THE INVESTIGATION OF HEAVY METAL LEVELS IN WATER AND SEDIMENT FROM IŞIKLI LAKE (TURKEY) IN RELATION TO SEASONS AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS

Year 2017, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 87 - 96, 24.02.2017

Belma Gülcü-gür Selda Tekin-özan

https://doi.org/10.3153/JAEFR17012

Abstract

This
paper presents data on the concentrations of ten heavy metal levels in water
and sediment sampled from Işıklı Lake (Turkey) as seasonally (October-2012,
January-2013, April-2013, July-2013) and shows relationships between physico-chemical parameters and levels
of heavy metals.  Temperature, pH,
dissolved oxygen and electrical conductivity were measured. In water, Pb was below
detection limit (<0.005) in all seasons, while Cu (<0.0005) was in autumn
and winter. Fe had the highest level and Cd had the lowest level among the
analyzed metals. Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Se reached the highest levels in
summer, while Cd, Mo and Zn were in spring. Cd, Cr, Mo and Zn in autumn, Cu and
Se in spring, and Fe, Mn, and Ni in winter were the lowest. Cd, Cu and Mo
levels varied significantly (p<0.05) from season to season. There were
positive relationships among temperature, pH value (p<0.05) and EC.
Significant negative correlation (<0.01) was determined between temperature
and dissolved oxygen. Significant (Cr, Cu, Mn and Zn) and non-significant (Cd,
Fe, Mo, Ni and Se) positive correlations were detected between content in water
and temperature.  There were positive
correlations between pH and dissolved oxygen, while negative correlation with
EC. When the pH value increased, only Mo level decreased. Dissolved oxygen
levels had a positive relationship with EC and all studied metals except Cu.
There were positive relationships between EC and Cd, Cr, Mn, Mo and Zn, the
others were significant negative (<0.01).  In sediment, Se was
below detection limit in winter, other metals were detected in all seasons. Fe
was the highest while Cd was the lowest in sediment.  Cd, Cr, Mn, Mo, Ni and Zn reached the highest levels in spring, while Fe
in winter, Cu in autumn, Pb in summer. Cr, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb and Zn in winter, Cd
and Se in autumn, Cu  in summer and Fe in
spring were the lowest. Cd, Cu and Mo levels varied significantly (p<0.05)
from season to season.

Keywords

Heavy metal, Pollution, Water, Sedi-ment, Işıklı Lake, Turkey

References

• Abdel-Baki, A.S., Dkhil, M.A. & Al-Quraisity, S. (2011). Bioaccumulation of some heavy metals in tilapia fish revelant to their concentration in water and sediment of Wadi Hanifah, Saudi Arabia. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(3), 2541-2547.
• Adnano, D.C. (1986). Trace metals in the terrestrial environment. New York: Springer Verlag, 867 pp, ISBN 978-0-387-98678-4
• Akarsu, F., Bayılı, B. & Eroğlu, V. (2006). Işıklı Gölü. In G. Eken, M. Bozdoğan, S. İsfendiyaroğlu, D.C. Kılıç & Y. Lise (Eds.), Türkiye’nin Önemli Doğa Alanları (p. 238-239) Ankara: Doğa Derneği. ISBN 978-97598901-3-1
• Akbulut, A. & Akbulut, N.E. (2010). The study of heavy metal pollution and accumulation in water, sediment and fish tissues in Kızılırmak River Basin in Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 167, 521-526.
• APHA (American Public Health Association). (2005). Standart methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 21st ed. Washington, D.C., 1496 pp. ISBN 978-0875530130
• Aygen, C. & Balık, S. (2005). Işıklı Gölü ve kaynaklarının (Çivril- Denizli) Crustacea Faunası. Ege University Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 22(3-4), 371-75.
• Barlas, N., Akbulut, N. & Aydoğan, M. (2005). Assessment of heavy metal residues in the sediment and water samples of Uluabat Lake, Turkey. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 74, 286-293.
• Baron, J., Legret, M. & Astruc, M. (1990). Study of interactions between heavy metals and sewage sludge: determination of stability constants and complexes formed with Cu and Cd. Environmental Technology, 11, 151-162.
• Başyiğit, B. & Tekin-Özan, S. (2013). Concentrations of some heavy metals in water, sediment, and tissues of pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) from Karataş Lake related to physico-chemical parameters, fish size and seasons. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 22(3), 11-22.
• Bryan, G.W. & Langston, W.J. (1992). Bioavailability, accumulation and effects of heavy metals in sediments with special reference to United Kingdom estuaries: a review. Environmental Pollution, 76, 89-131.
• Buchanan, J.B. (1984). Sediment analysis. In N.A. Holme & A.D. McIntyre (Eds.), Methods for the Study of Marine Benthos (p. 41-65). Oxford: Blackwell Sci. Publ. ISBN 0-632-00894-6
• Cabrera, F., Vlemente, L., Diaz Barrientos, E., Lŏpez, R. & Murillo, H. M. (1999). Heavy metal pollution of soil affected by the Guadiamar toxic Hood. Science of the Total Environment, 242, 117-129.
• Çevik, F., Göksu, M.Z.L., Derici, O.B. & Fındık, Ö. (2009). An assessment of metal pollution in surface sediments of Seyhan dam by using enrichment factor, geoaccumulation index and statistical analyses. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 152, 309-317.
• Dauvalter, V.A. (1998). Heavy metals in the bottom sediments of the Inari-Pasvik lake-river system. Water Resources, 25, 451-457.
• Dawson, E. J. & Macklin, M.G. (1998). Speciation of heavy metals in floodplain and flood sediments: a reconnaissance survey of the Aire Valley, West Yorkshire, Great Britain. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 20, 67-76.
• Dean, J.R. (2002). Methods for environmental trace analysis. New York: John Wiley & Sons.Ltd., 284 pp. ISBN 9780470844212
• Demirak, A., Yılmaz, F., Tuna, A.L. & Özdemir, N. (2006). Heavy metals in water, sediment and tissues of Leuciscus cephalus from a stream in southwestern Turkey. Chemosphere, 63, 1451-1458.
• Duncan, D. B. (1955). Multiple Range and Multiple F Tests. Biometrics, 11(1), 1-42.
• EC (Commission Regulation). (2006). Council directive 98/83 Ec of 3 November 1998/ on the quality of water intended for human consumption. L 330/32, 3.12.1998. Maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. No: 1881/2006, 1998.
• Fındık, Ö. (2013). Assesment of metal concentrations and physico-chemical parameters in the water of Beyler Reservoir (Kastamonu-Turkey). Ecology, 88, 51-57.
• Fındık, Ö. & Turan, M.A. (2012). Metal concentrations in surface sediments of Beyler Reservoir (Turkey). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 88, 193-197.
• Förstner, U. & Wittman, G.T.W. (1983). Metals pollution in the aquatic environments. Berlin: Springer, 488 pp. ISBN 978-3-540-12856-4
• Gangaiya, P., Tabudravu, J., South, R. & Rauret, G. (2004). Heavy metal contamination of the Lami coastal environment, Fiji. The South Pacific Journal of Natural Science, 19(1), 24-29.
• Ghaffar, A., Tabata, M., Eto, Y., Nishimoto, J. & Yamamoto, K. (2008). Distribution of heavy metals in water and suspended particles at different sites in Ariake Bay, Japan. Electro. J. Environ. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 7(7), 3065-3081.
• Gravetter, F. & Wallnau, L. (2007). Essentials of statistics for the behavioral science. Boston: Wadsworth Publishing, 656 pp. ISBN 978-0495910558
• Göksu, M. Z. L., Çevik, F., Fındık, F. & Ercan Sarıhan, E. (2003). Seyhan Baraj Gölü’ndeki Aynalı Sazan (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758) ve Sudak (Stizostedion lucioperca L.,1758)’larda Fe, Zn, Cd Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi. Ege Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Dergisi, 20(1-2), 69-74.
• Harte, J., Holdren, C., Schneider, R., & Shirley, C. (1991). Toxics A to Z, a guide everyday pollution hazards. Oxford: University of California Press, 576 pp. ISBN 978-0520072244
• Iqbal, J. & Shah, M.H. (2014). Study of seasonal variations and health risk assessment of heavy metals in Cyprinus carpio from Rawal Lake, Pakistan. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 186(49), 2025-2037.
• Kabata-Pendias, A. & Pendias, H. (2001). Trace elements in soils and plants. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 548 pp. ISBN 978-1420093681
• Kalay, M. & Canlı, M. (2000). Elimination of essential (Cu, Zn) and non-essential (Cd, Pb) metals from tissues of a freshwater fish Tilapia zillii following an uptake protocol. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 24, 429-36.
• Kankılıç, G.B., Tüzün, İ. & Kadıoğlu, Y.K. (2013). Assessment of heavy metal levels in sediment samples of Kapulukaya Dam Lake (Kırıkkale) and lower catchment area. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185(8), 6739-6750.
• Karadede-Akın, H. (2009). Seasonal variations of heavy metals in water, sediments, pondweed (P. pectinatus L., ) and freshwater fish (C.c. umbla ) of Lake Hazar (Elazığ-Turkey). Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 18(4), 511-518.
• Kerrison, P.H., Annonsi, D., Zerini, S., Ravera, O. & Moss, B. (1988). Effects of low concentrations of heavy metals on plankton community dynamics in a small, shallow, fertile lake. Journal of Plankton Research,10(4), 779-812.
• Kır, İ., Tekin-Özan, S. & Tuncay, Y. (2007). Kovada Gölü'nün su ve sedimentindeki bazı ağır metallerin mevsimsel değişimi. Ege Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Dergisi, 24(1-2), 155-158.
• Luorna, S.N. (1990). Processes affecting metal concentrations in Estuarine and Coastal Marine sediments. In R. W. Furness & P. S. Rainbow (Eds.), Heavy metals in the marine environment (pp. 1-66). Florida: CRC press. ISBN 0849355060
• Muller, K. E. & Fetterman, B. A. (2002). Regression and Anova: An Integrated Approach Using SAS Software. North Carolina: SAS Institute, 584 pp. ISBN 978-1580258906
• Özmen, H., Külahçı, F., Çukurovalı, A., & Doğru, M. (2004). Concentrations of heavy metal and radioactivity in surface water and sediment of Hazar Lake. Elazığ, Turkey. Chemosphere, 55(3), 401-408.
• Petronio, B.M., Cardellichio, N., Calace, N., Pietroletti, M., Pietrantonio, M. & Caliandro, L. (2012). Spatial and temporal heavy metal concentration (Cu, Pb, Zn, Hg, Fe, Mn, Hg) in sediments of the Mar Piccolo in Taranto (Ionian Sea, Italy). Water Air Soil Pollution, 223(2), 863-875.
• Puttaiah, E.T. & Kiran, B.R. (2008). Heavy metals transport in a sewage fed lake of Karanataka, India. The 12th World Lake Conference, pp. 347-354.
• Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Forest (2004). Su kirliliği kontrolü yönetmeliği, Resmi gazete, 31.12.2004, No: 25687.2004.
• Republic of Turkey Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock (2002). Su ürünleri kanunu ve su ürünleri yönetmeliği. Ankara.
• Schüürmann, G. & Markert, B. (1998). Ecotoxicology, ecological fundamentals, chemical expesure and biological effects. Verlag: Wiley and Spektrum Akademischer, 936 pp. ISBN 978-0-471-17644-2.
• Tanyolaç, J. (2006). Limnoloji, Ankara: Hatipoğlu yayınları, 294 pp. ISBN 9789757527466
• Tekin-Özan, S. (2008). Determination of heavy metals in water, sediment and tissues of tench (Tinca tinca L., 1758) from Beyşehir Lake (Turkey). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 145(1-3), 295-302.
• UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme). (1984). Determination of Total Cadmium, Zinc, Lead and Copper in Se-lected Marine Organisms by Flameless Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Reference Methods for Marine Pollution Studies. No:11, Rev.1.
• US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). (1999). National recommended water quality criteria correction office of water, EPA 822-Z-99-001, 25 pp.
• Usero, J., Izquierdo, C., Morillo, J., & Gracia, I. (2004). Heavy Metals in Fish (Solea vulgaris, Anguilla anguilla and Liza aurata) from Salt Marshes on the Southern Atlantic Coast of Spain. Environmental International, 29(7), 949-956.
• WHO (World Health Organization). (1998). Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Second edition, volume 1, Geneva.
• WHO (World Health Organization). (2011). Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Fourth edition, Geneva.
• Witeska, M. & Jezierska, B. (2003). The effects of environmental factors on metal toxicity to fish. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 12(8), 824-829.
• Wong, C.K.C., Cheung, R.Y.H. & Wong, G.M.H. (2000). Heavy metal concentration in green-lipped mussels collected from Tolo harbor and markets in Hong Kong and Shenzhen. Environmental Pollution, 109(1), 165-171.