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Structural Transformation, Income Inequality, and Employment Linkages in Turkey’s Regions

Year 2020, , 91 - 121, 25.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2020-0020

Abstract

During the post-2001 period of Turkey, the services, industry and agricultural sectors’ employment and value added share have undergone significant changes. The main purpose of this study is to investigate structuralist transformation at a regional level for Turkey and set up links between structural transformation and income inequality for the years between 2006 and 2018. In this context, primarily, sectoral shifts in employment share has been analysed by using shift share analysis at NUTS-1 level. Secondly, a fixed effects panel data model has been implemented for the analysis of linkages between income inequality and sectoral employment shares. The first conclusion is that, Turkey’s region has undergone structural transformation meanwhile deindustrialization is accompanied by tertiarisation. The greatest increase has been realised in the service employment share and the industry has become of secondary importance. The second main conclusion is related with the linkages between income inequality and sectoral employment shares. At NUTS-1 level, the relation between the industrial employment share and income inequality is found to be weak. Additionally, the share of service employment is found to be significant in determining income inequality data. Briefly the service employment share has consequences that have a negative impact on income equality.

References

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  • Akıncı, M., Yılmaz, Ö., (2013). Türkiye’de sektörel istihdam ve bölgesel kalkınma ilişkisi: Shift – Share (değişim payı) analizi. İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası,63(2), 25–51.
  • Anand, S.,& Kanbur, S.R. (1993). The Kuznets process and the inequality development relationship. Journal of Development Economics,40, 25–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(93)90103-T
  • Angeles, Luis (2010). An alternative test of Kuznets’ hypothesis. The Journal of Economic Inequality, 8(4), 463–473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10888-009-9117-4
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  • Bayar, A. A. (2016). “The decomposition of regional income inequalities of Turkey” Unpublished manuscript. Retrieved from: https.//www.aeaweb.org/conference/2016/retrieve.php?pdfid=1382,10.02. 2018
  • Bayar, A. ve Günçavdı, Ö. (2018), “Türkiye’de sanayisizleşme ve yoksulluk ”, Efil Journal, 1(4), 36–71.
  • Baymul, C. & Sen, K. (2018). “Was Kuznets right? New evidence on the relationship between structural transformation and inequality.” ESRC GPID ResearchNetwork WorkingPaper. 10.
  • Baymul, C. & Sen, K. (2020). Was Kuznets right? New evidence on the relationship between structural transformation and inequality. The Journal of Development Studies, 56(9). 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2019.1702161
  • Baymul, Ç., & Sen, K. (2019). Kuznets revisited: What do we know about the relationship between structural transformation and inequality?. Asian Development Review, 36(1), 136–167. https://doi.org/10.1162/adev_a_00126.
  • Bourguignon, F., & Morrisson, C. (1990). Income distribution, development and foreign trade: A cross-sectional analysis. European Economic Review, 34(6), 1113–1132. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2921(90)90071-6
  • Dastidar, A. (2012). Income distribution and structural transformation: Empirical evidence from developed and developing countries. Seoul Journal of Economics, 25(1), 25–56.
  • Dinç, Ç., & Haynes, K. (1999). Sources of regional ineffciency: An integrated shift-share, data envelopment analysis and input-output Approach? The Annals Of Regional Science,33, 469–489. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001680050116
  • Doğruel, F., & Doğruel, S. (2010). The deindustrialization of Istanbul. Munich PersonalRePEc Archive. Paper No. 27070.
  • Doğruel, F., ve Doğruel, S. (2017). Türkiye’de sanayileşme ve kriz. Koyuncu, M., Mıhcı, H., Yeldan, E. (Ed), Geçmişten geleceğe Türkiye ekonomisi içinde (s. 45–73). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
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  • Doğruel, F. ve Doğruel, S. (2018b). Two phases of deindustrialızation policies in İstanbul. Marmara İktisat Dergisi, (2), 186-201.
  • Elburz, Z., & Gezici, F. (2012, August). Regional development policies and industrial employment change in Turkey: a shift share analysis (1992–2008). 52. In ERSA Congress (pp. 21-25). Bratislava.
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  • Felipe, J., Mehta, A., & Rhee, C. (2019). Manufacturing matters... but it’s the jobs that count. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 43(1), 139–168. https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/bex086
  • Filiztekin, A. ve Çelik, M. A. (2010). “Regional income inequality in Turkey”, Megaron, 5(3), 116–127. Günçavdı, Ö., & Bayar, A. A. (2020). Structural transformation and income distribution in Turkey. In A.S. Akad & S. Gürsel (Eds.), Turkey at crossroad (pp.1–43.). London: World Scientific Publishing Co.
  • Haynes, K., & Dinç, Ç. (1997). Productivity change in manufacturing regions: A multifactor/shift-share approach. Growth and Change, 28(2), 201–221. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1997.tb00770.x
  • Herrendorf, B., Rogerson, R.,& Valentinyi, Á. (2014). Growth and structural transformation, In P. Aghion & S. Durlauf (Eds.), Handbook of economic growth (pp. 855–941). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
  • Kaldor, N. (1967). Strategic factors in economic development. Ithaca (N.Y.): Cornell University Press.
  • Kaplinsky, R. (2013). Global value chains, where they came from, where they are going and why this is important. IKD Working Paper, 68, 1–28.
  • Karaca, O. (2018). Türkiye’de bölgesel yakınsamanın 50 yılı: yeni veri seti ve 1960-2010 dönemi analizi”, Sosyoekonomi, 26, 207–228.
  • Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic growth and income inequality. The American Economic Review,45(1), 1–28.
  • Kuznets, S. S. (1966). Modern Economic Growth. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
  • Lavopa, A. (2015). Technology-driven structural change and inclusiveness. The role of manufacturing. Inclusive and Sustainable Development Working Paper Series WP 14/2015 Retrieved from: https://www.unido.org/api/opentext/documents/download/9923942/unido-file-9923942
  • Lavopa, A., & Szirmai A. (2012). Industrialization, employment and poverty. UNU-MERIT Working Paper, 2012-081 Retrieved from:http://www.merit.unu.edu/publications/working-papers/abstract/?id=4831
  • Markusen, A., Noponen, H. &Driessen, K. (1991). International trade, productivity, and U.S. regional job growth: A shift share interpretation. International Regional Science Review, 14(1), 15–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/016001769101400102
  • Meçik, O. ve Afşar, M. (2014). Türkiye ekonomisinde yapısal dönüşümler ve işgücü piyasasındaki gelişmeler. Optimum Ekonomi ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi,1(2).1–23.
  • Meçik, O. ve Aytun, U. (2018). Türkiye ekonomisinde erken sanayisizleşmeye bölgesel bir yaklaşım. METU Studies in Development, 45(1), 59 –81.
  • Mıhcı, H. (2015). Türkiye ekonomisinin sektörel dönüşüm sorunları, İktisat ve Toplum, (61),1–9.
  • Oyvat, C. (2010). How urbanization affects the inequality in developing countries: A critique of Kuznets Curve”, University of Massachusetts New School University Economics Graduate Student Workshop.
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  • Ravallion, M., & Datt G. (1996). How important to India’s poor is the sectoral composition of economic growth? The World Bank Economic Review,10(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/10.1.1
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  • Selim, R., Günçavdı, Ö. ve Bayar, A. A. (2014), “Household income inequality in Turkey: Functional income sources and regional ineqaulities,” TUSIAD Report, TÜSİAD-T/2014-6/554.
  • Stimson, R., Stough, R., & Roberts, B. (2006). Regional Economic Development. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg: Springer
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  • Syrquin, M. (1988). Patterns of structural change. Handbook of Development Economics, 1, 203–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-4471(88)01010-1
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Türkiye Bölgelerinde Yapısal Dönüşüm, Gelir Eşitsizliği ve İstihdam Bağlantıları

Year 2020, , 91 - 121, 25.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2020-0020

Abstract

Gelişmekte olan ülkeler grubu içinde yer alan Türkiye’de, hizmetler, sanayi ve tarım sektörlerinin yarattığı istihdam ve katma değerde, 2001 yılı sonrası dönemde önemli değişimler meydana gelmiştir. Meydana gelen bu değişimler, gelir dağılımı üzerinde de önemli etkiler yaratmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, 2006 ve 2018 arasındaki dönemde, Türkiye’de gerçekleşen bu yapısal dönüşüm sürecini bölgesel düzeyde analiz etmek ve bu yapısal dönüşüm süreci ile gelir eşitsizliği arasında bulunan ilişkileri incelemektedir. Bu amaçla, ilk olarak, 2006 ile 2018 yılları arasındaki dönemde, Türkiye’de gerçekleşen istihdam değişiminin NUTS-1 düzeyinde sektörel bazlı analizi, shifts share (pay değişim analizi) yöntemi kullanılarak yapılmıştır. İkinci aşamada ise, panel veri yöntemi yardımıyla, gelir eşitsizliği ile sanayi ve hizmet istihdamı arasındaki ilişkiler araştırılmıştır. Çalışmanın ulaştığı ilk önemli sonuç, 2006 ile 2018 döneminde, Türkiye bölgelerinin sanayisizleşme sürecine eşlik eden hizmetleşme sürecine doğru bir yapısal dönüşüm geçirdiğidir. En fazla istihdam artışının hizmetler sektöründe yaşandığı bu dönemde, sanayi sektörü ikinci planda kalmıştır. Çalışmanın ulaştığı ikinci önemli sonuç, Türkiye’nin ilgili dönemde geçirdiği bu yapısal dönüşüm süreci ile gelir eşitsizliği arasında bulunan ilişki ile ilgilidir. 2006 ile 2018 yılları arasında, sanayi istihdamının gelir eşitsizliği verilerini belirleme gücünün zayıflamış, hizmet istihdamının ise kuvvetlenmiştir. Hizmet istihdamı, gelir eşitsizliğini artıran sonuçlara neden olmaktadır.

References

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  • Alisjahbana, A., Kim, K., Sen, K., Sumner, A., & Yusuf, A. (2020). “The developers dilemma” UNU-WIDER Working Paper Series, (2020-35).
  • Akıncı, M., Yılmaz, Ö., (2013). Türkiye’de sektörel istihdam ve bölgesel kalkınma ilişkisi: Shift – Share (değişim payı) analizi. İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası,63(2), 25–51.
  • Anand, S.,& Kanbur, S.R. (1993). The Kuznets process and the inequality development relationship. Journal of Development Economics,40, 25–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(93)90103-T
  • Angeles, Luis (2010). An alternative test of Kuznets’ hypothesis. The Journal of Economic Inequality, 8(4), 463–473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10888-009-9117-4
  • Bakır, E., Özçelik, E., Özmen, E. ve Taşıran, A.C (2017). Türkiye’de erken sanayisizleşme, M. Koyuncu, H. Mıhcı ve E. Yeldan (Ed.) Geçmişten Geleceğe Türkiye Ekonomisi içinde (s157–192). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Bayar, A. A. (2016). “The decomposition of regional income inequalities of Turkey” Unpublished manuscript. Retrieved from: https.//www.aeaweb.org/conference/2016/retrieve.php?pdfid=1382,10.02. 2018
  • Bayar, A. ve Günçavdı, Ö. (2018), “Türkiye’de sanayisizleşme ve yoksulluk ”, Efil Journal, 1(4), 36–71.
  • Baymul, C. & Sen, K. (2018). “Was Kuznets right? New evidence on the relationship between structural transformation and inequality.” ESRC GPID ResearchNetwork WorkingPaper. 10.
  • Baymul, C. & Sen, K. (2020). Was Kuznets right? New evidence on the relationship between structural transformation and inequality. The Journal of Development Studies, 56(9). 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2019.1702161
  • Baymul, Ç., & Sen, K. (2019). Kuznets revisited: What do we know about the relationship between structural transformation and inequality?. Asian Development Review, 36(1), 136–167. https://doi.org/10.1162/adev_a_00126.
  • Bourguignon, F., & Morrisson, C. (1990). Income distribution, development and foreign trade: A cross-sectional analysis. European Economic Review, 34(6), 1113–1132. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2921(90)90071-6
  • Dastidar, A. (2012). Income distribution and structural transformation: Empirical evidence from developed and developing countries. Seoul Journal of Economics, 25(1), 25–56.
  • Dinç, Ç., & Haynes, K. (1999). Sources of regional ineffciency: An integrated shift-share, data envelopment analysis and input-output Approach? The Annals Of Regional Science,33, 469–489. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001680050116
  • Doğruel, F., & Doğruel, S. (2010). The deindustrialization of Istanbul. Munich PersonalRePEc Archive. Paper No. 27070.
  • Doğruel, F., ve Doğruel, S. (2017). Türkiye’de sanayileşme ve kriz. Koyuncu, M., Mıhcı, H., Yeldan, E. (Ed), Geçmişten geleceğe Türkiye ekonomisi içinde (s. 45–73). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Doğruel, F. ve Doğruel, S. (2018a). Türkiye’de yapısal ve teknolojik değişme. Engin, E., Aslanoğlu, O., Erdoğan, B., Karahasan, B. C., ve K. Tata (Ed), Türkiye ekonomisinde kalkınma ve dönüşüm Taner Berksoy’a armağan içinde (s. 267 – 286). Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
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  • Elburz, Z., & Gezici, F. (2012, August). Regional development policies and industrial employment change in Turkey: a shift share analysis (1992–2008). 52. In ERSA Congress (pp. 21-25). Bratislava.
  • Fabricant, S. (1942). Employment in manufacturing, 1899-1939: An analysis of its relation to the volume of production. National Bureau of Economic Research. New York.Felipe, J., & Mehta, A. (2016). Deindustrialization? A global perspective. Economics Letters,149, 148–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2016.10.038
  • Felipe, J., Mehta, A., & Rhee, C. (2019). Manufacturing matters... but it’s the jobs that count. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 43(1), 139–168. https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/bex086
  • Filiztekin, A. ve Çelik, M. A. (2010). “Regional income inequality in Turkey”, Megaron, 5(3), 116–127. Günçavdı, Ö., & Bayar, A. A. (2020). Structural transformation and income distribution in Turkey. In A.S. Akad & S. Gürsel (Eds.), Turkey at crossroad (pp.1–43.). London: World Scientific Publishing Co.
  • Haynes, K., & Dinç, Ç. (1997). Productivity change in manufacturing regions: A multifactor/shift-share approach. Growth and Change, 28(2), 201–221. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1997.tb00770.x
  • Herrendorf, B., Rogerson, R.,& Valentinyi, Á. (2014). Growth and structural transformation, In P. Aghion & S. Durlauf (Eds.), Handbook of economic growth (pp. 855–941). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
  • Kaldor, N. (1967). Strategic factors in economic development. Ithaca (N.Y.): Cornell University Press.
  • Kaplinsky, R. (2013). Global value chains, where they came from, where they are going and why this is important. IKD Working Paper, 68, 1–28.
  • Karaca, O. (2018). Türkiye’de bölgesel yakınsamanın 50 yılı: yeni veri seti ve 1960-2010 dönemi analizi”, Sosyoekonomi, 26, 207–228.
  • Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic growth and income inequality. The American Economic Review,45(1), 1–28.
  • Kuznets, S. S. (1966). Modern Economic Growth. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
  • Lavopa, A. (2015). Technology-driven structural change and inclusiveness. The role of manufacturing. Inclusive and Sustainable Development Working Paper Series WP 14/2015 Retrieved from: https://www.unido.org/api/opentext/documents/download/9923942/unido-file-9923942
  • Lavopa, A., & Szirmai A. (2012). Industrialization, employment and poverty. UNU-MERIT Working Paper, 2012-081 Retrieved from:http://www.merit.unu.edu/publications/working-papers/abstract/?id=4831
  • Markusen, A., Noponen, H. &Driessen, K. (1991). International trade, productivity, and U.S. regional job growth: A shift share interpretation. International Regional Science Review, 14(1), 15–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/016001769101400102
  • Meçik, O. ve Afşar, M. (2014). Türkiye ekonomisinde yapısal dönüşümler ve işgücü piyasasındaki gelişmeler. Optimum Ekonomi ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi,1(2).1–23.
  • Meçik, O. ve Aytun, U. (2018). Türkiye ekonomisinde erken sanayisizleşmeye bölgesel bir yaklaşım. METU Studies in Development, 45(1), 59 –81.
  • Mıhcı, H. (2015). Türkiye ekonomisinin sektörel dönüşüm sorunları, İktisat ve Toplum, (61),1–9.
  • Oyvat, C. (2010). How urbanization affects the inequality in developing countries: A critique of Kuznets Curve”, University of Massachusetts New School University Economics Graduate Student Workshop.
  • Palma, J. G. (2005). Four sources of ‘de-industrialization’ and a new concept of the ‘Dutch Disease’. In Ocampo J. A. (Ed.), Beyond reforms: Structural dynamics and macroeconomic vulnerability (pp.71–116).
  • Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press and the World Bank.
  • Ravallion, M., & Chen S. (2007). China’s (uneven) progress against poverty. Journal of Development Economics, 82(1), 1–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2005.07.003
  • Ravallion, M., & Datt G. (1996). How important to India’s poor is the sectoral composition of economic growth? The World Bank Economic Review,10(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/10.1.1
  • Rodrik, D. (2013). Unconditional convergence in manufacturing. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 128(1),165–204. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjs047
  • Rodrik, D. (2016). Premature de-industrialization. Journal of Economic Growth,21(1), 1-33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10887-015-9122-3S
  • chettkat, R., & Yocarini, L. (2006). The shift to services employment: A review of the literature. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics,17(2),127 –147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2005.04.002
  • Selim, R., Günçavdı, Ö. ve Bayar, A. A. (2014), “Household income inequality in Turkey: Functional income sources and regional ineqaulities,” TUSIAD Report, TÜSİAD-T/2014-6/554.
  • Stimson, R., Stough, R., & Roberts, B. (2006). Regional Economic Development. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg: Springer
  • Suryahadi, A, Suryadarma, D., & Sumarto, S. (2009). The effects of location and sectoral components of economic growth on poverty: evidence from Indonesia. Journal of Development Economics,89(1), 109–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2008.08.003
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There are 61 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sociology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Emine Tahsin 0000-0003-0349-2381

Furkan Börü 0000-0001-9239-1341

Publication Date December 25, 2020
Submission Date February 19, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020

Cite

APA Tahsin, E., & Börü, F. (2020). Türkiye Bölgelerinde Yapısal Dönüşüm, Gelir Eşitsizliği ve İstihdam Bağlantıları. Journal of Economy Culture and Society(62), 91-121. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2020-0020
AMA Tahsin E, Börü F. Türkiye Bölgelerinde Yapısal Dönüşüm, Gelir Eşitsizliği ve İstihdam Bağlantıları. Journal of Economy Culture and Society. December 2020;(62):91-121. doi:10.26650/JECS2020-0020
Chicago Tahsin, Emine, and Furkan Börü. “Türkiye Bölgelerinde Yapısal Dönüşüm, Gelir Eşitsizliği Ve İstihdam Bağlantıları”. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, no. 62 (December 2020): 91-121. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2020-0020.
EndNote Tahsin E, Börü F (December 1, 2020) Türkiye Bölgelerinde Yapısal Dönüşüm, Gelir Eşitsizliği ve İstihdam Bağlantıları. Journal of Economy Culture and Society 62 91–121.
IEEE E. Tahsin and F. Börü, “Türkiye Bölgelerinde Yapısal Dönüşüm, Gelir Eşitsizliği ve İstihdam Bağlantıları”, Journal of Economy Culture and Society, no. 62, pp. 91–121, December 2020, doi: 10.26650/JECS2020-0020.
ISNAD Tahsin, Emine - Börü, Furkan. “Türkiye Bölgelerinde Yapısal Dönüşüm, Gelir Eşitsizliği Ve İstihdam Bağlantıları”. Journal of Economy Culture and Society 62 (December 2020), 91-121. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2020-0020.
JAMA Tahsin E, Börü F. Türkiye Bölgelerinde Yapısal Dönüşüm, Gelir Eşitsizliği ve İstihdam Bağlantıları. Journal of Economy Culture and Society. 2020;:91–121.
MLA Tahsin, Emine and Furkan Börü. “Türkiye Bölgelerinde Yapısal Dönüşüm, Gelir Eşitsizliği Ve İstihdam Bağlantıları”. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, no. 62, 2020, pp. 91-121, doi:10.26650/JECS2020-0020.
Vancouver Tahsin E, Börü F. Türkiye Bölgelerinde Yapısal Dönüşüm, Gelir Eşitsizliği ve İstihdam Bağlantıları. Journal of Economy Culture and Society. 2020(62):91-121.