KÜRESEL İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİ İLE MÜCADELE: GENEL YAKLAŞIMLAR VE ULUSLARARASI ÇABALAR

Year 2011, Issue: 44, 157 - 194, 26.12.2011

Seyhun Doğan Mutlu Tüzer

Abstract

ÖZET

Küresel ısınma ve iklim değişikliği ile mücadelede öncelikle gelişmiş ülkelerin emisyon indirim taahhüdünde bulunduğu Kyoto Protokolü 2012'de sona erecektir. Bu nedenle, 2012 sonrası dönemde Kyoto Protokolü'nün yerini alacak muhtemel bir küresel iklim değişikliği anlaşması, küresel ısınma ve iklim değişikliği ile mücadelede uluslararası çabalar açısından önem kazanmaktadır. Bu süreçte, gelişmekte olan ülkelerin kalkınma çabalarını engellemeyen, bilimsel bulgulara uygun emisyon indirimini mümkün kılan, geniş katılımlı ve uygulanabilir bir anlaşmanın gerçekleştirilmesi, uluslararası bir sorun olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır.

Küresel iklim değişikliği ile mücadele genel yaklaşımların ve uluslararası çabaların ele alındığı bu çalışmada, çok boyutlu bir sorun olması dolayısıyla küresel iklim değişikliği ile mücadele için sembolik adımların ötesinde, gerçekçi ve inandırıcı çabaların gereği ortaya konulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Küresel Isınma, Küresel İklim Değişikliği, Kyoto Protokolü.

ABSTRACT

Kyoto protocol in which developed countries undertook reduction of emission in order to combat global climate change is to end in 2012. Therefore a new global climate change agreement for the term following 2012 is of great importance to international efforts in combatting global warming and climate change. In this process a new agreement that does not prevent development efforts of developing countries, enables emission reduction suitable to scientific findings, well-attended, and applicable rises as an international issue.

In this study examining general approaches and international efforts in combatting global climate change it is laid bare that convincing and realist efforts beyond symbolic steps are needed since the issue is multi-faceted.

Key Words: Global Warming, Global Climate Change, Kyoto Protocol.

Keywords

Küresel Isınma, Küresel İklim Değişikliği, Kyoto Protokolü

References

• Aldy, Joseph E.-Scott Barnett-Robert N. Stavins; “Thirteen Plus One: A Comparison of Global Climate Policy Architecture”, Climate Policy, 3, 2003, pp.373-397.
• Banks, Ferdinand E.; The Political Economy of World Energy: An Introductory Textbook, World Scientific Publishing Co.Pte.Ltd, Singapore, 2007.
• Barrett, Scott; “Climate Treaties and the Imperative of Enforcement”, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 24(2), 2008, pp.239-258.
• Dessler, Andrew-Edward A. Parson; The Science and Politics of Global Climate Change: A Guide to the Debate, 2.Edition, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2010.
• Diringer, Eliot-Kate Cecys-Namrata Patodia-Daniel Bodansky; “Summary of COP15 and CMP5”, (Çevrimiçi) http://www.pewclimate.org/docUploads/copenhagen- cop15-summary.pdf, 15.04.2011.
• Europe Rapid Press Releases; “The Kyoto Protocol and Climate Change:Background Information”,http//europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/0 2/120&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en, 10.08.2008.
• Frankel, Jeffrey; “Formulas for Quantitative Emission Targets”,(Çevrimiçi) http//ksghome. 05.08.2008.
• harvard.edu/~jfrankel/StavinsClimateWorkshpJun1WP.pdf,
• Frankel, Jeffrey; “The Copenhagen Accord on Global Climate Change: 14 Countries Submit http://www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/jfrankel/ currentpubsspeeches.htm#On Climate Change, 15.04.2011. Goals for 2020”,
• Giddens, Anthony; “The Politics of Climate Change: National Responses to the Challenge of Global Warming”, Policy Network Paper, (Çevrimiçi) http://policy-network.net/publications _detail.aspx?ID=2590, 15.04.2011.
• Helm, Dieter; “Climate Change Policy: Why Has So Little Been Achieved?”, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 24(2), 2008, pp.211-238.
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC); “History”, (Çevrimiçi) http://www.ipcc.ch/organization/organization_history.htm, 10.12.2009.
• Matthes, Felix Christian; “Do we need the return of state planning to overcome the climate change challenge?” , Building a Low-Carbon Future: The Politic of Climate Change, Ed. Anthony Giddens, Simon Latham, Roger Liddle, (Çevrimiçi) http://policy- network.net/publications_detail.aspx?ID=3136, 15.04.2011.
• Michaelowa, Axel; “Global Warming Policy”, Journal of Eonomic Perspectives, 17(3), Summer 2003, pp.203-206.
• Michaelowa, Axel; “Principles of Climate Policy After 2012”, Intereconomics, March/April 2006, pp.60-77.
• Murray, Brian C.-Richard G. Newell-William A. Pizer; “Balancing Cost and Emission Certainty: An Allowance Reserve for Cap and Trade”, Rewiew of Environmental Economics and Policy, 3(1), Winter 2009, pp.84-103.
• Nordhaus, William; “Life After Kyoto: Alternatives Approaches to Global Warming Policies”, 12.08.2008.
• http//nordhaus.econ.yale.edu/Kyoto_long_2005.pdf,
• Olmstead, Sheila M.-Robert N. Stavins; “Three Key Elements of Post-2012 International Climate Policy Architecture”, Prepared for The Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, June 1, 2010.
• Stern, Nicholas; The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2007.
• T.C. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı Çevre Yönetimi Genel Müdürlüğü; “Kyoto Protokolü Esneklik Mekanizmaları ve Diğer Emisyon Ticaret Sistemleri Özel İhtisas Komisyonu httt//www.iklim.cevreorman.gov.tr/belgeler/03.pdf, 12.12.2009. Raporu”, (Çevrimiçi)
• United Nations Environment Program (UNEP); “UNEP Organization Profile”, (Çevrimiçi) http//unep.org/PDF/UNEPOrganizationProfile.pdf, 12.12.2009.
• United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC); “United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change-The Text of Convention”, (Çevrimiçi) http//unfccc.int/essential_background/convention/background/items/2853.php, 21.07.2008. UNFCCC; “Emissions Trading”, http//unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/mechanisms/ emissions_trading/items/2731.php, 10.08.2008.
• UNFCCC; “Report of the Conference of the Parties on Its Seventh Session,Held At Marrakesh from 29 October to 10 November 2001, (Çevrimiçi) http//unfccc.int/resource/docs/cop7/ 13a04.pdf#page=5, 11.08.2008.
• UNFCCC, “The Mechanism Under The Kyoto Protocol: Emissions Trading, The Clean Development http://unfccc.int/ kyoto_protocol/mechanisms/items/1673.php, 15.08.2008. and Joint
• Implementation”, (Çevrimiçi) UNFCCC; “Time Series Annex-I”, (Çevrimiçi) http://unfccc.int/ghg_data/
• ghg_data_unfccc/time_series_annex_i/items/3814.php, 10.12.2009. UNFCCC; “Kyoto
• http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php, 10.12.2009. Protocol”, (Çevrimiçi)
• UNFCCC; “Kyoto Protocol Status of Ratification”, (Çevrimiçi) http://unfccc.int/files/ kyoto_protocol/status_of_ratification/application/pdf/kp_ratification_20091203. pdf,10.12. 2009.
• UNFCCC; “Compilation of information on nationally appropriate mitigation actions to be implemented by Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention”, (Çevrimiçi) http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2011/awglca14/eng/inf01.pdf, 21.02.2011.
• UNFCCC; “UNFCCC Time Series- Annex I”, (Çevrimiçi) http://unfccc.int/ghg_data/ ghg_data_unfccc/time_series_annex_i/items/3814.php, 11.04.2011.
• UNFCCC; “Report of the Conference of the Parties on its fifteenth session, held in Copenhagen http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2009/cop15/eng/ 11a01.pdf, 11.04.2011.
• UNFCCC; “Status of Ratification”, (Çevrimiçi) http://unfccc.int/essential_background/ convention/status_of_ratification/items/2631.php, 11.04.2011.
• UNFCCC; “Compilation of economy-wide emission reduction targets to be implemented by Parties included in Annex I to the Convention” (Çevrimiçi) http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2011/sb/eng/inf01.pdf, 21.04.2011.
• UNFCCC; “Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework on Climate Change”, (Çevrimiçi) http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf, 11.08.2011.
• US Department of Energy-Energy Information and Administration (EIA); “Internation Energy http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/pdf/0484(2010).pdf, 11.04.2011. Outlook 2010”, (Çevrimiçi)
• Victor, David G.-Nebojsa Nakicenovic-Nadejda Victor; “The Kyoto Protocol Emission Allocations Windfall Surpluses for Russia and Ukraine”, Climatic Change, 49, 2001, pp.263-277.
• Wara, Michael; “Measuring the Clean Development Mechanism Performance and Potential”, (Çevrimiçi) http//iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/21211/Wara_CDM.pdf, 12.08.2008.