuklukları, sosyal kaygı gibi birçok bozuklukla ilişkili olduğuna işaret etmektedir. Bu nedenle olumsuz değerlendirilme korkusunun ortaya çıkışında etkili olan faktörlerin tespit edilmesi, ruh sağlığı alanında önleyici programlar geliştirmede oldukça önemlidir. Olumsuz değerlendirilme korkusunun düşük benlik saygısı ve reddedici ebeveyn tutumları ile ilişkili olduğuna dair çalışmalar bulunsa da bu konudaki bilgi yeterli değildir. Yapılan bu çalışmada hem kadın ve erkeklerin ebeveynlerinden farklı tutumlar gördüğü varsayımını test etmek hem de kadın ve erkeklerde olumsuz değerlendirilme korkusunun belirlenmesinde benlik saygısı ve algılanan ebeveyn tutumlarının rolünün araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla 125’i kadın olmak üzere 230 üniversite öğrencisi Rosenberg Benlik Saygısı Ölçeği, Kısaltılmış Algılanan Ebeveyn Tutumları Ölçeği Çocuk Formu ve Olumsuz Değerlendirilme Korkusu Ölçeği Kısa Formu doldurmuştur. Yapılan bağımsız gruplar için t testi sonucu ebeveynden algılanan duygusal sıcaklık ve reddedicilik puanlarının cinsiyete göre farklılaştığı görülmüştür. Buna göre kadınlar ebeveynlerinden daha fazla duygusal sıcaklık görürken, erkekler daha fazla reddedici tutumlar deneyimlemektedir. Kadın ve erkeklerde olumsuz değerlendirilme korkusunu yordayan değişkenleri tespit edebilmek için iki ayrı regresyon analizi yapılmıştır. Kadınlarda düşük benlik saygısının olumsuz değerlendirilme korkusundaki varyansın %12’sini açıkladığı ancak erkeklerde benlik saygısının olumsuz değerlendirilme korkusunu belirleyen bir değişken olmadığı görülmüştür. Bunun yerine erkeklerde ebeveynin aşırı koruyucu tutumunun olumsuz değerlendirilme korkusu üzerinde etkili bir değişken olduğu ve olumsuz değerlendirilme korkusu düzeyindeki varyansın %20’sini açıkladığı bulunmuştur. Elde edilen bulgular, hem olumsuz değerlendirilme korkusunun ortaya çıkışında etkili faktörlerin araştırılmasında hem de önleyici müdahaleler geliştirilmesinde toplumsal cinsiyet rolü beklentilerinin de göz önünde bulundurulması gerektiğine işaret etmektedir. Çalışmanın bulguları ışığında kadınlarda benlik saygısını geliştirmeye yönelik bireysel müdahalelerin, erkeklerde ise ebeveynleri hedef alan ve olumlu ebeveyn tutumlarını geliştirmeye yönelik eğitim programlarının etkili önleyici müdahaleler olabileceği düşünülmüştür.



References

  • Akgül, G. ve Dirik, G. (2018). Perceived parental attitudes and hopelessness in predicting social anxiety symptoms of Turkish male and female adolescents. International Journal of Arts and Social Science, 1(3), 37–45.
  • American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
  • Arrindell, W. A., Sanavio, E., Aguilar, G., Sica, C., Hatzichristou, C., Eisemann, M., ... ve van der Ende, J. (1999). The development of a short form of the EMBU: its appraisal with students in Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, and Italy. Personality and Individual Differences, 27, 613–28.
  • Berg, B. ve Kelly, R. (1979). The measured self-esteem of children from broken, rejected, and accepted families. Journal of Divorce, 2(4), 363–369.
  • Biolcati, R. (2017). The role of self-esteem and fear of negative evaluation in compulsive buying. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 74, 1–8.
  • Brody, L. R. (1999). Gender, emotion and the family. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Brody, L. R. (2000). The socialization of gender differences in emotional expression: Display rules, infant temperament, and differentiation. Gender and emotion: Social psychological perspectives (ss. 24–47). Cambridge: Gambridge University Press.
  • Bruch, M. A. (2007). Cognitive bias in men’s processing of negative social information: The role of social anxiety, toughness as a masculine role norm, and their interaction. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 31(3), 273–289.
  • Chen, X., Hastings, P. D., Rubin, K. H., Chen, H., Cen, G. ve Stewart, S. L. (1998). Childrearing attitudes and behavioral inhibition in Chinese and Canadian toddlers: A cross-cultural study. Developmental Psychology, 34(4), 677–686.
  • Clarke, K., Cooper, P. ve Creswell, C. (2013). The Parental Overprotection Scale: Associations with child and parental anxiety. Journal of Affective Disorders, 151(2), 618–624.
  • Clark, D. M. ve Wells, A. (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia. R. G. Heimberg, M. R. Liebowitz, D. A. Hope ve F. R. Schneier (Ed.), Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment içinde (ss. 69–93). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2. baskı). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Cohen, M., Mansoor, D., Gagin, R. ve Lorber, A. (2008). Perceived parenting style, self-esteem and psychological distress in adolescents with heart disease. Psychology, Health and Medicine, 13(4), 381–388.
  • Cross, S. E. ve Madson, L. (1997). Models of the self: Self-construals and gender. Psychological Bulletin, 122(1), 5–37.
  • Çeçen, A. R. (2008). Öğrencilerin cinsiyetlerine ve ana-baba tutum algılarına göre yalnızlık ve sosyal destek düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(3), 415–431.
  • Çetin, B., Doğan, T. ve Sapmaz, F. (2010). Olumsuz Değerlendirilme Korkusu Ölçeği Kısa Formu’nun Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Eğitim ve Bilim, 35, 205–216.
  • Çuhadaroğlu, F. (1986). Adolesanlarda benlik saygısı (Yayınlanmamış tıpta uzmanlık tezi). Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Damercheli, N., Kakavand, A. R. ve Jalali, M. R. (2017). Proposing a model for analysing relationship between social anxiety and body dysmorphic disorder: Mediating role of fear of positive and negative evaluation. International Journal of Medical Research and Health Sciences, 6(2), 91–103.
  • De Jong, P. J. (2002). Implicit self-esteem and social anxiety: Differential self-favouring effects in high and low anxious individuals. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 501–508.
  • Demo, D. H., Small, S. A. ve Savin-Williams, R. C. (1987). Family relations and the self-esteem of adolescents and their parents. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 49, 705–715.
  • Dirik, G., Yorulmaz, O. ve Karancı, A. N. (2015). Çocukluk dönemi ebeveyn tutumlarının değerlendirilmesi: Kısaltılmış Algılanan Ebeveyn Tutumları-Çocuk Formu. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 26, 123–130.
  • Endendjik, J. J., Groeneveld, M. G., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. ve Mesman, J. (2016). Genderdifferentiated parenting revisited: Meta-analysis reveals very few differences in parental control of boys and girls. PLoS One, 11(7), e0159193.
  • Furnham, A. ve Cheng, H. (2000). Perceived parental behaviour, self-esteem and happiness. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 35(10), 463–470.
  • Gecas, V. ve Schwalbe, M. (1986). Parental behavior and adolescent self-esteem. Journal of Marriage and Family, 48(1), 37–46.
  • Gilbert, N. ve Meyer, C. (2005a). Fear of negative evaluation and eating attitudes: A replication and extension study. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 37(4), 360–363.
  • Gilbert, N. ve Meyer, C. (2005b). Fear of negative evaluation and the development of eating psychopathology: A longitudinal study among nonclinical women. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 37(4), 307–312.
  • Greenspan, S. I. ve Shanker, S. G. (2004). The first idea: How symbols, language, and intelligence evolved from our primate ancestors to modern humans. Cambridge: Da Capo Press.
  • Greco, L. A. ve Morris, T. L. (2002). Paternal child-rearing style and child social anxiety: Investigation of child perceptions and actual father behavior. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 24(4), 259–267.
  • Heimberg, R. G., Brozovich, F. A. ve Rapee, R. M. (2010). A cognitive-behavioral model of social anxiety disorder: Update and extension. Social anxiety: Clinical, developmental, and social perspectives içinde (ss. 395–422). Cambridge: Academic Press.
  • Higgins, E. T. (1987). Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 94, 319–340.
  • Hofmann, S. G., Asnaani, A. ve Hinton, D. E. (2010). Cultural aspects in social anxiety and social anxiety disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 27(12), 1117–1127.
  • Korkmaz, M. (1996). Yetişkin örneklem için bir benlik saygısı ölçeğinin güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışması (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Ege Üniversitesi, İzmir.
  • Koydemir-Özden, S. ve Demir, A. (2009). The relationship between perceived parental attitudes and shyness among Turkish youth: Fear of negative evaluation and self-esteem as mediators. Current Psychology, 28(3), 169–180.
  • Leary, M. R. (1983). A brief version of the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9, 371–376.
  • Levinson, C. A. ve Rodebaugh, T. L. (2012). Social anxiety and eating disorder comorbidity: The role of negative social evaluation fears. Eating Behaviors, 13(1), 27–35.
  • Lewis-Morrarty, E., Degnan, K. A., Chronis-Tuscano, A., Rubin, K. H., Cheah, C. S. L., Pine, D. S., … ve Fox, N. A. (2012). Maternal over-control moderates the association between early childhood behavioral inhibition and adolescent social anxiety symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40(8), 1363–1373.
  • Lieb, R., Wittchen, H. U., Hofler, M., Fuetsch, M., Martina, S., Murray, B. ve Merikangas, K. R. (2000). Parental psychopathology, parenting styles, and the risk of social phobia in offspring: A prospective-longitudinal community study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 859–866.
  • Lindhout, I., Markus, M., Hoogendijk, T., Borst, S., Maingay, R., Spinhoven, P., … ve Boer, F. (2006). Child rearing style of anxiety-disordered parents. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 37(1), 89–102.
  • Lundh, L. ve Sperling, M. (2002). Social anxiety and the post-event processing of socially distressing events. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 31, 129–134.
  • Marcic, R. ve Grum, D. K. (2011). Gender differences in self-concept and self-esteem components. Studia Psychologica, 53(4), 373–384.
  • Menatti, A. R., DeBoer, L. B. H., Weeks, J. W. ve Heimberg, R. G. (2015). Social anxiety and associations with eating psychopathology: Mediating effects of fears of evaluation. Body Image, 14, 20–28.
  • Miller, R. S. (1995). On the nature of embarrassability: Shyness, social evaluation, and social skill. Journal of Personality, 63, 315–339.
  • Moscovitch, D. A. (2009). What is the core fear in social phobia? A new model to facilitate individualized case conceptualization and treatment. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 16(2), 123–134.
  • Quatman, T. ve Watson, C. M. (2001) Gender differences in adolescent self-esteem: An exploration of domains. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 162(1), 93–117.
  • Parker, G. (1979). Reported parental characteristics of agoraphobics and social phobics. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 135(6), 555–560.
  • Rapee, R. M. ve Heimberg, R. G. (1997). A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 741–756.
  • Rapee, R. M. ve Spence, S. H. (2004). The etiology of social phobia: Empirical evidence and an initial model. Clinical Psychology Review, 24(7), 737–767.
  • Rubin, K. H., Burgess, K. B. ve Hastings, P. D. (2002). Stability and social-behavioral consequences of toddlers’ inhibited temperament and parenting behaviors. Child Development, 73(2), 483–495.
  • Rohner, R. P. (1975). They love me, they love me not: A worldwide study of the effects of parental acceptance and rejection. New Haven: Human Relations Area Files Press.
  • Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self image. Princeton, NJ: Princton University Press.
  • Rosenberg, M. (1979). Conceiving the self. New York: Basic Books.
  • Spokas, M. ve Heimberg, R. G. (2009). Overprotective parenting, social anxiety, and external locus of control: Cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships. Cognitive Therapy And Research, 33(6), 543.
  • Spence, S. H. ve Rapee, R. M. (2016). The etiology of social anxiety disorder: An evidence-based model. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 86, 50–67.
  • Stephens, M. A. (2009). Gender differences in parenting styles and effects on the parent-child relationship (Yayınlanmamış bitirme tezi). Texas State University, Texas.
  • Stopa, L. ve Clark, D. M. (1993). Cognitive processes in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 255–267.
  • Trompeter, N., Bussey, K., Hay, P., Mond, J., Murray, S. B., Lonergan, A., … ve Mitchison, D. (2018). Fear of negative evaluation and weight/shape concerns among adolescents: The moderating effects of gender and weight status. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47(7), 1398–1408.
  • Watson, D. ve Friend, R. (1969). Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33(4), 448–457.
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There are 58 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Sinem Cankardaş This is me

Publication Date June 28, 2019
Submission Date September 8, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 39 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Cankardaş, S. (2019). Kadın ve Erkeklerde Olumsuz Değerlendirilme Korkusunun Belirlenmesinde Algılanan Ebeveyn Tutumları ve Benlik Saygısının Rolü. Studies in Psychology, 39(1), 79-97.
AMA Cankardaş S. Kadın ve Erkeklerde Olumsuz Değerlendirilme Korkusunun Belirlenmesinde Algılanan Ebeveyn Tutumları ve Benlik Saygısının Rolü. Studies in Psychology. June 2019;39(1):79-97.
Chicago Cankardaş, Sinem. “Kadın Ve Erkeklerde Olumsuz Değerlendirilme Korkusunun Belirlenmesinde Algılanan Ebeveyn Tutumları Ve Benlik Saygısının Rolü”. Studies in Psychology 39, no. 1 (June 2019): 79-97.
EndNote Cankardaş S (June 1, 2019) Kadın ve Erkeklerde Olumsuz Değerlendirilme Korkusunun Belirlenmesinde Algılanan Ebeveyn Tutumları ve Benlik Saygısının Rolü. Studies in Psychology 39 1 79–97.
IEEE S. Cankardaş, “Kadın ve Erkeklerde Olumsuz Değerlendirilme Korkusunun Belirlenmesinde Algılanan Ebeveyn Tutumları ve Benlik Saygısının Rolü”, Studies in Psychology, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 79–97, 2019.
ISNAD Cankardaş, Sinem. “Kadın Ve Erkeklerde Olumsuz Değerlendirilme Korkusunun Belirlenmesinde Algılanan Ebeveyn Tutumları Ve Benlik Saygısının Rolü”. Studies in Psychology 39/1 (June 2019), 79-97.
JAMA Cankardaş S. Kadın ve Erkeklerde Olumsuz Değerlendirilme Korkusunun Belirlenmesinde Algılanan Ebeveyn Tutumları ve Benlik Saygısının Rolü. Studies in Psychology. 2019;39:79–97.
MLA Cankardaş, Sinem. “Kadın Ve Erkeklerde Olumsuz Değerlendirilme Korkusunun Belirlenmesinde Algılanan Ebeveyn Tutumları Ve Benlik Saygısının Rolü”. Studies in Psychology, vol. 39, no. 1, 2019, pp. 79-97.
Vancouver Cankardaş S. Kadın ve Erkeklerde Olumsuz Değerlendirilme Korkusunun Belirlenmesinde Algılanan Ebeveyn Tutumları ve Benlik Saygısının Rolü. Studies in Psychology. 2019;39(1):79-97.

Psikoloji Çalışmaları / Studies In Psychology / ISSN- 1304-4680