<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                    <journal-id></journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Sanat Tarihi Yıllığı</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">0579-4080</issn>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2717-6940</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Istanbul University</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26650/sty.2022.1060957</article-id>
                                                                                                                                                                                            <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>Impersonating a Male with a “Beard” in the Protection of Virginity as God&#039;s Grace to Women: The Cult of Saint Wilgefortis (Virgo Fortis) and its Iconographic Background</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <article-title>Bekâretin Korunması Adına Erkek Benzeri Olmak ve Tanrı’nın Kadına Lütfu ‘Sakal’: Azize Wilgefortis (Virgo Fortis) Kültü ve İkonografik Zemini</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9755-3140</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Tınaz</surname>
                                    <given-names>Işık Eflan</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>İstanbul Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Sanat Tarihi Bölümü Bizans Sanatı Ana Bilim Dalı</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20220628">
                    <day>06</day>
                    <month>28</month>
                    <year>2022</year>
                </pub-date>
                                                    <issue>31</issue>
                                        <fpage>489</fpage>
                                        <lpage>513</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20220120">
                        <day>01</day>
                        <month>20</month>
                        <year>2022</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20220513">
                        <day>05</day>
                        <month>13</month>
                        <year>2022</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 1964, Journal of Art History</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>1964</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Journal of Art History</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>This study investigates the iconographic process of Saint Wilgefortis (thebearded virgin on the cross) who was given male-like facial hair by God, forthe protection of virginity, was crucified and became a symbol of devotion. Theoldest known record of this Saint, detes back to the 12th century after which hercult emerged in the 13th century. Although her name details of her life includecertain differences in France, Germany, Netherlands, and Spain, her cult lastedfor approximately three hundred years. On the other hand, due to the criticism and emerged in the 16th century, the legitimacy of this iconographic arrangement and the actual personality ofthe Saint herself began to be questioned. Moreover, due to its undoubted similarities with the represantations ofVolto Santo Cross, she was removed from the canonist calendar by the Catholic Church in 1969. Thus, this studyalso examines each argument, without choosing between the interpretations, and focusing on the origins of therepresentations in Southern Europe where the cult emerged, between the 13th and 15th centuries. Overall, SaintWilgefortis, regardless of whether she was fictitius or real, shoul be methodologically considered, especially in termsof the representations showing the iconographic progress, and in terms of containing a hagiographic entity whichhas become a symbol of devotion in certain cultures.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <abstract><p>Bu makale, bekâretin koruması hususunda, Tanrı tarafından kendisine erkekbenzeri yüz kılları verilmiş, çarmıha gerilmiş ve bu yolla adanmışlığın sembolühaline gelmiş Azize Wilgefortis’in ikonografik gelişim sürecini ele almaktadır.Azizenin hayat hikâyesinin en eski kayıtlarının 12. yüzyıla tarihlendiği ve kültününise 13. yüzyıl içinde gelişim gösterdiği bilinmektedir. Fransa, Almanya, Hollandave İspanya topraklarında adı ve hayat hikâyesi detayları değişkenlik gösterse dekültü yaklaşık üç yüz yıl sürmüştür. Buna karşılık 16. yüzyılda yapılan eleştiriler ilebu ikonografik düzenlemenin ve dahi Azize’nin gerçek şahsiyetinin meşruluğusorgulanmaya başlanmıştır. Volto Santo Haçı temsilleri ile olan kuşkusuzbenzerlikleri nedeniyle 1969 yılında Katolik Kilisesi tarafından azizler takvimindençıkartılmıştır. Bu makale, yorumlar arasında bir seçim yapmaksızın, her bir teziinceleyerek, kültün yükseldiği 13.-15. yüzyıl arası Güney Avrupa coğrafyasındakitemsillerin kökenine inmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çarmıhtaki sakallı bakire AzizeWilgefortis, ister gerçek ister gerçek dışı olsun, belirli kültürlerde adanmışlıksembolüne dönüşen bir hagiografik varlık içermesi, temsillerin üretiminin veikonografik düzenlemesinin ilerleme gösteriyor olması açısından metodolojikolarak ele alınması gereken bir tasarımdır.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Azize Wilgefortis</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Azize Kümmernis</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Volto Santo</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Ortaçağ Sanatı</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  İkonografi</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>Saint Wilgefortis</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Saint Kummernis</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Volto Santo</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Medieval Art</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Iconography</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                                                        </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Acta Sanctorum, 32, Temmuz 5, “De S. Liberata Alias Wilgeforte; Virgine et Martyre”,50-70. Erişim 20.01.2022 https://archive.org/details/actasanctorum32unse/page/n87/mode/2up google scholar</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Amstrong, Karen. “The Acts Of Paul And Thecla”, Feminist Theology: A Reader. Ed. Ann Loades. Westminster John Knox Press. (1990): 83-90. google scholar</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Barr, Jane. “The Influence Of Saint Jerome On Medieval Attitudes”. After Eve. Ed. Janet Martin Soskice. Marshall Pickering. (1990): 89-103. google scholar</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Barr, Jane. “The Vulgate Genesis And Jerome’s Attitudes To Women”.Studia, Patristica, 18. Oxford-New York: Pergamon Press. (1982): 1-20. google scholar</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bart, Anneke.”Ancient Egypt-Hatshepsut (Maatkare)”, Saint Louis University Digital Archive, (2007). Erişim 20.01.2022. https://mathstat.slu.edu/~bart/egyptianhtml/kings%20and%20Queens/Hatshepsut.html https://web.archive.org/web/20080720162329/http://euler.slu.edu/Dept/Faculty/bart/egyptianhtml/kings%20 and%20Queens/Hatshepsut.html google scholar</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bovey, Alixe. “Women In Medieval Society”, University Of Kent, The Courtauld Instiute Of Art, British Library Articles, (2015). Erişim 20.01.2022. https://www.bl.uk/the-middle-ages/articles/women-in-medieval-society# google scholar</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Casagrande, Carla. “Günah ve Felsefe”, Ortaçağ; Katedraller, Şövalyeler, Şehirler. Ed. Umberto Eco. Çev. Leyla Tonguç Basmacı. 317-323. İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları, 2012. google scholar</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Castex, Raymond P. Sainte Livrade: Etude Historique Et Critique Sur Sa Vie, Son Martyre, Ses Reliques Et Son Culte. Lille: Societe De Saint-Augustin, 1890. Erişim 20.01.2022. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/ bpt6k6567162p/f7.item.r=wilgeforte google scholar</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cahier, P.Charles. Caracteristiques Des Saints Dans L’ art Populaire.1. Paris: Librairie Pousielque Freres,1867. Erişim 20.01.2022. https://bibliotheque-numerique.inha.fr/ viewer/5468/?offset=#page=3&amp;viewer=picture&amp;o=bookmark&amp;n=0&amp;q= google scholar</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Christ, Gina Lea. “The Thecla Narrative: Gender, Eschatology, And Divine Patronage in Second Century Social-Sexual Identity”. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Saint Catherine University, 2013 Erişim 20.01.2022. google scholar</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">https://sophia.stkate.edu/ma_theology/3/?utm_source=sophia.stkate.edu%2Fma_theology%2F3&amp;utm_ medium=PDF&amp;utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages google scholar</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cuozzo, Errico. “Dine Adanma”. Ortaçağ; Katedraller, Şövalyeler, Şehirler. Ed. Umberto Eco. Çev. Leyla Tonguç Basmacı. 239-243. İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları, 2012. google scholar</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Delehaye, Pere Hippolyte. The Legends Of The Saints: An Introduction To Hagiography, S.J., BollandiSaint Çev. V. M. Crawford, 1961. Erişim 20.01.2022 https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/delehaye-legends.asp google scholar</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Fiocchi, Claudio. “Aydın Kadınlar”. Ortaçağ; Katedraller, Şövalyeler, Şehirler. Ed. Umberto Eco. Çev. Leyla Tonguç Basmacı. 312-317. İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları, 2012. google scholar</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Friesen, Ilse E. The Female Crucifix: Images Of Saint Wilgefortis Since The Middle Ages. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. 2001. google scholar</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Great Gregory, Dialogues 4:13, Erişim 20.01.2022. https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/gregory_04_dialogues_ book4.htm#C13 google scholar</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Jensen, Anne. Thecla-die Apostolin: Ein Apokrypher Text Neu Entdeckt. Freiburg: Herder, 1995. google scholar</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Jastrow, Morris. “The Bearded Venus.” RevueArcheologique. 17. (1911): 271-298. Erişim 20.01.2022. http:// www.jstor.org/stable/41021741. google scholar</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kaelber, Walter O. “Asceticism”, Encyclopedia Of Religion, 2. 1. Detroit: Thomson/Gale, 2005. google scholar</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kaya, Mustafa. “Platon’un Ruh Kuramı”. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 15.1. (2013): 171-182. DOI : 10.5578/JSS.6784 google scholar</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kempis, Thomas A. The Imitation Of ChriSaint Çev. William Benham. Project Gutenberg,1999. Erişim 20.01.2022 http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1653 google scholar</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Letters Of Saint Jerome, Erişim 20.01.2022 https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3001.htm google scholar</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Martinelli, Stefano. L’immagine Del Volto Santo Di Lucca; Il Successo Europeo Di Un’iconografia Medievale, Edizioni ETS, Pisa, 2016. google scholar</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Martinelli, Stefano. “The Volto Santo Of Lucca: An Iconographical And Devotional Theme In East-Central Europe.” Art Around 1400: Global And Regional Perspectives. (2012): 173-177 google scholar</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Martyrologium Romanum. Temmuz 20. E 7. Venetiis Typis Franciscis, N. Pezzana. University Of Toronto, 1784. Erişim 20.01.2022 https://archive.org/details/martyrologiumrom00cath/page/136/mode/2up google scholar</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Michel, Thomas. Hristiyan Tanrı Bilimine Giriş. İstanbul: Sak Yayıncılık,2012. google scholar</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Myres, J. N. L. “Pelagius And The End Of Roman Rule in Britain.” JRS-Journal Of Roman Studies, 50,1-2 (1960): 21-36. doi:10.2307/298284. Erişim 20.01.2022 www.jstor.org/stable/298284 google scholar</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Reau, Louis. Iconographie De L’art Chretien; Iconographie Des Saints. 3. Paris: Presses Universitaires De France, 1959. Erişim 20.01.2022 https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k33646394/f15.item.texteImage google scholar</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Schnürer, Gustav ve Ritz, Joseph Maria. “Sankt Kümmernis Und Volto Santo; Studien Und Bilder.” Zeitschrift Für Volkskunde. Ed. Fritz Boehm, 4. 42. Berlin: Walter De Gruyter &amp; Co, (1933): 270-272. Erişim 20.01.2022 https://www.digi-hub.de/viewer/image/DE-11-001929014/290/LOG_0043/ google scholar</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tarakçı, Muhammet. Felsefe Ansiklopedisi. 6. Ed. Ahmet Cevizci. 830-832. Ankara: Ebabil Yayıncılık, 2009. google scholar</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tümer, Günay. “Asli Günah”. TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi. 3. 496-497. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, 1991. google scholar</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">“The Acts Of Paul And Thecla”. Çev. Jeremiah Jones. Erişim. 20.01.2022: https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/ anf08.vii.xxvi.html google scholar</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Villemur, Frederique. “Saintes Et Travesties Du Moyen Âge”. Clio; Histoire, Femmes Et Societes. (1999) erişim 20.01.2022 https://journals.openedition.org/clio/253 google scholar</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Voragine, Jacobus D. The Golden Legend. Çev. William Caxton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1914. Erişim 20.01.2022 http://www.intratext.com/ixt/ENG1293/https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/ goldenlegend/goldenlegend-volume5.asp google scholar</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Williams, David. Deformed Discourse: The Function Of The Monster in Mediaeval Thought And Literature. Mcgill-Queen’s Press - MQUP. 1999. google scholar</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
