The Dicle River’s response to the Younger Dryas and warm-cold climate cycles in the Holocene

Year 2024, Issue: 13, 52 - 70, 15.10.2024

Uğur Doğan

https://doi.org/10.46453/jader.1523018

Abstract

This study was carried out in the Upper Dicle (Tigris) Basin, particularly in the section between Bismil and Batman of the Dicle Valley. In this study, it is aimed to reveal response to cold climate in the Younger Dryas and cold-warm climate cycles in the Holocene of the Dicle River. For this purpose the data of a total of 14 mounds in the Dicle valley were evaluated. The relationship between has been examined settlement and abandoned periods of the mounds was located on the ~5-7 m terraces of the river and global climate changes. In some mounds, the location of the river bed was determined during and after the settlement period. In addition, the effects (floods, etc.) on the archaeological settlements located 5-7 m above the Tigris River and its tributaries were also determined. Thus, the relationship between the settlement and abandoned periods in the mounds was located on the terraces and the incision/ aggradation periods of the river was revealed. In the light of the obtained data, it was concluded that the Dicle River and its tributaries, incised their beds during the Younger Dryas and the cold periods of the Holocene and, accumulated during the warm periods in the valley floor. Accordingly, it was concluded that settlements could be established on the valley floors during the incision periods of the river.

Dicle Nehri’nin Genç Dryas ve Holosen’deki Sıcak - Soğuk İklim Döngülerine Tepkisi

Abstract

Bu çalışma Yukarı Dicle Havzasında, Dicle Nehri vadisinin Bismil ve Batman arasında kalan kesiminde yapılmıştır. Çalışmada Dicle Nehri’nin Genç Dryas’daki soğuk ve Holosen’deki soğuk-sıcak iklim döngülerine tepkisinin ortaya konulması hedeflenmiştir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda Dicle vadisinde bulunan 14 höyüğe ait arkeolojik veriler incelenmiştir. Nehrin 5-7 m sekisi üzerinde bulunan höyüklerdeki yerleşme ve terkedilme dönemleri ile küresel iklim döngüleri arasındaki ilişki sorgulanmıştır. Bazı höyüklerde yerleşme dönemi sırasında ve sonrasındaki nehir yatağının konumu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca Dicle Nehri ve kollarının 5-7 m sekisi üzerinde yer alan arkeolojik yerleşmelere olan (taşkın vb.) etkileri de saptanmıştır. Böylece bu sekiler üzerinde bulunan höyüklerdeki yerleşme ve kesinti dönemleri ile nehrin kazma ve biriktirme dönemleri arasındaki ilişki ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler ışığında Dicle Nehri ve kollarının Genç Dryas ve Holosen’deki soğuk iklim döngülerinde yataklarını görece kazdıkları, sıcak iklim döngülerinde ise vadi tabanında biriktirme yaptıkları sonucuna varılmıştır. Bu duruma bağlı olarak da yerleşmelerin nehrin kazma dönemlerinde vadi tabanlarında kurulabildiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Keywords

Akarsu tepkisi, Dicle Nehri, Genç Dryas, Holosen, iklim değişikliği

Thanks

Tablo 1’de gösterilmiş olan arkeolojik dönemler ve kültürel evreler çizelgesindeki katkıları için Eyyüp AY’a ve makalenin hazırlanması sırasındaki katkıları nedeniyle Halil TEKİN’e teşekkür ederim.

References

• Akçay, A. (2017). A Late Uruk-Early Bronze Age Transitional Perıod Cemetery In The Upper Tigris Regıon: Aşağı Salat. OLBA XXV, 49-90. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/olba/issue/47138/593122
• Alley, R. B., Ágústdóttir, A. M. (2005). The 8k event: cause and consequences of a major Holocene abrupt climate change. Quaternary Science Reviews 24, 1123–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.12.004
• Alley, R. B., Mayewski, P. A., Sowers, T., Stuiver, M., Taylor, K. C., Clark, P. U. (1997). Holocene climatic instability: a prominent, widespread event 8200 yr ago. Geology 25, 483–486.
• Alley. R.B. (2000). Gisp 2 ice core temperature and accumulation data. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series 2004-013, NOAA/NGDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO-USA: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/2475.
• Ariztegui, D., Asioli, A., Lowe, J. J., Trincardi, F., Vigliotti, L., Tamburini, F., Chondrogianni, C., Accorsi, C. A., Bandini Mazzanti, M., Mercuri, A. M., van der Kaars, S., McKenzie, J. A., Oldfield, F. (2000). Palaeoclimate and the formation of sapropel S1: inferences from Late Quaternary lacustrine and marine sequences in the central Mediterranean region. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 158, 215–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00051-1
• Ay, E. (2002). 2000 Yılı Müslüman Tepe (Sahintepe) Kazısı. Tuna, N., Velibeyoğlu, J. (Eds.), Salvage Project of the Archaeological Heritage of the Ilısu-Carchemish Dam Reservoirs Activities in 2000. ODTÜ, s. 491–515, Ankara.
• Ay, E. (2021). A Hurrian-Mitanni Temple in Müslümantepe in The Upper Tigris and New Findings. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences 20(2), 338-361. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.800086
• Ay, E., Ay, A., Tarhan, Ç. M. (2013). Müslüman Tepe kazıları 2005-2008. Diyarbakır Müze Müdürlüğü (Ed.) içinde, Ilısu Barajı ve HES projesi arkeolojik kazıları 2004-2008 çalışmaları. T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Yayınları.
• Barber, D. C., Dyke, A., Hillaire-Marcel, C., Jennings, A. E., Andrews, J. T., Kerwin, M. W., Bilodeau, G., McNeely, R., Southon, J., Morehead, M. D., and Gagnon, J. M. (1999). Forcing of the cold event 8200 years ago by catastrophic drainage of laurentide lakes. Nature 400, 344–348. https://www.nature.com/articles/22504
• Bartl, P.V. (2012). Giricano and Ziyaret Tepe: Two Middle Bronze Age Sites in the Upper Tigris Region. Studien zur Urbanisierung Nordmesopotamiens, Serie D Supplementa Herausgegeben von Peter Pfälzner, Band 1, ss. 191. Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden. https://www.academia.edu/1511265/Giricano_and_Ziyaret_Tepe_Two_Middle_Bronze_Age_sites_in_the_Upper_Tigris_Region
• Benito, G., Macklin, M.G., Zielhofer, C., Jones, A.F., Machado, M.J. (2015). Holocene flooding and climate change in the Mediterranean. Catena 130, 13-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2014.11.014
• Benz, M., Coşkun, A., Hajdas, I., Deckers, K., Riehl, S., Weninger, B., Özkaya, V. (2012). Methodological Implications Of New Radiocarbon Dates From The Early Holocene Site Of Körtik Tepe, Southeast Anatolia. Proceedings of the 6th International Radiocarbon and Archaeology Symposium, edited by Boaretto, Ε., ve Rebollo Franco, Ν. R., RADIOCARBON 54 (3-4), 291-304. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200047081
• Benz, M., Coşkun, A., Weninger, B., Kurt, W.A., Özkaya, V. (2010). Stratigraphy and radiocarbon dates of the PPNA of Körtik Tepe, Diyarbakır. 26. Arkeometri Sonuçları Toplantısı s. 81-100, İstanbul. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236855421_Stratigraphy_and_radiocarbon_dates_of_the_PPNA_site_of_Kortik_Tepe_Diyarbakir
• Berger, J.-F., Delhon, C., Magnin, F., Bonte, S., Peyric, D., Thiebault, S., Guilbert, R., Beeching, A. (2016a). A fluvial record of the mid-Holocene rapid climatic changes in the middle Rhone valley (Espeluche-Lalo, France) and of their impact on Late Mesolithic and Early Neolithic societies. Quatern. Sci. Rev. 136, 66–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.11.019
• Berger, J-F., Lespez, L., Kuzucuoğlu, C., Glais, A., Hourani, F., Barra, A., Guilaine, J. (2016b). Interactions between climate change and human activities during the early to mid-Holocene in the eastern Mediterranean basins. Clim. Past, 12, 1847–1877. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1847-2016, 2016.
• Bini, M., Zanchetta, G., Oiu, A.P., Cartier, R., Català, A. vd., (2018). The 4.2 ka BP event in the Mediterranean Region: an overview. Climate of the Past 15, 555–577. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-555-2019, 2019
• Bond, G., Showers, W., Cheseby, M., Lotti, R., Almasi, P., deMenocal, P., Priore, P., Cullen, H., Hajdas, I., Bonani, G. (1997). A Pervasive Millennial-Scale Cycle in North Atlantic Holocene and Glacial Climates. Science 278, 1257-1266. DOI: 10.1126/science.278.5341.1257
• Burbank, D.W. and Anderson, R.S. (2001). Tectonic geomorphology. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 247.
• Courty, M-A. (1994). Le Cadre paléogéographique des occupations humaines dans le bassin du Haut-Khabur (Syrie du Nord-Est). Premiers section, Turkey: Inferred from Ar–Ar dating of Quaternary basalts and terraces stratigraphy. Geomorphology 126, 66–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.10.028
• Cullen, H. M., deMenocal, P. B., Hemming, S., Hemming, G., Brown, F. H., Guilderson, T., Sirocko, F. (2000). Climate change and the collapse of the Akkadian Empire; evidence from the deep sea. Geology, 28(4), 379–382. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<379:CCATCO>2.0.CO;2
• Dean, J.R., Jones, M.D., Leng, M.J., Noble, S.R., Metcalfe, S.E., Sloane, H.J., Sahy, D., Eastwood, W.J., Roberts, C.N. (2015). Eastern Mediterranean hydroclimate over the late glacial and Holocene, reconstructed from the sediments of Nar lake, central Turkey, using stable isotopes and carbonate mineralogy. Quaternary Science Reviews 124, 162–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.07.023
• Depreux, B., Berger, J-F., Lefèvre, D., Wackenheim, Q., Andrieu Ponel, V., Vinai, S., Degeai, J-P., El Harradji, A., Boudad, L., Sanz Laliberté, S., Michel, K., Limondin Lozouet, N. (2022). First fluvial archive of the 8.2 and 7.6–7.3 ka events in North Africa (Charef River, High Plateaus, NE Morocco). Scientific Reports 12:7710 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-11353-y
• Doğan, U. (2005). Holocene fluvial development of the Upper Tigris Valley (Southeastern Turkey) as documented by archaeological data. Quaternary International 129 (2005) 75–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2004.04.008
• Doğan, U. (2010). Fluvial response to climate change during and after the Last Glacial Maximum in Central Anatolia, Turkey. Quaternary International 222, 221-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2009.08.004
• Doğan, U. (2011). Climate-controlled river terrace formation in the Kızılırmak Valley, Cappadocia section, Turkey: Inferred from Ar–Ar dating of Quaternary basalts and terraces stratigraphy. Geomorphology 126, 66–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.10.028
• Doğan, U. (2018). Jeoarkeoloji: Aşıklı Höyük Örneği. Jeomorfololi Derneği Bülteni 1, 8–18. http://jd.org.tr/tr/icerik/b-lten
• Ebbesen, H., Kuijpers, A., Moros, M., Lloyd, J., Seidenkrantz, M.-S., Troelstra, S. (2008). The 8.2 ka cooling event related to extensive melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Climate of the Past Discussions 4, 1219–1235. https://doi.org/10.5194/cpd-4-1219-2008
• Fleitmann, D., Mudelsee, M., Burns, S. J., Bradley, R. S., Kramers, J., Matter, A. (2008). Evidence for a widespread climatic anomaly at around 9.2ka before present, Paleoceanography, 23, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007PA001519
• Geraga, M., Ioakim, Chr., Lykousis, V., Tsaila-Monopolis, St., Mylona, G. (2010). The high-resolution palaeoclimatic and palaeoceanographic history of the last 24,000 years in the central Aegean Sea, Greece. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 287, 101–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.01.023
• Göktürk, O. M., Fleitmann, D., Badertscher, S., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Leuenberger, M., Fankhauser, A., Tüysüz, O., Kramers, J. (2011). Climate on the southern Black Sea coast during the Holocene: implications from the Sofular Cave record, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 30, 2433–2445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.05.007
• Hoffmann, T., Lang, A., Dikau, R. (2008). Holocene river activity: Analysing 14C-dated fluvial and colluvial sediments from Germany. Quatern. Sci. Rev. 27, 2031–2040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.06.014
• Ivy-Ochs, S., Kerschner, H., Maisch, M., Christl, M., Kubik, P.W., Schlüchter, C. (2009). Latest Pleistocene and Holocene glacier variations in the European Alps. Quaternary Science Reviews 28 (21-22), 2137-2149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.03.009
• Johnsen, S. J., Dahl-Jensen, D., Gundestrup, N., Steffensen, J. P., Clausen, H. B., Miller, H., Masson-Delmotte, V., Sveinbjornsdottir, A. E., White, J. (2001). Oxygen isotope and palaeotemperature records from six Greenlandice-core stations: Camp century, Dye-3, GRIP, GISP2, Renland and NorthGRIP. Journal of Quaternary Science 16, 299–307. https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.622
• Karadoğan, S., Kuzucuoğlu, C., Dumoulin, J-P. (2019). Diyarbakır Kenti Civarında Taraça Kayıtlarına Göre Son Buzul Maksimumundan Beri Dicle Nehri Vadisinin Jeomorfolojik Evriminin Kronolojisi. Researcher: Social Science Studies 7(2), 177-184. DOI:10.29228/rssstudies.13257
• Karg, N. (2002). “2000 Yılı Gredimse (Ilısu) Kazı Çalışmaları.” N. Tuna ve J. Velibeyoğlu (eds). Ilısu ve Karkamış Baraj Gölleri Altında Kalacak Arkeolojik ve Kültür Varlıklarını Kurtarma Projesi 2000 Yılı Çalışmaları. Ankara: 699-722.
• Kartal M., Kartal G., Coşkun A., Carter T., Şahin F., Özkaya V. (2018). Chipped stone assemblages of Körtik Tepe (Turkey). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 19, 92-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.02.017
• Kasse, C., van Balen, R.T., Bohncke, S.J.P., Wallinga, J., Vreugdenhil, M. (2017). Climate and base-level controlled fluvial system change and incision during the last glacial–interglacial transition, Roer river, the Netherlands– western Germany. Geologie en Mijnbouw 96 (2), 71–92. https://doi.org/10.1017/njg.2016.50
• Klitgaard-Kristensen, D., Sejrup, H. P., Haflidason, H., Johnsen, S., Spurk, M. (1998). A regional 8200 cal. yr BP cooling event in northwest Europe, induced by final stages of the Laurentide ice-sheet deglaciation? Journal of Quaternary Science 13, 165–169. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1417(199803/04)13:2<165::AID-JQS365>3.0.CO;2-%23
• Kotthoff, U., Pross, J., Müller, U. C., Peyron, O., Schmiedl, G., Schulz, H., Bordon, A. (2008). Climate dynamics in the borderlands of the Aegean Sea during formation of sapropel S1 deduced from a marine pollen record. Quaternary Science Reviews 27, 832–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.12.001
• Kozbe, G., Öğütle, İ., İşler, S. (2008). Kavuşan Höyük Kazısı, 2007. 30. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 2. Cilt, s. 199-216, Ankara.
• Kuzucuoğlu, C. (2002). Preliminary observation on the Tigris Valley terraces between Bismil and Batman. In: Tuna, N., Velibeyoğlu, J. (Eds.), Salvage Project of the Archaeological Heritage of the Ilısu-Carchemish Dam Reservoirs Activities in 2000. METU, pp. 759–771, Ankara.
• Kuzucuoğlu, C., Dumoulin, J-P., Saulnier-Copard, S. (2018). Geomorphological and Palaeoenvironmental Setting of Aşıklı Hoyük. Özbaşaran. M., Duru, G., Stiner, M., The Early Settlement at Aşıklı Höyük. Essays in Honor of Ufuk Esin, Ege Yayınları, pp.15-42, 978-605-9680-83-7. https://paris1.hal.science/hal-03939316
• Kuzucuoğlu, C., Michel, F., Damase, M. (2004). Holocene terraces in the Middle Euphrates Valley, between Halfeti and Karkemish (Gaziantep, Turkey) [Terrasses holocènes dans la moyenne vallée de l'Euphrate entre Halfeti et Karkemish (Gaziantep, Turquie)]. In: Quaternaire, vol. 15, n°1-2, 2004. Fluvial Archives Group. Clermond-Ferrant 2002. pp. 195-206; doi: https://doi.org/10.3406/quate.2004.1767
• Laneri, N. (2010). Hirbemerdon Tepe Arkeoloji Projesi 2009. 32. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 4. Cilt s.65-75, İstanbul.
• Laneri, N., Schwartz, M., Ur, J., D’agostino, A., Berthon, R., Hald, M.M., Marsh, A. (2015). Ritual and Identity in Rural Mesopotamia: Hirbemerdon Tepe and the Upper Tigris River Valley in the Middle Bronze Age. American Journal of Archaeology 119 (4), 533–64. https://doi.org/10.3764/aja.119.4.0533
• Leverington, D. W., Mann, J. D., Teller, J. T. (2002). Changes in the bathymetry and volume of glacial Lake Agassiz between 9200 and 7700 14C yr BP. Quaternay Resource 57, 244–252. https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.2001.2311
• Lewis, J.P., Leng, M.J., Dean, J.R., Marciniak, A., Bar-Yosef-Mayer, D.E., Wu, X. (2016). Early Holocene palaeoseasonality inferred from the stable isotope composition of Unio shells from Çatalhöyük, Turkey. Environmental Archaeology, DOI:10.1080/14614103.2015.1116216
• Macklin, M.G., Jones, A.F., Lewin, J. (2010). River response to rapid Holocene environmental change: evidence and explanation in British catchments. Quaternary Science Reviews 29, 1555–1576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.06.010
• Macklin, M.G., Lewin, J. (2003). River sediments, great floods and centennial-scale Holocene climate change. Journal of Quaternary Science 18, 101–105. https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.751
• Matney, T., Greenfield, T., Köroğlu, K., Macginnis, J., Proctor, L., Rosenzweig, M., Wicke, D. (2015). Excavations at Ziyaret Tepe, Diyarbakır Province, Turkey, 2011-2014 Seasons. Anatolica XLI, 125-176. DOI: 10.2143/ANA.41.0.3127291
• Mayewski, P.A., Rohling, E.E., Stager, J.C., Karle, NW., Maascha, K.A., vd. (2004). Holocene climate variability. Quaternary Research 62, 243–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2004.07.001
• Miebach, A., Niestrath, P., Roeser, P., Litt, T. (2016). Impacts of climate and humans on the vegetation in northwestern Turkey: palynological insights from Lake İznik since the Last Glacial. Clim. Past, 12, 575–593. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-575-2016
• Miyake, Y. (2010). 2009 Salat Camii Yanı Kazıları (Diyarbakır İli, Bismil İlçesi). 32. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 2. Cilt, s.282-293, İstanbul.
• Ökse, A., T., Görmüş, A., Koızumı, T., Yaşin-Meier, D., Soyukaya, N. (2011). Ilısu Barajı - Salat Tepe 2010 Yılı Kazısı. 33. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 1. Cilt, s.173-188, Malatya.
• Ökse, A.T., Görmüş, A., İnal, N. (2006). Ilısu Barajı - Salat Tepe 2005 Yılı Kurtarma Kazısı. 28. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 1. Cilt, s. 51-64, Çanakkale.
• Özkaya, V., Coşkun, A., Şahin, F.S. (2011). Gre Abdurrahman 2010 Yılı Kazısı. 33. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 1. Cilt s.295-314, Malatya.
• Parker, B. J., Foster, C. P., Nicoll, K., Kennedy, .J. R., Graham, P., Smith, A., Hopwood, D. E., Hopwood, M., Butler, K., Healey, E., Uzel, M. B., Jensen, R. (2009). The Upper Tigris Archaeological Research Project (UTARP): A Preliminary Report from the 2007 and 2008 Field Seasons at Kenan Tepe. Anatolica 35, 85-152. DOI: 10.2143/ANA.35.0.2038073
• Pross, J., Kotthoff, U., Müller, U. C., Peyron, O., Dormoy, I., Schmiedl, G., Kalaitzidis, S., Smith, A.M. (2009). Massive perturbation in terrestrial ecosystems of the Easter Mediterranean region associated with the 8.2 kyr B.P. climatic event. Geology 37, 887–90. https://doi.org/10.1130/G25739A.1
• Rasmussen, S.O., Andersen, K.K., Svensson, A.M., Steffensen, J.P., Vinther, B.M., Clausen, H.B., Siggaard-Andersen, M.-L., Johnsen, S.J., Larsen, L.B., Dahl-Jensen, D., vd. (2006). A new Greenland ice core chronology for the last glacial termination. J. Geophys. Res. 111, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006079
• Risebrobakken, B., Jansen, E., Andersson, C., Mjelde, E., Hevrøy, K. (2003). A high-resolution study of Holocene paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic changes in the Nordic Seas. Paleoceanography 18, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002PA000764
• Rohling, E.J., Mayewski, P.A., Abu-Zied, R.H., Casford, J.S.L., Hayes, A. (2002). Holocene atmosphere-ocean interactions records from Greenland and the Aegean Sea. Climate Dynamics 18, 587–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-001-0194-8
• Rohling, E.J., Palike, H. (2005). Centennial-scale climate cooling with a sudden cold event around 8,200 years ago. Nature 434, 975–979. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature03421
• Rosen, A.M. (1997). The geoarchaeology of Holocene environments and land use at Kazane Höyük, SE Turkey. Geoarchaeology 12, 395-416. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6548(199707)12:4<395::AID-GEA6>3.0.CO;2-W
• Rosen, A.M. (1998). Early to Mid-Holocene Environmental Changes and Their Impact on Human Communities in Southeastern Anatolia. In: Issar, A.S., Brown, N. (eds) Water, Environment and Society in Times of Climatic Change. Water Science and Technology Library, vol 31. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3659-6_10
• Schachner, A. (2002). 2000 Yılı Giricano Kazıları Ön Raporu. N. Tuna - J. Velibeyoğlu (eds), Salvage Project of the Archaeological Heritage of the Ilısu and Carchemish Dam Reservoirs, Activities in 2000, s.549-611, Ankara.
• Schachner, A., Schachner, S. (2002). 2000–2001 Yılı Gricano Kazıları, 24. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, s. 447-460, Ankara.
• Schumm S. A., Dumont J., Holbrook J. M. (2000). Active Tectonics and Alluvial Rivers. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
• Tebbens, L.A., Veldkamp, A., Westerhoff, W., Kroonenberg, S.B. (1999). Fluvial incision and channel downcutting as a response to Lateglacial and Early Holocene climate change: the lower reach of the River Meuse, The Netherlands. Journal of Quaternary Science 14, 59–75. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1417(199902)14:1<59::AID-JQS408>3.0.CO;2-Z
• Tekin, H. (2007). Hakemi Use (Diyarbakır) 2006 Yılı Kazıları. 29. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 1. Cilt, s. 1-10, Kocaeli.
• Tekin, H. (2009). Hakemi Use 2008 Yılı Kazılarında Keşfedilen Geç Assur Dönemi Mezarları. Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 26 (2), 193-211. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/huefd/issue/41209/506241#article_cite
• Tekin, H. (2010). Diyarbakır’da Yeni Bir Halaf Yerleşimi: Karavelyan (Hınçıka) 2009 Yılı Kazıları. 32. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 2. Cilt, s.350-36, İstanbul.
• Tekin, H. (2020). Hakemı Use Excavatıons Within The Ilısu Project. Antolia 46, 147-165. https://doi.org/10.36891/anatolia.702456.
• Teller, J. T., Leverington, D. W., Mann, J. D. (2002). Freshwater out bursts to the oceans from glacial Lake Agassiz and their role in climate change during the last deglaciation. Quaternary Sci. Rev. 21, 879–887. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00145-7
• Thomas, E. R., Wolff, E. W., Mulvaney, R., Steffensen, J. P., Johnsen, S. J., Arrowsmith, C., White, J. W. C., Vaughn, B., Popp, T. (2007). The 8.2 ka event from Greenland ice cores. Quaternary Science Reviews 26,70–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.07.017
• Thorndycraft, V.R., Benito, G. (2006). The Holocene fluvial chronology of Spain: evidence from a newly compiled radiocarbon database. Quaternary Science Reviews 25, 223–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.07.003
• Van der Plicht, J., Akkermans, P.M.M.G., Nieuwenhuyse, O., Kaneda, A, Russell, A. (2011). Tell Sabı Abyad, Syrıa: Radiocarbon Chronology, Cultural Change, And The 8.2 Ka Event. RADIOCARBON 53(2), 229–243. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200056514
• Vincent, P. J., Lord, T. C., Telfer, M. W., Wilson, P. (2010). Early Holocene loessic colluviation in northwest England: new evidence for the 8.2ka event in the terrestrial record? Boreas, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.2010.00172.x
• Von Suchodoletz, H., Gartner, A., Zielhofer, C., Faust, D. (2018). Eemian and post-Eemian fluvial dynamics in the Lesser Caucasus. Quaternary Science Reviews 191, 189-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.05.012
• Weiss, H., Courty, M. A., Wetterstrom, W., Guichard, F., Senior, L., Meadow, R. A., Curnow, A. (1993). The genesis and collapse of third millennium north Mesopotamian civilization. Science, 261, 995-1004.https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.261.5124.995
• Wenninger, B., Alram-Stern, E., Bauer, E., Clare, L., Danzeglocke, U., Joris, O., Kubatzki, C., Rollefson, G., Todorov, H., van Andel, T. (2006). Climate forcing due to the 8200 cal yr BP event observed at Early Neolithic sites in eastern Mediterranean. Quaternary Research 66, 401–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2006.06.009
• Wilkinson, T.J. (1999). Holocene valley fills of Southern Turkey and Northwestern Syria: recent geoarchaeological contributions. Quaternary Science Reviews 18, 555–571. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(98)00097-3
• Zanchetta, G., Regattieri, E., Isola, I., Drysdale, R.N., Bini, M., Baneschi, I., Hellstrom, J.C. (2016). The so-called “4.2 event” in the central Mediterranean and its climatic teleconnections. Alpine and Mediterranean Quaternary 29, 5 – 17. https://amq.aiqua.it/index.php/amq/article/view/91