THE DISPUTE ON MARITIME JURISDICTION AREAS IN THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN: EXPERIENCED CRISES AND THEIR IMPACTS

Year 2021, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 1 - 22, 19.07.2021

Halil İlker Avcı

Abstract

Depending on the probability of rich hydrocarbon resources to be found in the area, the dispute on maritime jurisdiction areas (MJA) in the Eastern Mediterranean has gradually emerged since the beginning of the 2000s by the initiatives of littorals to demarcate their respective MJAs. By 2020, the dispute, of which Turkey, Greece, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), and Greek Cypriot Administration of Southern Cyprus (GCASC) constitutes the main actors, has evolved into a regional security issue that creates alignments and polarizations among littorals and affects the regional policies of great powers. In July-October period of 2020, Turkey and Greece have experienced a military confrontation stemming from the disagreement. In comparison to the other problems between Turkey and Greece, this dispute owns systemic, regional, and actor-based attributes which bear greater potential of creating severe crises. Therefore, it is important to examine the experienced crises to shed light on the future of the dispute. In this study, five crisis situations are scrutinized by utilizing the definitions of foreign policy crisis and international crisis in the literature. High-probability crisis creating situations in the future of the dispute are listed depending on the findings of this examination.

Keywords

Eastern Mediterranean, maritime jurisdiction areas, international conflict, foreign policy crisis, international crisis

Doğu Akdeniz Deniz Yetki Alanları Uyuşmazlığı: Yaşanan Krizler ve Etkileri

Abstract

Doğu Akdeniz deniz yetki alanları uyuşmazlığı, bölgede zengin hidrokarbon kaynakları bulunması olasılığına istinaden, kıyıdaşların 2000’li yıllardan itibaren kendi deniz yetki alanlarını belirleme girişimleri ile ortaya çıkmıştır. Başlıca aktörleri Türkiye, Yunanistan, KKTC ve GKRY olan bu uyuşmazlık, 2020’li yıllara gelindiğinde bölge ülkeleri arasında yakınlaşma ve kutuplaşmalar yaratan, büyük güçlerin Doğu Akdeniz politikalarını etkileyen bir bölgesel güvenlik meselesi halini almıştır. 2020 yılının Temmuz-Ekim aylarında Türkiye ile Yunanistan uyuşmazlık nedeniyle askeri olarak karşı karşıya gelmiştir. Bu uyuşmazlık, diğer Türk-Yunan sorunlarına nazaran iki ülke arasında daha şiddetli krizler yaratma potansiyeli bulunan sistemik, bölgesel ve aktör bazlı özelliklere sahiptir. Bu nedenle, uyuşmazlıkta bugüne kadar yaşanan krizlerin incelenmesi sorunun geleceğine ışık tutmak açısından önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada, uyuşmazlıkta yaşanan beş kriz durumu, literatürdeki dış politika krizi ve uluslararası kriz tanımları çerçevesinde incelenmektedir. Bu inceleme neticesinde, sorunun geleceğinde yeniden kriz yaratma olasılığı yüksek durumlar sıralanmaktadır.

Keywords

Doğu Akdeniz, deniz yetki alanları, uluslararası çatışma, dış politika krizi, uluslararası kriz

References

• Acer, Y. (2013). “Deniz Alanlarının Sınırlandırılması Hukuku”, Doğu Akdeniz’de Hukuk ve Siyaset, Başeren, S. H. (Der.), Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Yayın No:608, 307-326.
• Akgül, Ö. (2019). Dünya Savaşı Nasıl Çıkar? İkili Kriz İlişkilerinin (Aktör Çiftleri) Yayılması Üzerinden Dünya Savaşı Olgusunun Uluslararası İlişkilerin Ampirik Bulgularıyla Açıklanması. Gazi Akademik Bakış, 13 (25), 215-237. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/gav/issue/50603/658986.
• Aksu, F. ve Güder, S. (2017). “Turkey’s Protracted Foreign Policy Conflicts: Cyprus and Aegean Crises”, Analysing Foreign Policy Crises in Turkey: Conceptual, Theoretical and Practical Discussions, Aksu, F. ve Ertem, H. S. (Der.), Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 58-82.
• Azar, E. E., Jureidini, P. ve McLaurin, R. (1978). “Protracted Social Conflict: Theory and Practice in the Middle East”, Journal of Palestine Studies, 8/1, 41-60.
• Başeren, S. H. (2007). “Doğu Akdeniz”, Türk Deniz Araştırmaları Vakfı Örün Sitesi, http://tudav.org/calismalar/deniz-alanlari/munhasir-ekonomik-bolge/dogu-akdeniz-serhat-h-baseren/, (07.05.2020).
• Başeren, S. H. (2013). “Doğu Akdeniz Deniz Yetki Alanları Sınırlandırması Sorunu: Tarafların Görüşleri, Uluslararası Hukuk Kurallarına Göre Çözüm ve Sondaj Krizi”, Doğu Akdeniz’de Hukuk ve Siyaset, Başeren, S. H. (Der.), Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Yayın No:608, 253-305.
• Baykal, F. H. (1998). Deniz Hukuku Çalışmaları, 1. Bs., İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları.
• Brecher, M. (1993). Crises in World Politics: Theory and Reality, 1. Basım, Oxford: Pergamon Press.
• Brecher, M. ve Wilkenfeld, J. (2007). A Study of Crisis, 5. Basım, Michigan: The University of Michigan Press.
• Demiryol, T. (2020). “Natural Gas and Geopolitics in the Eastern Mediterranean”, Heinrich Böll Stiftung, https://tr.boell.org/en/2020/09/07/natural-gas-and-geopolitics-eastern-mediterranean, (5.11.2020).
• Erciyes, Ç. (2019). “Doğu Akdeniz Deniz Yetki Alanlarının Sınırlandırılması, Türkiye’nin Siyasi ve Hukuki Tezleri, Sahadaki Uygulamaları”, T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Resmi Örün Sitesi, http://www.mfa.gov.tr/data/dogu-akdeniz-deniz-yetki-alanlarinin-sinirlandirilmasi.pdf, (16.06.2020).
• Gürdeniz, C. (2020). Doğu Akdeniz: Mavi Vatan’ın Güney Cephesi, 4. Baskı, Ankara: Pankuş Yayınları.
• Hermann, C. F. (1969). “International Crisis as a Situational Variable”, International Politics and Foreign Policy. A Reader in Research and Theory, New York: The Free Press.
• McCormick, J. M. (1978). “International Crises: A Note on Definition”, The Western Political Quarterly, 31: 352-358.
• Phillips, W. ve Rimkunas, R. (1978). “The Concept of Crisis in International Politics”, Journal of Peace Research, 15/3: 259-272.
• Rothwell, D. R. ve Stephens, T. (2010). The International Law of the Sea, Oxford: Hart Publishing.
• Snyder, G. H. ve Diesing, P. (1977). Conflict Among Nations: Bargaining, Decision Making, and System Structure in International Crises, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Tanaka, Y. (2012). The International Law of the Sea, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Tanchum, M. (2020). “How Did the Eastern Mediterranean Become the Eye of a Geopolitical Storm?”, Foreign Policy, https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/08/18/eastern-mediterranean-greece-turkey-warship-geopolitical-showdown/, (10.09.2020).
• The Maritime Boundaries and Natural Resources of the Republic of Lebanon: Challenges and Opportunities. (2014) https://www.undp.org/content/dam/lebanon/docs/Governance/Publications/Legal%20section%201-6.pdf, (11.06.2020).
• Tsakonas, P. (2020). “Containgagement: An EU Strategy towards Erdogan’s Turkey”, Eliamep: Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy, Policy Paper No.39.
• Tziampiris, A. (2015). The Emergence of Israeli-Greek Cooperation, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
• Warner, R. (2009). Protecting the Oceans Beyond National Jurisdiction: Strengthening the International Law Framework, Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
• Yaycı, C. (2019). Sorular ve Cevaplar ile Münhasır Ekonomik Bölge (MEB) Kavramı, 1. Baskı, İstanbul: Deniz Basımevi Müdürlüğü.
• Yaycı, C. (2020). Doğu Akdeniz’in Paylaşım Mücadelesi ve Türkiye, 1. Basım, İstanbul: Kırmızı Kedi Yayınevi.
• BMDHS, Birleşmiş Milletler Deniz Hukuku Sözleşmesi (1982), http://www.unicankara.org.tr/doc_pdf/denizhukuku.pdf, (8.6.2020).
• Convention on the Continental Shelf (1958), http://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/8_1_1958_continental_shelf.pdf,
• Council Decision 2019/1894 of 11 November 2019 concerning restrictive measures in view of Turkey's unauthorised drilling activities in the Eastern Mediterranean, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32019D1894&from=GA, (15.12.2020).
• European Council Conclusions 613/20 on External Relations, 1 October 2020, Council of EU, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2020/10/01/european-council-conclusions-on-external-relations-1-october-2020/pdf, (12.12.2020).
• European Council Conclusions EUCO 22/20 – 10 and 11 December 2020, Brussels, 11 December 2020, Md.30-34, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/47296/1011-12-20-euco-conclusions-en.pdf, (15.12.2020).
• Exclusive Economic Zone Law of 2004, https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/cyp_2004_eez_proclamation.pdf, (11.06.2020).
• GKRY-İsrail MEB Sınırlandırma Antlaşması, https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/TREATIES/cyp_isr_eez_2010.pdf, (12.06.2020).
• GKRY-Mısır MEB Sınırlandırma Antlaşması, Agreement between the Republic of Cyprus and the Arab Republic of Egypt on the Delimitation of the Exclusive Economic Zone, https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/DEPOSIT/cyp_mzn47_2004.pdf, (11.06.2020).
• “Greek-Turkish dispute over the delimitation of the continental shelf”, Yunanistan Dışişleri Bakanlığı Örün Sitesi, https://www.mfa.gr/en/issues-of-greek-turkish-relations/relevant-documents/delimitation-of-the-continental-shelf.html, (14.06.2020).
• Information note by Turkey, concerning its objection to the Agreement between the Republic of Cyprus and the Arab Republic of Egypt on the Delimitation of the Exclusive Economic Zone 17 February 2003, Note No.2004/Turkuno DT/4739 dated 2 March 2004 from the Permanent Mission of Turkey to the United Nations, Law of Sea Bulletin, No.54, 2004, s.127, https://www.un.org/Depts/los/doalos_publications/LOSBulletins/bulletinpdf/bulletin54e.pdf, (16.06.2020).
• Law No. 2289/1995 "On Prospecting, Exploration and Exploitation of Hydrocarbons/20111and Other Provisions", as amended by Law No. 4001, Transmitted through note verbale dated 8 May 2012 from the Permanent Mission of Greece to the United Nations, https://www.un.org/Depts/los/doalos_publications/LOSBulletins/bulletinpdf/bulletin79e.pdf, (25.01.2021).
• Letter dated 18 March 2020 from the Permanent Representative of Turkey to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General, A/74/757, https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3856643, (01.02.2021).
• Letter dated 11 August 2020 from the Permanent Representative of Greece to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General, A/74/988–S/2020/795, para.2, (10.12.2020).
• Memorandum of Understanding between the Government of the Republic of Turkey and the Government of National Accord-State of Libya on Delimitation of the Maritime Jurisdiction Areas in the Mediterranean, https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/TREATIES/Turkey_11122019_%28HC%29_MoU_Libya-Delimitation-areas-Mediterranean.pdf, (23.10.2020).
• T.C. BM Daimî Temsilciliğinin 23 Aralık 2010 tarihli mektubu, Letter dated 23 December 2010 from the Permanent Representative of Turkey to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General, UN.Doc.A/65/674-S/2010/674, paragraf 7, https://undocs.org/pdf?symbol=en/A/65/674, (17.06.2020).
• T.C. Resmî Gazete, Sayı:31140, 30 Mayıs 2020, s.14, https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2020/05/20200530.pdf, (17.10.2020). Yunanistan-Mısır Münhasır Ekonomik Bölge Antlaşması, https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/TREATIES/GRCEGY.pdf, (29.01.2021).
• Bassist, R. (2020, 22 Eylül). “East-Med Gas Forum evolves as Israel, Egypt enhance cooperation”, Al-Monitor, https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2020/09/israel-egypt-greece-cyprus-italy-france-natural-gas-fields.html, (5.11.2020).
• Ergin, S. (2021, 28 Ocak). “Almanya’nın ‘Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa’ mesajının perde arkası”, Hürriyet, https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/yazarlar/sedat-ergin/almanyanin-barbaros-hayreddin-pasa-mesajinin-perde-arkasi-41726272, (29.01.2021).
• Göksedef, E. (2020, 13 Ekim). “Doğu Akdeniz: Oruç Reis ve NAVTEX'ler, Türkiye-Yunanistan gerginliğinde nasıl rol oynadı?”, BBC Türkçe, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-54506593, (06.12.2020).
• Hadjicostis, M. (2018, 23 Şubat). “EU warns Turkey after its warships force gas rig to halt”, Associated Press, https://apnews.com/article/92f9f79f1e34439a9ac7f5a61ae1f722, (13.12.2020).
• Maltezou, R. (2018, 23 Şubat). “Cyprus accuses Turkey of blocking ship again in gas exploration standoff”, Reuters, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cyprus-natgas-turkey-idUSKCN1G71MF, (02.12.2020).
• “AB-ABD hattındaki Türkiye gündeminin şifreleri”, Deutsche Welle Türkçe, 28.01.2021, https://www.dw.com/tr/ab-abd-hatt%C4%B1ndaki-t%C3%BCrkiye-g%C3%BCndeminin-%C5%9Fifreleri/a-56370608, (29.01.2021)
• “ABD, Güney Kıbrıs'a 33 yıldır uygulanan silah ambargosunu kısmi olarak kaldırdı”, Euronews, https://tr.euronews.com/2020/09/01/abd-guney-k-br-s-a-33-y-ld-r-uygulanan-silah-ambargosunu-k-smi-olarak-kald-rd-, (15.12.2020).
• “Alman Dışişleri Bakanı Maas, Türkiye'nin Oruç Reis açıklaması sonrası Ankara ziyaretini iptal etti”, Euronews, 13.10.2020, https://tr.euronews.com/2020/10/13/alman-d-sisleri-bakan-maas-turkiye-nin-oruc-reis-ac-klamas-sonras-ankara-ziyaretini-iptal-, (21.11.2020).
• “BM'den flaş Kıbrıs açıklaması!”, Hürriyet, 28.01.2021, https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dunya/bmden-flas-kibris-aciklamasi-41727218, (29.01.2021).
• “Calls growing for EU sanctions against Turkey over actions in Eastern Mediterranean and Cyprus”, Euronews, 15.10.2020, https://www.euronews.com/2020/10/15/calls-growing-for-eu-sanctions-against-turkey-over-actions-in-eastern-mediterranean-and-cy, (15.12.2020).
• “Cyprus, Greece issue counter-Navtex voiding Turkish advisory”, Knews, 22.07.2020, https://knews.kathimerini.com.cy/en/news/cyprus-greece-issue-counter-navtex-voiding-turkish-advisory, (05.12.2020).
• “Dendias reiterates government intention to extend territorial waters in Crete”, Ekathimerini, 19.01.2021, https://www.ekathimerini.com/261393/article/ekathimerini/news/dendias-reiterates-government-intention-to-extend-territorial-waters-in-crete, (29.01.2021).
• “Doğu Akdeniz - Reuters: Türkiye’nin Kemal Reis ve Yunanistan’ın Limnos gemileri arasındaki olay için Atina ‘kazaydı’ diyor”, BBC News Türkçe, 14.08.2020, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-53779999, (10.12.2020).
• “Erdoğan: Oruç Reis'e saldırmayın dedik ve bugün ilk cevabı aldılar”, Euronews, 13.08.2020, https://tr.euronews.com/2020/08/13/erdogan-oruc-reis-e-sald-rmay-n-dedik-ve-bugun-ilk-cevab-ald-lar, (10.12.2020).
• “France deploys ‘battle ready’ aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle to East Mediterranean”, Keep Talking Greece, 31.08.2020, https://www.keeptalkinggreece.com/2020/08/31/charles-de-gaulle-aircraft-carrier-france-mditerranean/, (15.12.2020).
• “France's Macron says he set red lines with Turkey in eastern Mediterranean”, Reuters, 28.08.2020, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-macron-turkey-idUSKBN25O2OO, (15.12.2020).
• “France warns Turkey against redeploying research ship at heart of row with Greece”, France24, 12.10.2020, https://www.france24.com/en/20201012-turkey-to-redeploy-to-eastern-mediterranean-disputed-waters-research-ship-at-heart-of-greece-row, (10.12.2020).
• “German paper claims Angela Merkel staved off Greek-Turkish military clash”, Neokosmos, 25.07.2020, https://neoskosmos.com/en/170906/german-paper-claims-angela-merkel-staved-off-greek-turkish-military-clash/, (05.12.2020).
• “Germany's Maas calls on Greece and Turkey to avoid 'catastrophe'”, Deutsche Welle, 25.08.2020, https://www.dw.com/en/germanys-maas-calls-on-greece-and-turkey-to-avoid-catastrophe/a-54693420, (15.12.2020).
• “Greece and France ink $3 billion contract for Rafale fighter jets”, DefenseNews, https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2021/01/25/greece-and-france-ink-3-billion-contract-for-rafale-fighter-jets/, (29.01.2021).
• “Greece says no talks with Turkey as long as survey ship in area”, Ekathimerini, 13.10.2020, https://www.ekathimerini.com/258009/article/ekathimerini/news/greece-says-no-talks-with-turkey-as-long-as-survey-ship-in-area, (15.12.2020).
• “Greece to Buy 2 FTI frigates from France”, Defence World, 11.10.2019, https://www.defenseworld.net/news/25648/Greece_to_Buy_2_FTI_frigates_from_France#.X9vKidgzZPY, (15.12.2020).
• “Greece, Turkey getting ready for 61st round of talks”, Ekathimerini, 16.01.2021, https://www.ekathimerini.com/261320/article/ekathimerini/news/greece-turkey-getting-ready-for-61st-round-of-talks, (29.01.2021).
• “Greek authorities issue counter-NAVTEX after Turkey announces new illegal one for Oruç Reis”, Greek City Times, 25.10.2020, https://greekcitytimes.com/2020/10/25/greek-counter-navtex-turkey/, (14.12.2020).
• “İbrahim Kalın yorumladı: Atatürk'e "lanet" tartışması ve Yunanistan'la NAVTEX krizi”, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=--Lz2UkMtW0, (05.12.2020).
• “Merkel kıta sahanlığı gerginliğinde devreye girdi”, Deutsche Welle Türkçe, 22.07.2020, https://www.dw.com/tr/merkel-k%C4%B1ta-sahanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1-gerginli%C4%9Finde-devreye-girdi/a-54268852, (05.12.2020).
• “Next Greek-Turkish meeting expected in March”, Ekathimerini, 26.01.2021, https://www.ekathimerini.com/261646/article/ekathimerini/news/next-greek-turkish-meeting-expected-in-march, (29.01.2021).
• “Oruç Reis Akdeniz açıklarında”, TRTHABER, 22.07.2020, https://www.trthaber.com/haber/gundem/oruc-reis-akdeniz-aciklarinda-503581.html, (05.12.2020).
• “Oruç Reis anlaşmazlığında uzlaşma sinyalleri”, Deutsche Welle Türkçe, 27.07.2020, https://www.dw.com/tr/oru%C3%A7-reis-anla%C5%9Fmazl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1nda-uzla%C5%9Fma-sinyalleri/a-54340820, (05.12.2020).
• “Oruc Reis within Greek continental shelf”, Ekathimerini, 10.08.2020, https://www.ekathimerini.com/255682/article/ekathimerini/news/oruc-reis-within-greek-continental-shelf, (10.12.2020).
• “PM: Greece, France to sign deal on purchase of Rafale fighter jets within days”, Ekathimerini, 15.12.2020, https://www.ekathimerini.com/260325/article/ekathimerini/news/pm-greece-france-to-sign-deal-on-purchase-of-rafale-fighter-jets-within-days, (15.12.2020).
• “Pompeo in Cyprus says US 'deeply concerned' over Turkey energy search”, France24, 12.09.2020, https://www.france24.com/en/20200912-pompeo-in-cyprus-says-us-deeply-concerned-over-turkey-energy-search, (15.12.2020).
• “Turkey’s NAVTEX for research inside Greece’s continental shelf, sets Armed Forces on alert”, Keep Talking Greece, 21.07.2020, https://www.keeptalkinggreece.com/2020/07/21/turkey-navtex-greece-armed-forces/, (05.12.2020).
• “Turkish blockade of ship off Cyprus is out of Eni's control: CEO”, Reuters, 16.02.2018, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cyprus-natgas-turkey-eni/turkish-blockade-of-ship-off-cyprus-is-out-of-enis-control-ceo-idUSKCN1G01K0, (02.12.2020).
• “Turkish Navy protecting Oruc Reis in East Mediterranean”, Anadolu Agency, 11.08.2020, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/turkish-navy-protecting-oruc-reis-in-east-mediterranean/1937752, (10.12.2020).
• “Turkish research vessel sailing outside Greek waters, says Navy”, Ekathimerini, 12.08.2020, https://www.ekathimerini.com/255791/article/ekathimerini/news/turkish-research-vessel-sailing-outside-greek-waters-says-navy, (10.12.2020).
• “Türkiye dediğini yaptı: Yunanistan'ın Oruç Reis senaryoları suya düştü”, CNNTÜRK, 12.08.2020, https://www.cnnturk.com/dunya/turkiye-dedigini-yapti-yunanistanin-oruc-reis-senaryolari-suya-dustu?page=1, (10.12.2020).
• “US calls on Greece, Turkey to engage in dialogue over east Med tension”, 27.08.2020, Hurriyet Daily News, https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/us-calls-on-greece-turkey-to-engage-in-dialogue-over-east-med-tension-157731, (15.12.2020).
• “Yunanistan Genelkurmay Başkanı'ndan 'Oruç Reis' açıklaması”, Hürriyet, 22.07.2020, https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dunya/yunanistan-genelkurmay-baskanindan-oruc-reis-aciklamasi-41570234, (05.12.2020).
• “Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa Gemisinin Akdeniz’deki Sismik Araştırma Faaliyeti Hakkında Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanlığı Basın Açıklaması”, https://www.enerji.gov.tr/tr-TR/Bakanlik-Haberleri/Basin-Aciklamasi-----------, (16.06.2020).
• Cumhurbaşkanlığı Sözcüsü İbrahim Kalın’ın 25 Ocak 2021 tarihinde Twitter hesabından yaptığı açıklama, https://twitter.com/ikalin1/status/1353703290710732802, (29.01.2021).
• Dışişleri Bakanı Sayın Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu’nun Almanya Dışişleri Bakanı Sayın Heiko Maas ile Ortak Basın Toplantısı, 25 Ağustos 2020, Ankara, http://www.mfa.gov.tr/disisleri-bakani-sayin-mevlut-cavusoglu-nun-almanya-db-ile-ortak-basin-toplantisi-25-agustos-2020.tr.mfa, (15.12.2020).
• “East Med Gas Forum Created In Cairo: A Regional Game Changer?”, Euromenaenergy, https://euromenaenergy.com/east-med-gas-forum-created-in-cairo-a-regional-game-changer/?print=pdf, (5.11.2020).
• GKRY Enerji, Ticaret ve Sanayi Bakanlığı Örün Sitesi, Hidrokarbon Hizmetleri, http://www.mcit.gov.cy/mcit/hydrocarbon.nsf/page16_en/page16_en?OpenDocument, (05.12.2020).
• “Greece-Cyprus-Egypt Trilateral Cooperation”, https://www.mfa.gr/en/blog/greece-bilateral-relations/egypt/, (18.06.2020).
• “Military de-confliction mechanism between Greece and Turkey established at NATO”, 1 October 2020, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_178523.htm, (15.12.2020).
• Minister of Foreign Affairs Nikos Dendias’ statement following his meeting with his German counterpart, Heiko Maas (Athens, 25 August 2020), https://www.mfa.gr/en/current-affairs/top-story/minister-of-foreign-affairs-nikos-dendias-statement-following-his-meeting-with-his-german-counterpart-heiko-maas-athens-25-august-2020.html, (15.12.2020).
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs statement on Turkey’s new illegal NAVTEX (21 July 2020), https://www.mfa.gr/en/current-affairs/statements-speeches/ministry-of-foreign-affairs-statement-on-turkeys-new-illegal-navtex-21-july-2020.html, (05.12.2020).
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs announcement on Turkey’s new illegal Navtex (12 October 2020), https://www.mfa.gr/en/current-affairs/statements-speeches/ministry-of-foreign-affairs-announcement-on-turkeys-new-illegal-navtex-12-october-2020.html, (14.12.2020).
• SHOD, Seyir Hidrografi ve Oşinografi Dairesi Başkanlığı Örün Sitesi, Denizcilere Bildiri Numarası: 1032/18, 0977/20, 1024/20, 1062/20, 1085/20, 1093/20, 1262/20, 1314/20, 1332/20, 1364/20, 1404/20, 1460/20, http://www.shodb.gov.tr/shodb_esas/index.php/tr/, (20.02.2021).
• Statement by NSC Spokesperson Emily Horne on National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan’s Call with Head of Cabinet Bjoern Seibert of the European Commission, JANUARY 28, 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/01/28/statement-by-nsc-spokesperson-emily-horne-on-national-security-advisor-jake-sullivans-call-with-head-of-cabinet-bjoern-seibert-of-the-european-commission/, (29.01.2021).
• Statement of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Nikos Dendias, following the signing of the agreement on the delimitation of EEZ between Greece and Egypt (Cairo, 6 August 2020), https://www.mfa.gr/missionsabroad/en/egypt-en/news/statement-of-the-minister-of-foreign-affairs-nikos-dendias-following-the-signing-of-the-agreement-on-the-delimitation-of-eez-between-greece-and-egypt-cairo-august-2020.html, (23.10.2020).
• T.C. Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanlığı Resmi Örün Sitesi, https://enerji.gov.tr/tr-TR/Bakanlik-Haberleri/Basin-Aciklamasi------------, (17.06.2020).
• U.S. Response to Turkey’s Renewed Survey Activity in the Eastern Mediterranean, October 13, 2020, https://www.state.gov/u-s-response-to-turkeys-renewed-survey-activity-in-the-eastern-mediterranean/, (14.12.2020).
• Yunanistan Dışişleri Bakanlığının Oruç Reis’in Faaliyeti için Yayınlanan Navtex’e dair Açıklaması Hk., No: 244, 12 Ekim 2020, http://www.mfa.gov.tr/no_-244_-yunanistan-disisleri-bakanligi-nin-oruc-reis-in-faaliyeti-icin-yayinlanan-navtex-e-dair-aciklamasi-hk.tr.mfa, (14.12.2020).
• Şekil 1. “Doğu Akdeniz: Kıbrıs açıklarında doğalgaz arama krizi nasıl başladı, hangi ülke ne istiyor?”, BBCNEWS Türkçe, 10.05.2019, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-48225246, adresinden alınmıştır. (13.12.2020).
• Şekil 3. Anadolu Ajansı https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/turkiye-oruc-reisle-guneyindeki-yunan-rum-misir-kusatmasini-kiriyor/1938303, adresinden alınmıştır. (15.12.2020).
• Şekil 4. “Greece and Egypt sign agreement on exclusive economic zone”, Ekathimerini, 06.08.2020, https://www.ekathimerini.com/255573/gallery/ekathimerini/news/greece-and-egypt-sign-agreement-on-exclusive-economic-zone, sayfasından alınmıştır. (23.10.2020).