<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>jcer</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Journal of Computer and Education Research</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2148-2896</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Tamer KUTLUCA</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18009/jcer.1673425</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Mathematics Education</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Matematik Eğitimi</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>Mathematical Modeling Problems and Skill-Based Questions from the Perspective of Middle School Students</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <article-title>Ortaokul Öğrencilerinin Gözünden Matematiksel Modelleme Problemleri ve Beceri Temelli Sorular</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6487-6749</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Çavuşoğlu</surname>
                                    <given-names>Elanur</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>TC MİLLİ EĞİTİM BAKANLIĞI GAZİANTEP</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3202-8852</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Şahin</surname>
                                    <given-names>Seda</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Kilis 7 Aralık Üniversitesi</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20251021">
                    <day>10</day>
                    <month>21</month>
                    <year>2025</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>13</volume>
                                        <issue>26</issue>
                                        <fpage>1100</fpage>
                                        <lpage>1133</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20250410">
                        <day>04</day>
                        <month>10</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20250813">
                        <day>08</day>
                        <month>13</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2013, Journal of Computer and Education Research</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2013</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Journal of Computer and Education Research</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>This study aims to determine middle school students&#039; abilities to define mathematical modeling (MM) problems and their problem-solving processes, and to examine, based on students&#039; perspectives, the contributions provided by MM problems and their performance on skill-based questions (SBQ). The study is a case study involving 8th-grade students. Data were collected at the end of a 10-week period of MM problem applications through semi-structured interview forms and analyzed using content analysis. The results indicate that students believe there are structural and logical similarities between MM and SBQ, and that MM skills help them perform better on SBQ. It can be stated that MM has the potential to strengthen students&#039; 21st-century skills, while enhancing their academic success in both school and national/international exams.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <abstract><p>Bu araştırmanın amacı ortaokul öğrencilerinin matematiksel modelleme (MM) problemleri ve çözüm sürecini tanımlama yeterliklerini belirlemek ve MM problemlerinin sağladığı katkılar ve beceri temelli sorulardaki (BTS) performansları üzerine etkisini öğrencilerin görüşleri doğrultusunda incelemektir. Çalışma, 8. sınıf öğrencilerinin katılımıyla gerçekleştirilen bir durum çalışmasıdır. Veriler 10 hafta süren uygulamanın sonunda yarı-yapılandırılmış görüşme formu aracılığıyla toplanmış ve içerik analizi yöntemi ile analiz edilmiştir. Sonuçlar, öğrencilerin MM ile BTS’lerin yapısal ve mantıksal açıdan ortak yönlerinin olduğu ve MM becerilerinin BTS’lerde daha başarılı olmalarını sağladığını düşündüklerini göstermektedir. MM’nin öğrencilerin 21. yüzyıl becerilerini güçlendirirken okulda ve ulusal/uluslararası sınavlarda akademik başarılarını artırma potansiyeline sahip olduğu söylenebilir.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Matematiksel modelleme</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  matematiksel modelleme becerileri</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  beceri temelli sorular</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  21. yüzyıl becerileri</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>Mathematical modeling</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  mathematical modeling skills</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  skill-based questions</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  21st-century skills</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                                                        </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Abay, S., Gökbulut, Y. (2017). Sınıf öğretmeni adaylarının matematiksel modelleme becerileri: Fermi problemleri uygulamaları. Uluslararası Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(9).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Aksit, N. (2007). Educational reform in Turkey. International Journal of Educational Development, 27(2), 129-137.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Akyol, D. (2016). Model oluşturma etkinliklerinde bilişsel araç kullanımın öğrenci düşünme becerilerine etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Canbazoğlu Albayrak, H. B. &amp; Tarım, K. (2023). Cognitive mathematical modelling competencies of elementary school students. SDU International Journal of Educational Studies, 10l(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.33710/sduijes.1191490</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Altun, M. (2021). İlköğretim ikinci kademede (6, 7 ve 8. Sınıflarda) matematik öğretimi. (10. Baskı). Alfa Yayınları.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ambarite, S. M., Asri, L., Agustina, A., Octavianty, D., &amp; Zulkardi. (2018). Mathematical modeling skills on solving PISA problems. Journal of Physics: Conference Series.  https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1097/1/012115</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Aydın Güç, F. (2015). Matematiksel modelleme yeterliklerinin geliştirilmesine yönelik tasarlanan öğrenme ortamlarında öğretmen adaylarının matematiksel modelleme yeterliklerinin değerlendirilmesi. Doktora tezi, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Azili, T., &amp; Tutkun, Ö., F. (2021). Ortaokul öğretmenlerinin görüşlerine göre ortaöğretim merkezi sınavı (LGS)’nin üstünlükleri ve sınırlılıkları. Sosyal Araştırmalar ve Davranış Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(13). https://doi.org/10.52096/jsrbs.6.1.7.13</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Barbosa, J. C. (2006). Mathematical modelling in classroom: A socio-critical and discursive perspective. ZDM, 38(3), 293-301. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02652812</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Batur, Z., Ulutaş, M. &amp; Beyret, T. N. (2018). LGS Türkçe sorularının PISA okuma becerileri̇ hedefleri açısından incelenmesi. Milli Eğitim Dergisi, 48(1), 595–615.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bayat, Y. (2023). Sekizinci sınıf öğrencilerinin beceri temelli soruları ele alırken kullandıkları üstbilişsel beceriler ve matematiksel temsiller. Yüksek lisans tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Berber, A. &amp; Anılan, B. (2018). Son on yılda ortaöğretime geçiş sınavlarındaki fen bilimleri alan soruları ile ilgili öğretmen adaylarının görüşlerinin incelenmesi. Electronic Turkish Studies, 13(27). https://doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.14601</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Berry, J.,&amp; Houston, K. (1995). Mathematical modelling. J.W.Arrowsmith Ltd.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Biber, B.T. &amp; Özdemir, İ.E.Y. (2015). Matematik öğretiminde matematiksel modelleme yaklaşımı. Cito Eğitim: Kuram ve Uygulama, 27(3), 39-50.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Binkley, M., Erstad, O., Herman, J., Raizen, S., Ripley, M., Miller-Ricci, M., &amp; Rumble, M. (2012). Defining twenty-first century skills. In P. Griffin, B. McGaw, &amp; E. Care (Eds.), Assessment and teaching of 21st century skills (pp. 17-66). Springer.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bliss, K.M., &amp; Libertini, J.M. (2016). Using applications to motivate the learning of differential equations. In: Letzter, G., et al. Advances in the Mathematical Sciences. Association for Women in Mathematics Series, vol 6. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-34139-2_17</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Blomhøj, M. (2009). Different perspectives in research on the teaching and learning mathematical modelling. In M. Blomhøj, &amp; S. Carreira (Eds.), Mathematical applications and modelling in the teaching and learning of mathematics (pp. 1-17).  Roskilde University.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Blomhoj, M., &amp; Jensen, T.H. (2003). Developing mathematical modelling competence: conceptual clarification and educational planning, Teaching Mathematics and its Applications: An International Journal of the IMA, 22(3), 123–139.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Blum, W. (2011). Can modelling be taught and learnt? Some answers from empirical research. In G. Kaiser, W. Blum, R. Borromeo Ferri, &amp; G. Stillman (Eds.), Trends in teaching and learning of mathematical modelling: International perspectives on the teaching and learning of mathematical modelling (pp. 15-30). Springer.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Blum, W. (2015). Quality teaching of mathematical modelling: What do we know, what can we do? In S.J. Cho (Ed.), The Proceedings of the 12th International Congress on Mathematical Education (pp. 73–96). Springer.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Blum, W. &amp; Leiβ, D. (2005). “Filling up” – The problem of independence-preserving teacher interventions in lessons with demanding modelling tasks. Paper presented at the CERME4 2005, WG 13 Modelling and Applications.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Blum, W., &amp; Leiß, D. (2007). &quot;How do students and teachers deal with modelling problems? Some results of an empirical study.&quot; In C. Haines et al. (Eds.), Mathematical modelling (ICTMA 12): Education, engineering and economics (pp. 222–231). Horwood Publishing.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bonotto, C. (2001). How to connect school mathematics with students&#039; out-of-school knowledge. Zentralblatt für Didaktik der Mathematik, 33(3), 75-84.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Burkhardt, H. (2006). Modelling in mathematics classrooms: Reflections on past developments and the future. ZDM Mathematics Education, 38(2), 178–183.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Erkan Akgün, Ö., Karadeniz, Ş., Demirel, F. (2024). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (35. baskı). Pegem Yayıncılık.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Çavuş Erdem, Z., &amp; Gürbüz, R. (2021). Investigation of learning environment based on mathematical modeling activities. Necatibey Faculty of Education Electronic Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 15(1), 62-94. https://doi.org/10.17522/balikesirnef.896038</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Deniz, D., &amp; Akgün, L. (2014). Ortaöğretim öğrencilerinin matematiksel modelleme yönteminin sınıf içi uygulamalarına yönelik görüşleri. Trakya Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(1), 103-116.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Doruk, K. B., &amp; Umay, A. (2011). The effect of mathematical modeling on transferring mathematics into daily life. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 41, 124–135.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">English, L. D. &amp; Watters, J. (2004). Mathematical modelling with young children. 28th Conference of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education, 2, 335–342.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Erbaş, A. K., Çetinkaya, B., Alacacı, C., Çakıroğlu, E., Aydoğan Yenmez, A., Şen Zeytun, A., &amp; Şahin, Z. (2016). Lise matematik konuları için günlük hayattan modelleme soruları. Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Erden, B. (2020). Türkçe, Matematik ve Fen bilimleri dersi beceri temelli sorularına ilişkin öğretmen görüşleri. Academia Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(2), 81–103.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Erden, M. (2020). 2018 Matematik dersi öğretim programı ve beceri temelli sorular: Uygulama ve değerlendirme. Eğitimde Kuram ve Uygulama, 16(1), 41–60.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ferri, R. B. (2018). Learning how to teach mathematical modeling in school and teacher education. Springer International Publishing.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gainsburg, J. (2008). Real world connections in secondary mathematics teaching. Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education, 11(3), 199–219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10857-007-9070-8</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">GPE. (2020). 21st century skills: What potential role for the global partnership for education? A landscape review. Global Partnership for Education.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref36">
                        <label>36</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Henn, H.W. (2007). Modelling in school chances and obstacles. The Montana Mathematics Enthusiast, Monograph 3, 125-138.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref37">
                        <label>37</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kaiser, G. (2007). Modelling and modelling competencies in school. In C. Haines, P. Galbraith, W. Blum, &amp; S. Khan (Eds.), Mathematical modelling (ICTMA 12): Education, engineering and economics: Proceedings from the twelfth international conference on the teaching of mathematical modelling and applications (pp. 110–119). Horwood.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref38">
                        <label>38</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Karabacak, S., &amp; Akbaş, E. E. (2024). Matematik derslerinde sınıf içi matematiksel modelleme yöntemi kullanımının öğrenci görüşleri bağlamında değerlendirilmesi. Sosyal Bilimler EKEV Akademi Dergisi, 99, 363-389. https://doi.org/10.17753/sosekev.1457429</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref39">
                        <label>39</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Karalı, D., &amp; Durmuş, S. (2015). Primary school pre-service mathematics teachers’ views on mathematical modeling. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science &amp; Technology Education, 11(4), 803-815. https://doi.org/10.12973/eurasia.2015.1440a</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref40">
                        <label>40</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kertil, M. (2008). Matematik öğretmen adaylarının problem çözme becerilerinin modelleme sürecinde incelenmesi. Yüksek lisans tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref41">
                        <label>41</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kertil, M., &amp; Gurel, C. (2016). Mathematical modeling: A theoretical framework and implications for teaching and learning. Educational Sciences: Theory &amp; Practice, 16(3), 849–878.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref42">
                        <label>42</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kertil, M., Dede, H. G. &amp; Ulusoy, E. G. (2021). Kill-based mathematics questions: What do middle school mathematics teachers think about and how do they implement them? Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT), 12(1), 151-186.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref43">
                        <label>43</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kürtüncü, S., &amp; Kurtuluş, A. (2021). Skill-based tests at 6th and 7th grade level examining e-books according to the geometric habits of the mind. Journal of Research in Education and Teaching, 10(2).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref44">
                        <label>44</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Lesh, R., &amp; Caylor, B. (2007). Introduction to special issue: Modeling as application versus modeling as a way to create mathematics. International Journal of Computers for Mathematical Learning, 12(3), 173–194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-007-9121-3</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref45">
                        <label>45</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Maaß, K. (2006). What are modelling competencies? Zentralblatt für Didaktik der Mathematik-ZDM, 38(2), 113–142.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref46">
                        <label>46</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Miles, M. B., &amp; Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (2nd ed.). Sage Publications, Inc.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref47">
                        <label>47</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı. (2018). Matematik dersi öğretim programı (ilkokul ve ortaokul 1-8. sınıflar). Ankara</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref48">
                        <label>48</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı (2024). Ortaokul matematik dersi öğretim programı türkiye yüzyılı maarif modeli. Ankara.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref49">
                        <label>49</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Muşlu, M. (2016). Doğal sayılarda işlemler konusunun öğretiminde matematiksel modelleme yönteminin öğrenci başarısına etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Atatürk Üniversitesi
. 
Özer-Demir, Ö. (2022). Matematiksel modellemeye dayalı öğrenme ortamlarının 7. sınıf öğrencilerinin matematik okuryazarlığının gelişimine ve akademik başarısına etkisi. Yüksek lisans tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref50">
                        <label>50</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Özkaya, A., Bulut S., &amp; Şahin, G. (2023). The effect of İnterdisciplinary mathematical modeling activities on pre-service teachers&#039; mathematical thinking skills and mathematical literacy. Erzincan University Journal of Education Faculty, 25(4), 634–650.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref51">
                        <label>51</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Schoenfeld, A. (1992). Learning to think mathematically: Problem solving, metacognition, and sense making in mathematics. In D. A. Grouws (Ed.), Handbook of research on mathematics teaching and learning (pp. 334–370). Macmillan.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref52">
                        <label>52</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Voogt, J., &amp; Roblin, N. (2012). A comparative analysis of international frameworks for 21st century competences: Implications for national curriculum policies. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 44(3), 299–321. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220272.2012.668938</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref53">
                        <label>53</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yıldırım, A. &amp; Şimşek, H. (2013). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Seçkin Yayıncılık.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref54">
                        <label>54</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yin, R. (2009). Case study research: Design and methods (4th ed.). Sage Publications.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
