Göçün Kuşaklararası Bağlamda Psikopatolojik Yansımaları

Ayla Hocaoğlu Uzunkaya; Banu Yılmaz

doi:10.26650/SP2019-0079

Research Article

Göçün Kuşaklararası Bağlamda Psikopatolojik Yansımaları

Year 2021, Volume: 41 Issue: 1, 167 - 197, 08.02.2021

Ayla Hocaoğlu Uzunkaya Banu Yılmaz

https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0079

Abstract

‘Travmanın kuşaklararası aktarımı’, bireyin deneyimlediği travmatik yaşantıların etkilerinin, çeşitli mekanizmalar aracılığıyla aktarılarak ailenin sonraki kuşaklarında da görülebildiği anlamına gelmektedir. Bu araştırmanın temel amacı, son dönem Bulgaristan göçünü (1989) yaşayan kadınlarda travmaya maruz kalma ve travmatik stres düzeyi ile göçü doğrudan yaşamamış ikinci kuşaktaki kişilerin psikolojik belirtileri arasındaki ilişkileri incelemektir. Veri toplama araçları olarak Travmaya Maruz Kalma Ölçeği, Olay Etkisi Ölçeği-R, Kısa Semptom Envanteri, Dünyaya İlişkin Varsayımlar Ölçeği ve Ailede Koruyucu Etkenler Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Araştırma, son dönem Bulgaristan göçüne maruz kalmış 41 yaş ve üzerindeki kadınlar (N =170) ve onların 16-27 yaş arasındaki çocukları (N = 170) ile yürütülmüştür. Sonuçlar, annelerin travmaya maruz kalma ve travmatik stres düzeylerinin artmasının, çocuklarının psikolojik belirtilerinin kötüleşmesiyle ilişkili olduğuna işaret etmektedir. Ayrıca ikinci kuşaktaki bireyler, annelerinin travmatik stres düzeylerine göre üç grup olarak ayrılıp psikolojik belirtiler açısından karşılaştırılmıştır. Sonuçlar, travmatik stresi yüksek olan annelerin çocuklarında travmatik stresi düşük olan annelerin çocuklarına kıyasla daha fazla anksiyete belirtisi olduğunu göstermektedir. Aile işlevselliği ve temel varsayımlar ise psikolojik sağlık açısından koruyucu olmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın bulguları, göçün kuşaklararası etkilerine işaret etmektedir. Konuyla ilgili yapılan çalışmalarda travmanın sonraki kuşaktaki etkilerinde, travmatik stresin önemi vurgulanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada da annelerinin travmatik stres düzeyine göre ikinci kuşaktaki bireylerin anksiyete belirtileri farklılaşmaktadır. Travmatik deneyimler, ebeveynlerin çocuk yetiştirme stillerini olumsuz etkileyebilmektedir. İkinci kuşaktaki bireylerin anksiyete belirtilerinin fazla olması, bu kapsamda tartışılmıştır. Alan yazınla tutarlı olarak aile işlevselliğinin yüksek olması, ikinci kuşaktaki bireylerin psikolojik sağlıkları açısından koruyucu olmaktadır. Dünya genelinde savaş nedeniyle evini terk etmek zorunda kalan insan sayısı şimdiye kadarki en yüksek düzeye ulaşmıştır. Göçün psikolojik etkilerinin aynı zamanda kuşaklararası aktarılabileceği gerçeği durumun önemini arttırmaktadır

Keywords

Göç, travma, travmanın kuşaklararası etkileri, Bulgaristan göçü

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Psychopathological Reflections of Migration on the Intergenerational Context

Year 2021, Volume: 41 Issue: 1, 167 - 197, 08.02.2021

Ayla Hocaoğlu Uzunkaya Banu Yılmaz

https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0079

Abstract

The concept of the transgenerational transmission of trauma posits that the effects of traumatic experiences can be transferred from one generation to the next within the family through various mechanisms. The study mainly aims to examine trauma exposure and traumatic stress level in women who experienced the last period of the Bulgarian migration (1989) and their relationship with the psychological symptoms of individuals in the second generation without a direct experience of the migration. The Trauma Exposure Scale, Impact of Event Scale-R, Brief Symptom Inventory, World Assumptions Scale, and the Inventory of Family Protective Factors were used for data collection. The study was conducted on women (N = 170) who experienced the last period of the Bulgaria migration, aged at least 41 years, and with children aged between 16 and 27 years. The results indicate that increases in traumatic exposure and traumatic stress among mothers are associated with increases in the psychological symptoms of children. Furthermore, comparison was made between individuals in the second generation, who were categorized into three groups according to the mothers’ traumatic stress level. The findings indicated that the children of mothers with high levels of traumatic stress experienced more symptoms of anxiety than those of mothers with low levels of traumatic stress. Family functioning and basic assumptions serve as protective mechanisms for the psychological health of individuals in the second generation. Moreover, the results indicate that migration led to transgenerational effects. Previous studies on the subject emphasized the importance of traumatic stress. Similarly, symptoms of anxiety among individuals in the second generation differed according to the stress level of the mothers. In turn, traumatic experiences can exert negative effects on parenting style. For this reason, the increased frequency of symptoms of anxiety among individuals in the second generation are discussed in this context. Consistent with the literature, high family functioning is one of the protective mechanisms for the psychological health of individuals in the second generation. The number of people forced to leave their homes due to war has reached the highest level. The finding that the psychological impacts of the migration can be transmitted between generations increases its significance.

Keywords

Migration, trauma, transgenerational effects of trauma, Bulgarian migration

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Primary Language	Turkish
Journal Section	Research Article
Authors	Ayla Hocaoğlu Uzunkaya This is me 0000-0002-3444-0309 Banu Yılmaz This is me 0000-0003-1410-2246
Publication Date	February 8, 2021
Submission Date	October 25, 2020
Published in Issue	Year 2021 Volume: 41 Issue: 1

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APA	Hocaoğlu Uzunkaya, A., & Yılmaz, B. (2021). Göçün Kuşaklararası Bağlamda Psikopatolojik Yansımaları. Studies in Psychology, 41(1), 167-197. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0079
AMA	Hocaoğlu Uzunkaya A, Yılmaz B. Göçün Kuşaklararası Bağlamda Psikopatolojik Yansımaları. Studies in Psychology. February 2021;41(1):167-197. doi:10.26650/SP2019-0079
Chicago	Hocaoğlu Uzunkaya, Ayla, and Banu Yılmaz. “Göçün Kuşaklararası Bağlamda Psikopatolojik Yansımaları”. Studies in Psychology 41, no. 1 (February 2021): 167-97. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0079.
EndNote	Hocaoğlu Uzunkaya A, Yılmaz B (February 1, 2021) Göçün Kuşaklararası Bağlamda Psikopatolojik Yansımaları. Studies in Psychology 41 1 167–197.
IEEE	A. Hocaoğlu Uzunkaya and B. Yılmaz, “Göçün Kuşaklararası Bağlamda Psikopatolojik Yansımaları”, Studies in Psychology, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 167–197, 2021, doi: 10.26650/SP2019-0079.
ISNAD	Hocaoğlu Uzunkaya, Ayla - Yılmaz, Banu. “Göçün Kuşaklararası Bağlamda Psikopatolojik Yansımaları”. Studies in Psychology 41/1 (February 2021), 167-197. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0079.
JAMA	Hocaoğlu Uzunkaya A, Yılmaz B. Göçün Kuşaklararası Bağlamda Psikopatolojik Yansımaları. Studies in Psychology. 2021;41:167–197.
MLA	Hocaoğlu Uzunkaya, Ayla and Banu Yılmaz. “Göçün Kuşaklararası Bağlamda Psikopatolojik Yansımaları”. Studies in Psychology, vol. 41, no. 1, 2021, pp. 167-9, doi:10.26650/SP2019-0079.
Vancouver	Hocaoğlu Uzunkaya A, Yılmaz B. Göçün Kuşaklararası Bağlamda Psikopatolojik Yansımaları. Studies in Psychology. 2021;41(1):167-9.

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Psikoloji Çalışmaları / Studies In Psychology / ISSN- 1304-4680