Enabling circularity for food safety: the rooftop farming model

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 260 - 274, 29.06.2023

Tufan Özsoy

https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2023.2.3

Abstract

Population growth, environmental change, urbanization, consumption patterns, waste, the global political climate, conflicts, and infectious diseases all exert a strain on global food security. Access to sufficient and nutritious food is becoming increasingly problematic, particularly for individuals living in less developed and developing countries. More individuals are becoming aware of the significance of developing a "Green Economy" approach to ensure global food security. A multifaceted strategy is required to ensure global food security. This study emphasizes the need for regional self-sufficiency for the transition to a green economy, and as a model proposal, it is suggested that it would be beneficial to encourage and develop farming operations on the roofs of residential, commercial, and public housing in urban regions. Rooftop farming, as one of the urban agriculture practices, can be utilized as a strategic instrument to achieve a variety of key aims, including enhancing the local economy, reducing inequality, internalizing responsible production and consumption by society, improving the quality of urban life, and more. Furthermore, because of the novel production processes seen in urban agriculture, circularity in production and consumption, a key component of the transition to a green economy, can be realized. "Self-sufficiency" is one of the concepts underlined in this study. The study also includes real cases highlighting the potential benefits of rooftop farming.

Keywords

Food security, Self-sufficiency, Circular economy, Urban Farming, Rooftop farming

References

• Ackerman, K. (2011). The potential for urban agriculture in New York City: Growing capacity, food security, & green infrastructure. Urban Design Lab at the Earth Institute Columbia University. Retrieved from: http://urbandesignlab.columbia.edu/files/2015/04/4_urban_agriculture_nyc.pdf
• Armstrong, D. (2000). A survey of community gardens in upstate New York: Implications for health promotion and community development. Health & Place, 6(4), 319-327. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1353-8292(00)00013-7
• Arosemena, G., & Hammond, P. (2012). Urban agriculture: Spaces of Cultivation for a Sustainable City. GG. Retrieved from: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Urban-Agriculture-Spaces-Cultivation-Sustainable/dp/8425224233
• Badami, M. G., & Ramankutty, N. (2015). Urban agriculture and food security: A critique based on an assessment of urban land constraints. Global food security, 4, 8-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2014.10.003
• Beltran-Peña, A., Rosa, L., & D’Odorico, P. (2020). Global food self-sufficiency in the 21st century under sustainable intensification of agriculture. Environmental Research Letters, 15(9), 095004. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab9388
• Block, D. R., Chávez, N., Allen, E., & Ramirez, D. (2012). Food sovereignty, urban food access, and food activism: Contemplating the connections through examples from Chicago. Agriculture and Human Values, 29(2), 203-215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-011-9336-8
• Boneta, A., Rufí-Salís, M., Ercilla-Montserrat, M., Gabarrell, X., & Rieradevall, J. (2019). Agronomic and environmental assessment of a polyculture rooftop soilless urban home garden in a mediterranean city. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10, 341. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00341
• Buehler, D., & Junge, R. (2016). Global trends and current status of commercial urban rooftop farming. Sustainability, 8(11), 1108. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8111108
• Burgin, S. (2018). ‘Back to the future’? Urban backyards and food self-sufficiency. Land Use Policy, 78, 29-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.06.012
• Cabannes, Y. (2006). Financing and investment for urban agriculture. Cities Farming for the Future, 117-147. Retrieved from: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.124.4555&rep=rep1&type=pdf#page=117
• Calvet-Mir, L., & March, H. (2019). Crisis and post-crisis urban gardening initiatives from a Southern European perspective: The case of Barcelona. European Urban and Regional Studies, 26(1), 97-112. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969776417736098
• Calvet-Mir, L., Gómez-Baggethun, E., & Reyes-García, V. (2012). Beyond food production: Ecosystem services provided by home gardens. A case study in Vall Fosca, Catalan Pyrenees, Northeastern Spain. Ecological Economics, 74, 153-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.12.011
• Carney, M. (2011). The food sovereignty prize: implications for discourse and practice. Food and Foodways, 19(3), 169-180. https://doi.org/10.1080/07409710.2011.599767
• Clapp, J. (2017). Food self-sufficiency: Making sense of it, and when it makes sense. Food policy, 66, 88-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2016.12.001
• Davis, K. F., D’Odorico, P., & Rulli, M. C. (2014). Moderating diets to feed the future. Earth’s Future, 2(10), 559-565. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014EF000254
• Deelstra, T., & Girardet, H. (1999). Urban agriculture and sustainable cities, thematic paper 2. Growing Cities Growing Food: Urban Agriculture on the Policy Agenda: A Reader on Urban Agriculture. Resource Centre on Urban Agriculture and Forestry. Retrieved from: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.168.4991&rep=rep1&type=pdf
• Despommier, D. (2013). Farming up the city: the rise of urban vertical farms. Trends Biotechnol, 31(7), 388-389. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dickson-Despommier-3/publication/241691091_Farming_up_the_city_The_rise_of_urban_vertical_farms/links/5a2e6ca40f7e9b63e53d72f2/Farming-up-the-city-The-rise-of-urban-vertical-farms.pdf
• Dithmer, J., & Abdulai, A. (2017). Does trade openness contribute to food security? A dynamic panel analysis. Food Policy, 69, 218-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2017.04.008
• Ercilla-Montserrat, M., Muñoz, P., Montero, J. I., Gabarrell, X., & Rieradevall, J. (2018). A study on air quality and heavy metals content of urban food produced in a Mediterranean city (Barcelona). Journal of Cleaner Production, 195, 385-395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.183
• Ercilla-Montserrat, M., Sanjuan-Delmás, D., Sanyé-Mengual, E., Calvet-Mir, L., Banderas, K., Rieradevall, J., & Gabarrell, X. (2019). Analysis of the consumer’s perception of urban food products from a soilless system in rooftop greenhouses: a case study from the Mediterranean area of Barcelona (Spain). Agriculture and Human Values, 36(3), 375-393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-019-09920-7
• FAO (Food and Agricultre Organization). (1999). Implications of Economic Policy for Food Security: A Training Manual Retrieved from: http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/x3936e/x3936e03.htm
• FAO (Food and Agricultre Organization). (2018). FAO’s Role in Urban Agriculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved from: http://www.fao.org/urban-agriculture/en/
• FAO (Food and Agricultre Organization), IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development), WFP (World Food Programme). (2015). The state of food insecurity in the world 2015. In: Meeting the 2015 International Hunger Targets: Taking Stock of Uneven Progress. FAO, Rome. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.115.009936
• Feenstra, G. W. (1997). Local food systems and sustainable communities. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture, 12(1), 28-36. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0889189300007165
• Garnett, T., Appleby, M. C., Balmford, A., Bateman, I. J., Benton, T. G., Bloomer, P., ... & Godfray, H. C. J. (2013). Sustainable intensification in agriculture: premises and policies. Science, 341(6141), 33-34. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1234485
• Gerster-Bentaya, M. (2013). Nutrition-sensitive urban agriculture. Food Security, 5(5), 723-737. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-013-0295-3
• Giedych, R. (2013). Urban agriculture: structure, functions, future challenges. In Global Landscapes Forum. Warsaw, Poland. Retrieved from: https://www.slideshare.net/CIFOR/giedych-presentation
• Godfray, H. C. J., Beddington, J. R., Crute, I. R., Haddad, L., Lawrence, D., Muir, J. F., ... & Toulmin, C. (2010). Food security: the challenge of feeding 9 billion people. Science, 327(5967), 812-818. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1185383
• Goldstein, B., Hauschild, M., Fernández, J., & Birkved, M. (2016). Urban versus conventional agriculture, taxonomy of resource profiles: a review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 36(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-015-0348-4
• Gráda, C. Ó. (2009). Famine: a short history. Princeton University Press. Retrieved from: https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691147970/famine
• Grard, B., Bel, N., Marchal, N., Madre, N., Castell, J. F., Cambier, P., ... & Aubry, C. (2015). Recycling urban waste as possible use for rooftop vegetable garden. Future of Food: Journal on Food, Agriculture and Society, 3(1), 21-34. Retrieved from: https://kobra.uni-kassel.de/bitstream/handle/123456789/2015031947776/fofjVol3No1S21.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
• Grewal, S. S., & Grewal, P. S. (2012). Can cities become self-reliant in food?. Cities, 29(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2011.06.003
• Guitart, D., Pickering, C., & Byrne, J. (2012). Past results and future directions in urban community gardens research. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 11(4), 364-373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2012.06.007
• Gupta, G., & Mehta, P. (2017). Roof top farming a solution to food security and climate change adaptation for cities. In Climate Change Research at Universities (pp. 19-35). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58214-6_2
• Haberman, D., Gillies, L., Canter, A., Rinner, V., Pancrazi, L., & Martellozzo, F. (2014). The potential of urban agriculture in Montréal: a quantitative assessment. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 3(3), 1101-1117. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi3031101
• Hale, J., Knapp, C., Bardwell, L., Buchenau, M., Marshall, J., Sancar, F., & Litt, J. S. (2011). Connecting food environments and health through the relational nature of aesthetics: Gaining insight through the community gardening experience. Social Science & Medicine, 72(11), 1853-1863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.03.044
• Hamilton, A. J., Burry, K., Mok, H. F., Barker, S. F., Grove, J. R., & Williamson, V. G. (2014). Give peas a chance? Urban agriculture in developing countries. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 34(1), 45-73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-013-0155-8
• Hinrichs, C. C. (2000). Embeddedness and local food systems: notes on two types of direct agricultural market. Journal of Rural Studies, 16(3), 295-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0743-0167(99)00063-7
• Howe, J., & Wheeler, P. (1999). Urban food growing: The experience of two UK cities. Sustainable Development, 7(1), 13-24. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1719(199902)7:1<13::AID-SD100>3.0.CO;2-B
• Hui, S. C., & Chan, K. L. (2011). Biodiversity assessment of green roofs for green building design. In Proceedings of Joint Symposium 2011 on Integrated Building Design in the New Era of Sustainability. Retrieved from: http://ibse.hk/cmhui/JS-2011-samhui_fullpaper02.pdf
• Hume, I. V., Summers, D. M., & Cavagnaro, T. R. (2021). Self-sufficiency through urban agriculture: Nice idea or plausible reality?. Sustainable Cities and Society, 68, 102770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.102770
• Hussain, N. H. M., Hashim, N. H., & Ismail, A. (2020). Green roof concept analysis: A comparative study of urban farming practice in cities. Malaysian Journal of Sustainable Environment, 7(1), 115-132. https://doi.org/10.24191/myse.v7i1.8914
• Johnson, M. S., Lathuillière, M. J., Tooke, T. R., & Coops, N. C. (2015). Attenuation of urban agricultural production potential and crop water footprint due to shading from buildings and trees. Environmental Research Letters, 10(6). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/6/064007
• Kalantari, F., Tahir, O. M., Joni, R. A., & Fatemi, E. (2018). Opportunities and challenges in sustainability of vertical farming: A review. Journal of Landscape Ecology, 11(1), 35-60. https://doi.org/10.1515/jlecol-2017-0016
• Kinda, S. R. (2021). Does the green economy really foster food security in Sub-Saharan Africa?. Cogent Economics & Finance, 9(1), 1921911. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2021.1921911
• Kozai, T., & Niu, G. (2016). Conclusions: Resource-Saving and Resource-Consuming Characteristics of PFALs. In Plant Factory (pp. 395-399). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801775-3.00028-7
• Kumar, R. (2012). Five reasons why urban farming is the most important movement of our time. Retrieved December, 22, 2015. Retrieved from: https://www.good.is/articles/five-reasons-why-urban-farming-is-the-most-important-movement-of-our-time
• Kumar, J. R., Natasha, B., Suraj, K. C., Kumar, S. A., & Manahar, K. (2019). Rooftop farming: an alternative to conventional farming for urban sustainability. Malaysian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 3(1), 39-43. https://doi.org/10.26480/mjsa.01.2019.39.43
• Kummu, M., De Moel, H., Porkka, M., Siebert, S., Varis, O., & Ward, P. J. (2012). Lost food, wasted resources: Global food supply chain losses and their impacts on freshwater, cropland, and fertiliser use. Science of the Total Environment, 438, 477-489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.08.092
• Lachowycz, K., & Jones, A. P. (2011). Greenspace and obesity: a systematic review of the evidence. Obesity Reviews, 12(5), 183-189. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00827.x
• Lal, R. (2020). Home gardening and urban agriculture for advancing food and nutritional security in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Food Security, 12(4), 871-876. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-020-01058-3
• Lanarc-Golder, H. B. (2013). The urban farming guidebook: planning for the business of growing food in BC’s towns and cities. Retrieved from: www.refbc.com/sites/default/files/Urban-Farming-Guidebook-2013.pdf
• Lawrence, K., Gumbo, T., & Jeeva, Z. (2022). The influence of rooftop agriculture on urban food security in South Africa. Retrieved from: https://ieomsociety.org/proceedings/2022istanbul/730.pdf
• Ligutti, L. G., & Rawe, J. C. (1940). Rural roads to security. Milwaukee: The Bruce Publishing Company. Retrieved from: https://digital.library.cornell.edu/catalog/chla3083246
• Lydecker, M., & Drechsel, P. (2010). Urban agriculture and sanitation services in Accra, Ghana: the overlooked contribution. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 8(1-2), 94-103. https://doi.org/10.3763/ijas.2009.0453
• Lyson, T. A., Gillespie, G. W., & Hilchey, D. (1995). Farmers’ markets and the local community: Bridging the formal and informal economy. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture, 10(3), 108-113. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0889189300006251
• Manríquez-Altamirano, A., Sierra-Pérez, J., Muñoz, P., & Gabarrell, X. (2020). Analysis of urban agriculture solid waste in the frame of circular economy: Case study of tomato crop in integrated rooftop greenhouse. Science of the total environment, 734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139375
• Mansfield, B., & Mendes, W. (2013). Municipal food strategies and integrated approaches to urban agriculture: Exploring three cases from the global north. International Planning Studies, 18(1), 37-60. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563475.2013.750942
• Maughan, T. (2015). Is farming the future of cities?. Engineering & Technology, 10(12), 56-59. https://doi.org/10.1049/et.2016.1206
• Maxwell, D. (2003). The importance of urban agriculture to food and nutrition. Annotated bibliography on urban agriculture. Sida and ETC: Leusden, The Netherlands, 22-129. Retrieved from: https://ruaf.org/assets/2019/11/Annotated-Bibliography-on-Urban-Agriculture.pdf
• McClintock, N. (2010). Why farm the city? Theorizing urban agriculture through a lens of metabolic rift. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 3(2), 191-207. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsq005
• Meerow, S., Newell, J. P., & Stults, M. (2016). Defining urban resilience: A review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 147, 38-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.11.011
• Milanovic, D., Djuric-Mijovic, D., & Savic, J. (2018). Green roofs as a model of re-using flat roofs. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of Urban Planning, Niš, Serbia (pp. 14-17). Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Danijela-Milanovic-2/publication/329370994_GREEN_ROOFS_AS_A_MODEL_OF_RE-USING_FLAT_ROOFS/links/5c052d97458515ae5442f0c7/GREEN-ROOFS-AS-A-MODEL-OF-RE-USING-FLAT-ROOFS.pdf
• Misselhorn, A., Aggarwal, P., Ericksen, P., Gregory, P., Horn-Phathanothai, L., Ingram, J., & Wiebe, K. (2012). A vision for attaining food security. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 4(1), 7-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.01.008
• Mok, H. F., Williamson, V. G., Grove, J. R., Burry, K., Barker, S. F., & Hamilton, A. J. (2014). Strawberry fields forever? Urban agriculture in developed countries: a review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 34(1), 21-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-013-0156-7
• Morgan, K. (2015). Nourishing the city: The rise of the urban food question in the Global North. Urban Studies, 52(8), 1379-1394. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098014534
• Möller Voss, P. (2013). Vertical Farming: An agricultural revolution on the rise. Retrieved from: http://hh.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:628988/FULLTEXT01.pdf
• Nadal, A., Llorach-Massana, P., Cuerva, E., López-Capel, E., Montero, J. I., Josa, A., ... & Royapoor, M. (2017). Building-integrated rooftop greenhouses: An energy and environmental assessment in the mediterranean context. Applied Energy, 187, 338-351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.11.051
• Nogeire-Mcrae, T., Ryan, E. P., Jablonski, B. B. R., Carolan, M., Arathi, H. S., Brown, C. S., ... & Schipanski, M. E. (2018). The Role of Urban Agriculture in a Secure, Healthy, and Sustainable Food System. BioScience, 68, 748-759. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biy071
• Okvat, H. A., & Zautra, A. J. (2011). Community gardening: A parsimonious path to individual, community, and environmental resilience. American journal of Community Psychology, 47(3), 374-387. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-010-9404-z
• Opitz, I., Berges, R., Piorr, A., & Krikser, T. (2016). Contributing to food security in urban areas: differences between urban agriculture and peri-urban agriculture in the Global North. Agriculture and Human Values, 33(2), 341-358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-015-9610-2
• Perez, V. M. (2014). Study of the sustainability issues of food production using vertical farm methods in an urban environment within the state of Indiana. Purdue University. Retrieved from: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/dissertations/AAI1565090/
• Peters, C. J., Bills, N. L., Lembo, A. J., Wilkins, J. L., & Fick, G. W. (2009). Mapping potential foodsheds in New York State: A spatial model for evaluating the capacity to localize food production. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 24(1), 72-84. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742170508002457
• Pfeiffer, A., Silva, E., & Colquhoun, J. (2014). Innovation in urban agricultural practices: Responding to diverse production environments. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 30(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742170513000537
• Platt, P. (2007). Vertical farming: an interview with Dickson Despommier. Gastronomica, 7(3), 80-87. Retrieved from: https://online.ucpress.edu/gastronomica/article-pdf/7/3/80/556272/gfc_2007_7_3_80.pdf
• Pretty, J. (2018). Intensification for redesigned and sustainable agricultural systems. Science, 362(6417). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav0294
• Puri, V., & Caplow, T. (2009). 100% Renewable Energy autonomy in action-Chapter 12. World. Earthscan. Retrieved from: https://epub.sub.uni-hamburg.de/epub/volltexte/2015/40518/pdf/welli_2010_5_p.pdf
• Rosa, L., Rulli, M. C., Davis, K. F., Chiarelli, D. D., Passera, C., & D’Odorico, P. (2018). Closing the yield gap while ensuring water sustainability. Environmental Research Letters, 13(10). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aadeef
• Sanyé-Mengual, E., Anguelovski, I., Oliver-Solà, J., Montero, J. I., & Rieradevall, J. (2016). Resolving differing stakeholder perceptions of urban rooftop farming in Mediterranean cities: promoting food production as a driver for innovative forms of urban agriculture. Agriculture and Human Values, 33(1), 101-120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-015-9594-y
• Sanyé‐Mengual, E., Cerón‐Palma, I., Oliver‐Solà, J., Montero, J. I., & Rieradevall, J. (2013). Environmental analysis of the logistics of agricultural products from roof top greenhouses in Mediterranean urban areas. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 93(1), 100-109. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.5736
• Sanyé-Mengual, E., Martinez-Blanco, J., Finkbeiner, M., Cerdà, M., Camargo, M., Ometto, A. R., ... & Rieradevall, J. (2018). Urban horticulture in retail parks: Environmental assessment of the potential implementation of rooftop greenhouses in European and South American cities. Journal of Cleaner Production, 172, 3081-3091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.11.103
• Sharp, J., Imerman, E., & Peters, G. (2002). Community supported agriculture (CSA): Building community among farmers and non-farmers. Journal of Extension, 40(3), 1-9. Retrieved from: https://archives.joe.org/joe/2002june/a3.php
• Shrestha, S. B., Shrestha, B., & Shrestha, M. V. (2020). Rooftop Hydroponics: Opportunity for urban Agriculture in Godawari Municipality of Nepal. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology, 19(2), 62-67. https://doi.org/10.3126/njst.v20i1.39431
• Sivamani, S., Bae, N. J., Shin, C. S., Park, J. W., & Cho, Y. Y. (2014). An OWL-based ontology model for intelligent service in vertical farm. In Advances in Computer Science and its Applications, 279, 327-332. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41674-3_47
• Skanavis, C., Kounani, A., & Ntountounakis, I. (2017). Greek universities addressing the issue of climate change. In Climate Change Research at Universities, 333-344. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58214-6_21
• Smith, D. L. (2005). Urban and peri-urban agriculture as a public policy issue. In Workshop on Policy Prospects for Urban and Peri-Urban Agriculture in Kenya. Nairobi, Kenya. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mary-Njenga-2/publication/263426766_Urban_and_Peri_Urban_Agriculture_Policy_Prospects_for_in_Kenya/links/599a7e170f7e9b3edb19057c/Urban-and-Peri-Urban-Agriculture-Policy-Prospects-for-in-Kenya.pdf
• Smith, V. M., Greene, R. B., & Silbernagel, J. (2013). The social and spatial dynamics of community food production: A landscape approach to policy and program development. Landscape Ecology, 28(7), 1415-1426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-013-9891-z
• Specht, K., & Sanyé-Mengual, E. (2017). Risks in urban rooftop agriculture: Assessing stakeholders’ perceptions to ensure efficient policymaking. Environmental Science & Policy, 69, 13-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2016.12.001
• Specht, K., Weith, T., Swoboda, K., & Siebert, R. (2016). Socially acceptable urban agriculture businesses. Agronomy for sustainable development, 36(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-016-0355-0
• Springmann, M., Clark, M., Mason-D’Croz, D., Wiebe, K., Bodirsky, B. L., Lassaletta, L., ... & Willett, W. (2018). Options for keeping the food system within environmental limits. Nature, 562(7728), 519-525. Retrieved from: https://www.nature.com/nature/volumes/562/issues/7728
• Surls, R., Feenstra, G., Golden, S., Galt, R., Hardesty, S., Napawan, C., & Wilen, C. (2015). Gearing up to support urban farming in California: Preliminary results of a needs assessment. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 30(1), 33-42. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742170514000052
• Taylor, J. R., & Lovell, S. T. (2012). Mapping public and private spaces of urban agriculture in Chicago through the analysis of high-resolution aerial images in Google Earth. Landscape and Urban Planning, 108(1), 57-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.08.001
• TFPC (Toronto Food Policy Council), (1999) Feeding the city from the back forty: a commercial food production plan for the city of Toronto. Retrieved from: http://www.toronto.ca/health/tfpc_feeding.pdf
• Thomaier, S., Specht, K., Henckel, D., Dierich, A., Siebert, R., Freisinger, U. B., & Sawicka, M. (2015). Farming in and on urban buildings: Present practice and specific novelties of Zero-Acreage Farming (ZFarming). Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 30(1), 43-54. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742170514000143
• Toledano, B. (2019). The second generation of vertical farming is approaching. Here is why it is important. Retrieved from: https://agfundernews.com/the­second­generation­of­vertical­farming­is­approaching­heres­why­its­important.html
• Tornaghi, C. (2014). Critical geography of urban agriculture. Progress in Human Geography, 38(4), 551-567. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132513512542
• UN (United Nations). (2019). World Urbanization Prospects 2018. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Urbanization Prospects 2018: Highlights (ST/ESA/SER.A/421). Retrieved from: https://population.un.org/wpp/
• UN (United Nations). (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, Methodology of the United Nations Population Estimates and Projections. Working Paper No. ESA/P/WP.250. New York: United Nations. Retrieved from: https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/
• UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme). (2009). A global green new deal. United Nations Environment Programme. Retrieved from: https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/7903/A_Global_Green_New_Deal_Policy_Brief.pdf?sequence=3&amp%3BisAllowed=
• Unmüßig, B., Sachs, W., & Fatheuer, T. (2016). Critique of the Green Economy: Toward Social and Environmental Equity (2012). The Globalization and Environment Reader, 422. Retrieved from: https://pl.boell.org/sites/default/files/critique_of_the_green_economy.pdf
• van der Schans, J. W., & Wiskerke, J. S. (2012). Urban agriculture in developed economies. In Sustainable food planning: Evolving theory and practice (pp. 245-258). Wageningen Academic Publishers. Retrieved from: https://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/424632
• van Veenhuizen, R. (2006). Cities farming for the future. Cities farming for future, Urban Agriculture for green and productive cities,(p 2-17). RUAF Foundation, IDRC and IIRP, ETC-Urban agriculture, Leusden, The Netherlands. Retrieved from: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.124.4555&rep=rep1&type=pdf
• Van Veenhuizen, R. (2014). Cities farming for the future: Urban Agriculture for Green and Productive Cities. Retrieved from: https://www.idrc.ca/en/book/cities-farming-future-urban-agriculture-green-and-productive-cities
• Vogl, C. R., Axmann, P., & Vogl-Lukasser, B. (2004). Urban organic farming in Austria with the concept of Selbsternte (’self-harvest ‘): An agronomic and socio-economic analysis. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 19(2), 67-79. https://doi.org/10.1079/RAFS200362
• Wegren, S. K., & Elvestad, C. (2018). Russia’s food self-sufficiency and food security: An assessment. Post-Communist Economies, 30(5), 565-587. https://doi.org/10.1080/14631377.2018.1470854
• WHO (World Health Organization). (2016). Global Report on Urban Health. Retrieved from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/204715
• Wong, C., Wood, J., & Paturi, S. (2020). Vertical farming: an assessment of Singapore City. Etropic: Electronic Journal of Studies in the Tropics, 19, 228-248. http://dx.doi.org/10.25120/etropic.19.2.2020.3745
• Xi, L., Zhang, M., Zhang, L., Lew, T. T., & Lam, Y. M. (2022). Novel materials for urban farming. Advanced Materials, 34(25). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202105009
• Yusoff, N. H., Hussain, M. R. M., & Tukiman, I. (2017). Roles of community towards urban farming activities. Planning Malaysia, 15. https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v15i1.243
• Zasada, I. (2011). Multifunctional peri-urban agriculture—A review of societal demands and the provision of goods and services by farming. Land use policy, 28(4), 639-648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2011.01.008
• Zasada, I., Schmutz, U., Wascher, D., Kneafsey, M., Corsi, S., Mazzocchi, C., ... & Piorr, A. (2019). Food beyond the city–Analysing foodsheds and self-sufficiency for different food system scenarios in European metropolitan regions. City, Culture and Society, 16, 25-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccs.2017.06.002
• Zobbe, H. (2001). The economic and historical foundation of the common agricultural policy in Europe, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Unit of Economics Working Papers 2001/12, 1-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.24212