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Mercury in Old Uyghur

Year 2023, Volume: 33 Issue: 2, 535 - 569, 29.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.26650/iuturkiyat.1351136

Abstract

Mercury, accepted as a harmful chemical today, is widely used in many fields by various nations as it was used in ancient times. Nations who believed in this element’s changing and transforming properties believed that it transformed worthless metals into gold, a precious metal, and thus placed mercury in an important place in alchemy. In addition, mercury, which has an essential place in the science of medicine, has been combined with various plants or mixture included in drug compositions and used for therapeutic purposes. Mercury, used in Āyurvedic medicine, especially Indian medicine, is also included in yogic practice, considered among the sub-branches of Āyurveda. When the Old Uyghur texts are examined, the words that mean ‘mercury’, which appear in two different ways as könä suvı ‘mercury’ and zımıg ‘mercury’, are also used to transform worthless metals into gold, as well as to transform a worthless human into a divine body, as stated above. In addition, mercury is also included in various drug components for different purposes in medicine. This article aims to determine the words used for mercury in Old Uyghur, and the meanings and purposes of these words. Again, to show the reading differences in the text, and the movement over the read texts, the original texts are given in the article, and the text is transliterated again. So, the differences in reading and interpretation are reflected in the text.

References

  • Abdulreşit, Bekir. 古代维吾尔语医学文献的语文学研究 [Eski Uygur Tıp Belgelerinin Filolojik Bir İncelemesi]. (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi), 中国少数民族语言文学 [Çin Azınlık Dilleri ve Edebiyatları], Minzu University of China. google scholar
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  • Dole, Vilas A. and Prakash Varanjpe. A Text Book of Rasashastra, Delhi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratishthan, 2004. google scholar
  • Eliade, Mircea. Asya Simyası (Çin ve Hint Simyası), İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi, 2002. google scholar
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  • Hempen, Carl-Herman ve Toni Fischer. A Materia Medica For Chinese Medicine: plants, minerals ans animal products, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, 2005. google scholar
  • Kara, Georg ve Peter Zieme. Fragmente tantrischer Werke in vigurischer übersetzung. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1976. (Schriften zur Geschichte und Kultur des Alten Orients-Berliner Turfantexte; VII). google scholar
  • Liu, Jie ve diğerleri. “Mercury in traditional medicines: Is cinnabar toxicologically similar to common mercurials?” Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2008 July; 233(7): 810-817. doi:10.3181/0712-MR-336. google scholar
  • Mârquez, Gabriel Garda. Del amory otros demonios, Editorial Sudamericana Buenos Aires, 1994. google scholar
  • Meulenbeld, G. Jan. A History of Indian Medical Literature, Volume IA, Egbert Forsten, Groningen, 1999. google scholar
  • Meulenbeld, G. Jan. A History of Indian Medical Literature, Volume IIA, Egbert Forsten, Groningen, 2000. google scholar
  • Mukhi, Priyabrata and others. “Mercury based drug in ancient India: The red sulfide of mercury in nanoscale.” Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine 8 (2017) 93-98. google scholar
  • Pole, Sebastian. Ayurvedic Medicine, The Principles of Traditional Practice, London and Philadelphia: Singing Dragon, 2006. google scholar
  • Rachmati (Arat), Gabdul Raşid. “Zur Heilkunde der Uiguren, (I)”, Berlin, Aus: SPAW. Phil.-hist. Kl. 1930:23, 451-473. google scholar
  • Rinpoche, Rechung. Tibetan Medicine: illustrated in original texts, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University Of California Press, 1976. google scholar
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  • Treloar, F. E. “The Use of Mercury in Metal Ritual Objects as a Symbol of Siva.” ArtibusAsiae, Vol. 34, No. 2/3 (1972), 232-240. google scholar
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  • Wayman, Alex. The Buddhist Tantras: Light on Indo-Tibetan Esotericism, London and Newyork: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 2009. google scholar
  • Wilkens, Jeans. Buddhistische Erzahlungen aus dem alten Zentralasien Edition der altuigurischen Dasakarmapathâvadânamâlâ (3 Cilt), Turnhout (Belgium): Brepols Publishers, 2016. (BT 37). google scholar
  • Wilkens, Jeans. Handwörterbuch desAltuigurischen: Altuigurisch - Deutsch -Türkisch (Eski Uygurcanın El Sözlüğü: Eski Uygurca - Almanca - Türkçe), Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, erschienen im Universitatsverlag Göttingen, 2021. google scholar
  • Wujastyk, Dagmar. “Mercury Tonics (Rasâyana) in Sanskrit Medical Literature.” Soulless Matter, Seats of Energy Metals, Gems andMinerals in South Asian Traditions, Edited by Fabrizio M. Ferrari and Thomas W.P. Dahnhardt, Published by Equinox Publishing Ltd, 2016. google scholar
  • Wujastyk, Dagmar. “Acts of Improvement: On the Use of Tonics and Elixirs in Sanskrit Medical and Alchemical Literature.” Editor: D. Wujastyk, S. Newcombe, and C. Barois, History of Science in South Asia, 2017, 1-36. google scholar
  • Yiğitoğlu, Özlem. Köyül Tözin Ukıtdaçı Nom ve Salt-Bilinç Öğretisi, (Yayımlanmamış Doktora tezi), Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul, 2011. google scholar
  • Yücel, M. Bayram. Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Altın, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Fizibilite Etütleri Daire Başkanlığı, 2020. google scholar
  • Zieme, Peter, György Kara. Ein uigurisches Totenbuch, Naropas lehre in uigrischer übersetzung, Budapest: Akademiai Kiado, 1978. google scholar
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Eski Uygurcada Cıva

Year 2023, Volume: 33 Issue: 2, 535 - 569, 29.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.26650/iuturkiyat.1351136

Abstract

Günümüzde zararlı bir kimya maddesi olarak kabul edilen cıva, eski zamanlarda kullanıldığı gibi bugün de çeşitli milletlerce pek çok alanda yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu elementin değiştirme ve dönüştürme özelliğine inanan milletler onun değersiz madenleri değerli bir maden olan altına dönüştürdüğüne inanmışlar ve böylece simyada cıvayı önemli bir yere koymuşlardır. Bunun yanında tıp ilminde de önemli bir yeri olan cıva, çeşitli bitki ya da karışımlarla birlikte kullanılarak ilaç terkiplerinde yer almış ve tedavi amaçlı kullanılmıştır. Özellikle Hint tıbbı olan āyurveda tıbbında kullanılan cıva, āyurveda’nın alt kolları arasında sayılan yogik uygulamasında da yer alır. Eski Uygurca metinler incelendiğinde könä suvı ‘cıva’ ve zımıg ‘cıva’ olarak iki farklı şekilde yer alan ‘cıva’ anlamındaki kelimeler de yukarıda belirtildiği üzere aynı şekilde değersiz madenleri altına dönüştürmenin yanında yogik uygulama ile değersiz olan insanı tanrısal bedene dönüştürmede de kullanılır. Bunun yanında cıva, tıp ilminde de farklı amaçlar doğrultusunda çeşitli ilaç terkiplerinde yer alır. Böylece bu makalenin amacı Eski Uygurcadaki cıva için kullanılan kelimeleri tespit etmenin yanında bu kelimelerin hangi anlamlarda ve amaçlarda kullanıldığını ortaya koymaktır. Okunmuş metinler üzerinden hareket ekmekle birlikte metindeki okuma farklılıklarını göstermek amacıyla asıl metinlerin de makale içerisinde verilmesi ve metnin tekrar çevrimyazı ile düzenlenmesi yoluna gidilmiştir. Böylece ortaya çıkan okuma ve anlamlandırma farklılıkları da metne yansıtılmıştır.

Supporting Institution

Tüba-Gebip kapsamında yazılmıştır.

References

  • Abdulreşit, Bekir. 古代维吾尔语医学文献的语文学研究 [Eski Uygur Tıp Belgelerinin Filolojik Bir İncelemesi]. (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi), 中国少数民族语言文学 [Çin Azınlık Dilleri ve Edebiyatları], Minzu University of China. google scholar
  • Argunşah, Mustafa ve Galip Güner. Codex Cumanicus, Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları, 2022. google scholar
  • Beer, Robert. The handbook of Tibetan Buddhist symbols, Chicago: Serindia Publication, 2003. google scholar
  • Bruce-Mitford, Miranda. Signs & Symbols: An illustrated guide to their origins and meanings, London: Dorling Kindersley Limited, 2008. google scholar
  • Buswell, Robert E. and Donald. S. Lopez. The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism, Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2014. google scholar
  • Dole, Vilas A. and Prakash Varanjpe. A Text Book of Rasashastra, Delhi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratishthan, 2004. google scholar
  • Eliade, Mircea. Asya Simyası (Çin ve Hint Simyası), İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi, 2002. google scholar
  • Eliade, Mircea. Yoga, Ölümsüzlük ve Özgürlük, (Çeviren Ali Berkay), İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi, 2013. google scholar
  • Eliade, Mircea. Demirciler ve Simyacılar, (Çeviren Mehmet Emin Özcan), Ankara: Doğu Batı Yayınları, 2020. google scholar
  • Garg, Nidhi ve Akhil Jain. “Therapeutic snd Medicinal Uses of Yashtimadhu: A Revıew.” International Journal of Scientific Research, Volume - 11 | Issue - 02 | February - 2022 | DOI:10.36106/ijsr. google scholar
  • Garrett, Frances. Religion, Medicine and the Human Embryo in Tibet, London and New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 2008. google scholar
  • Gerke, Barbara. Taming the Poisonous: Mercury, Toxicity, and Safety in Tibetan Medical Practice, Heidelberg University Publishing, 2021. google scholar
  • Gharib, Badrozzamân. SogdianDictionary, Sogdian-Persian-English, Tehran, İran: Farhangan Publications, 1995. google scholar
  • Hempen, Carl-Herman ve Toni Fischer. A Materia Medica For Chinese Medicine: plants, minerals ans animal products, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, 2005. google scholar
  • Kara, Georg ve Peter Zieme. Fragmente tantrischer Werke in vigurischer übersetzung. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1976. (Schriften zur Geschichte und Kultur des Alten Orients-Berliner Turfantexte; VII). google scholar
  • Liu, Jie ve diğerleri. “Mercury in traditional medicines: Is cinnabar toxicologically similar to common mercurials?” Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2008 July; 233(7): 810-817. doi:10.3181/0712-MR-336. google scholar
  • Mârquez, Gabriel Garda. Del amory otros demonios, Editorial Sudamericana Buenos Aires, 1994. google scholar
  • Meulenbeld, G. Jan. A History of Indian Medical Literature, Volume IA, Egbert Forsten, Groningen, 1999. google scholar
  • Meulenbeld, G. Jan. A History of Indian Medical Literature, Volume IIA, Egbert Forsten, Groningen, 2000. google scholar
  • Mukhi, Priyabrata and others. “Mercury based drug in ancient India: The red sulfide of mercury in nanoscale.” Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine 8 (2017) 93-98. google scholar
  • Pole, Sebastian. Ayurvedic Medicine, The Principles of Traditional Practice, London and Philadelphia: Singing Dragon, 2006. google scholar
  • Rachmati (Arat), Gabdul Raşid. “Zur Heilkunde der Uiguren, (I)”, Berlin, Aus: SPAW. Phil.-hist. Kl. 1930:23, 451-473. google scholar
  • Rinpoche, Rechung. Tibetan Medicine: illustrated in original texts, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University Of California Press, 1976. google scholar
  • Ronan, Colin A. Bilim Tarihi: Dünya Kültürlerinde Bilimin Tarihi ve Gelişmesi, (Çevirenler: Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu ve Feza Günergun), Ankara, Tübitak Yayınları, 2003. google scholar
  • Prakash, Vaidya Balendu. “Use of Purified Mercury in Ayurveda and Its Safety Evaluation.” 2019. https:// www.researchgate.net/publication/338208757_USE_OF_PURIFIED_MERCURY_IN_AYURVEDA_ AND_ITS_SAFETY_EVALUATION [Erişim Tarihi: 01.08.2023] google scholar
  • Treloar, F. E. “The Use of Mercury in Metal Ritual Objects as a Symbol of Siva.” ArtibusAsiae, Vol. 34, No. 2/3 (1972), 232-240. google scholar
  • Tokyürek, Hacer Eski Uygur Türkçesinde Tanrısal İnsan Anatomisi ve Fizyolojisi, Çanakkale: Paradigma Yayınları, 2022. google scholar
  • Wayman, Alex. The Buddhist Tantras: Light on Indo-Tibetan Esotericism, London and Newyork: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 2009. google scholar
  • Wilkens, Jeans. Buddhistische Erzahlungen aus dem alten Zentralasien Edition der altuigurischen Dasakarmapathâvadânamâlâ (3 Cilt), Turnhout (Belgium): Brepols Publishers, 2016. (BT 37). google scholar
  • Wilkens, Jeans. Handwörterbuch desAltuigurischen: Altuigurisch - Deutsch -Türkisch (Eski Uygurcanın El Sözlüğü: Eski Uygurca - Almanca - Türkçe), Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, erschienen im Universitatsverlag Göttingen, 2021. google scholar
  • Wujastyk, Dagmar. “Mercury Tonics (Rasâyana) in Sanskrit Medical Literature.” Soulless Matter, Seats of Energy Metals, Gems andMinerals in South Asian Traditions, Edited by Fabrizio M. Ferrari and Thomas W.P. Dahnhardt, Published by Equinox Publishing Ltd, 2016. google scholar
  • Wujastyk, Dagmar. “Acts of Improvement: On the Use of Tonics and Elixirs in Sanskrit Medical and Alchemical Literature.” Editor: D. Wujastyk, S. Newcombe, and C. Barois, History of Science in South Asia, 2017, 1-36. google scholar
  • Yiğitoğlu, Özlem. Köyül Tözin Ukıtdaçı Nom ve Salt-Bilinç Öğretisi, (Yayımlanmamış Doktora tezi), Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul, 2011. google scholar
  • Yücel, M. Bayram. Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Altın, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Fizibilite Etütleri Daire Başkanlığı, 2020. google scholar
  • Zieme, Peter, György Kara. Ein uigurisches Totenbuch, Naropas lehre in uigrischer übersetzung, Budapest: Akademiai Kiado, 1978. google scholar
  • İnternet Kaynakçası google scholar
  • http://tibetanbuddhistencyclopedia.com/en/index.php/Acharya_Nagarjuna [Erişim Tarihi: 10.08.2023]. google scholar
  • https://turfan.bbaw.de/dta/u/images/u055716.jpg [Erişim Tarihi: 05.08.2023]. google scholar
  • https://turfan.bbaw.de/dta/u/images/u055911.jpg [Erişim Tarihi: 08.08.2023]. google scholar
  • https://turfan.bbaw.de/dta/u/images/u055912.jpg [Erişim Tarihi: 08.08.2023]. google scholar
  • https://turfan.bbaw.de/dta/u/images/u1798seite2.jpg [Erişim Tarihi: 08.08.2023]. google scholar
  • https://turfan.bbaw.de/dta/u/images/u1798seite2.jpg [Erişim Tarihi: 08.08.2023]. google scholar
  • https://turfan.bbaw.de/dta/u/images/u055915.jpg [Erişim Tarihi: 08.08.2023]. google scholar
  • https://turfan.bbaw.de/dta/u/images/u055916.jpg [Erişim Tarihi: 08.08.2023]. google scholar
  • https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338208757_USE_OF_PURIFIED_MERCURY_IN_AYURVEDA_AND_ITS_SAFETY_EVALUATION [Erişim Tarihi: 01.08.2023] google scholar
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Literary Studies (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Hacer Tokyürek 0000-0002-0008-1213

Publication Date December 29, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 33 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Tokyürek, H. (2023). Mercury in Old Uyghur. Journal of Turkology, 33(2), 535-569. https://doi.org/10.26650/iuturkiyat.1351136
AMA Tokyürek H. Mercury in Old Uyghur. Journal of Turkology. December 2023;33(2):535-569. doi:10.26650/iuturkiyat.1351136
Chicago Tokyürek, Hacer. “Mercury in Old Uyghur”. Journal of Turkology 33, no. 2 (December 2023): 535-69. https://doi.org/10.26650/iuturkiyat.1351136.
EndNote Tokyürek H (December 1, 2023) Mercury in Old Uyghur. Journal of Turkology 33 2 535–569.
IEEE H. Tokyürek, “Mercury in Old Uyghur”, Journal of Turkology, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 535–569, 2023, doi: 10.26650/iuturkiyat.1351136.
ISNAD Tokyürek, Hacer. “Mercury in Old Uyghur”. Journal of Turkology 33/2 (December 2023), 535-569. https://doi.org/10.26650/iuturkiyat.1351136.
JAMA Tokyürek H. Mercury in Old Uyghur. Journal of Turkology. 2023;33:535–569.
MLA Tokyürek, Hacer. “Mercury in Old Uyghur”. Journal of Turkology, vol. 33, no. 2, 2023, pp. 535-69, doi:10.26650/iuturkiyat.1351136.
Vancouver Tokyürek H. Mercury in Old Uyghur. Journal of Turkology. 2023;33(2):535-69.