Research Article
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Writing Motivation and The Ability in Writing a Research Proposal of Generation Z Students Based on Cognitive Style

Year 2020, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 87 - 104, 15.03.2020
https://doi.org/10.17478/jegys.651436

Abstract

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of writing
motivation and the ability in writing a research proposal of Generation Z
students based on differences in their cognitive styles. The research involved
70 Generation Z students in Faculty of Teacher Training and Education,
Universitas Maritim Raja Ali Haji, Indonesia. After going through the Group
Embedded Figures Test (GEFT) stages, these students were divided into 2 groups
based on their cognitive style, field independent (FI) and field dependent
(FD). Writing motivation data was collected through a questionnaire and the
writing ability of writing a research proposal was collected through an
assessment rubric. Analysis of research data using t-test and linear regression
with SPSS 23. The results of this study stated that the writing motivation of
Generation Z students between the FI group and the FD group did not differ
significantly. Meanwhile, the ability in writing research proposals for
Generation Z students in the FI group was higher than for Generation Z students
in the FD group. Writing motivation has a significant effect on the ability in
writing research proposals in both groups. The results of this study recommend for
analysis other perspectives and the exploration of thinking characteristics of
Generation Z students in written language.

Supporting Institution

(1) Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education and (2) Ministry of Education and Culture, Republic of Indonesia.

Thanks

Thank you very much for supported this research.

References

  • Akyol, H., & Aktaş, N. (2018). The Relationship between Fourth-Grade Primary School Students’ Story-writing Skills and Their Motivation to Write. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 6(12), 2772–2779. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2018.061211
  • Attard, N. (2018). WASP (Write a Scientific Paper): Writing an academic research proposal. Early Human Development, 123(Agustus), 39–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2018.04.011
  • Bacha, N. N. (2002). Developing Learners’ Academic Writing Skills in Higher Education: A Study for Educational Reform. Language and Education, 16(3), 161–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500780208666826
  • Bagon, S., & Vodopivec, J. L. (2016). Motivation for using ICT and pupils with learning difficulties. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 11(10), 70–75. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v11i10.5786
  • de Smedt, F., Graham, S., & Van Keer, H. (2019). The bright and dark side of writing motivation: Effects of explicit instruction and peer assistance. Journal of Educational Research, 112(2), 152–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2018.1461598
  • Eccles, J. S., & Wigfield, A. (2002). Motivational Beliefs, Values, and Goals. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 109–132. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135153
  • Fernandez, C., & Fernandez, D. (2016). Teachers Generation Z and their Digital Skills. Comunicar 46: The Internet of the Future, 24(46), 97–105.
  • Geck, C. (2006). The generation z connection: Teaching information literacy to the newest net generation. Teacher Librarian, 33(3), 19–23.
  • Graham, S. (2018). A Revised Writer(s)-Within-Community Model of Writing. Educational Psychologist, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2018.1481406
  • Hansen, J., & Stansfield, C. (1981). The Relationship of field dependent‐independent cognitive styles to foreign language achievement. Language Learning: A Journal of Research in Language Studies, 31(2), 349–367. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1981.tb01389.x
  • Hashemian, M., & Heidari, A. (2013). The Relationship between L2 Learners’ Motivation/Attitude and Success in L2 Writing. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 70, 476–489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.01.085
  • Hayes, J. (1996). A new framework for understanding cognition and affect in writing. In M. Levy & S. Ransdell (Eds.), The science of writing: Theories, methods, individual differences, and applications. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
  • Kapil, Y., & Roy, A. (2014). A critical evaluation of generation z at workplaces. International Journal of Social Relevance & Concern, 2(1), 10–14.
  • Lin, M. C., Cheng, Y. S., & Lin, S. H. (2014). Development of a Research Article Writing Motivation Inventory. TESOL Quarterly, 48(2), 389–400. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.164
  • Lo, J., & Hyland, F. (2007). Enhancing students’ engagement and motivation in writing: The case of primary students in Hong Kong. Journal of Second Language Writing, 16(4), 219–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2007.06.002
  • Marni, S., Suyono, Roekhan, & Harsiati, T. (2019). Critical Thinking Patterns of First-Year Students in Argumentative Essay. Journal for the Education of Gifted Young Scientists, 7(3), 683–697. https://doi.org/10.17478/jegys.605324
  • McLeod, S. (1987). Some Thoughts about Feelings: The Affective Domain and the Writing Process. College Composition and Communication, 38(4), 426. https://doi.org/10.2307/357635
  • Miraja, B. A., Persada, S. F., Prasetyo, Y. T., Belgiawan, P. F., & Redi, A. A. . P. (2019). Applying Protection Motivation Theory To Understand Generation Z Students Intention To Comply With Educational Software Anti Piracy Law. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (IJET), 14(18), 39. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v14i18.10973
  • Nasihah, M., & Cahyono, B. (2017). Language Learning Strategies, Motivation, and Writing Achievement of Indonesian EFL Students. Arab World English Journal, 8(1), 250–263. https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol8no1.18
  • Ngilawajan, D. A. (2013). Proses Berpikir Siswa SMA dalam Memecahkan Masalah Matematika pada Materi Turunan Ditunjau dari Gaya Kognitif Field Independent dan Field Dependent. Pedagogia, 2(1), 71–83. https://doi.org/10.21070/pedagogia.v2i1.48
  • Nosratinia, M., & Adibifar, S. (2014). The Effect of Teaching Metacognitive Strategies on Field-dependent and Independent Learners’ Writing. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 98, 1390–1399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.557
  • Osman, Z. (2016). Abstract Clinical Research and Standard of Care—An Unresolved Question? Current Therapeutic Research, 78(Supplement), S4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.curtheres.2016.05.010
  • Persada, S. F., Miraja, B. A., & Nadlifatin, R. (2019). Understanding the generation z behavior on D-learning: A Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) approach. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 14(5), 20–33. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v14i05.9993
  • Pintrich, P. R., & Schunk, D. H. (2002). Motivation in education: Theory, research, and applications (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Qian, Y. (2019). Motivation to English Academic Writing: Chinese Students’ Literacy Autobiography. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 9(5), 530–536. https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0905.06
  • Salkind, N. J. (2010). Encuclopedia of Research Design. SAGE Publications, Inc.
  • Schreglmann, S., & Öztürk, F. K. (2018). An evaluation of gifted students’ perceptions on critical thinking skills. Journal for the Education of Gifted Young Scientists, 6(4), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.17478/JEGYS.2018.81
  • Süğümlü, Ü., Mutlu, H. H., & Cinpolat, E. (2019). Relationship Between Writing Motivation Levels and Writing Skills Among Secondary School Students. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 11(5), 487–492. https://doi.org/10.26822/iejee.2019553345
  • Sujito, Budiharso, T., Solikhah, I., & Muttaqin, W. M. (2019). The effect of analogy variations on academic writing: How indonesian efl students perform with different cognitive styles. Journal of Social Studies Education Research, 10(1), 116–132.
  • Sukmawati, R. A., Sutawidjaja, A., & Siswono, T. Y. E. (2018). Algebraic Thinking of Elementary Students in Solving Mathematical Word Problems: Case of Male Field Dependent and Independent Student. 4th International Conference on Teacher Training and Education (ICTTE 2018), 262(4), 123–128. https://doi.org/10.2991/ictte-18.2018.20
  • Troia, G. A., Harbaugh, A. G., Shankland, R. K., Wolbers, K. A., & Lawrence, A. M. (2013). Relationships between writing motivation, writing activity, and writing performance: Effects of grade, sex, and ability. Reading and Writing, 26(1), 17–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-012-9379-2
  • Truax, M. L. (2018). The Impact of Teacher Language and Growth Mindset Feedback on Writing Motivation. Literacy Research and Instruction, 57(2), 135–157. https://doi.org/10.1080/19388071.2017.1340529
  • Uno, H. B. (2011). Teori Motivasi dan Pengukurannya (Motivation Theory and Measurement). Jakarta: Bumi Aksara.
  • Walid, A., Sajidan, S., Ramli, M., & Kusumah, R. G. T. (2019). Construction of the assessment concept to measure students’ high order thinking skills. Journal for the Education of Gifted Young Scientists, 7(2), 237–251. https://doi.org/10.17478/jegys.528180
  • Webster, M. (2014). Funding Experiments, Writing Proposals. In Laboratory Experiments in the Social Sciences (Second Edi). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-404681-8.00021-2
  • Weigle, S. C. (2001). Assessing writing. UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Williams, J. D. (1985). Coherence and Cognitive Style. Written Communication, 2(4), 473–491. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741088385002004008
  • Witkin, H. A., & Goodenough, D. R. (1981). Cognitive Styles: Essence and Origins. NY: International Universities Press.
  • Witkin, H. A., Goodenough, D. R., & Oltman, P. K. (1979). Psychological differentiation: Current status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(7), 1127–1145. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.37.7.1127
  • Witkin, H. A., Moore, C. A., Oltman, P. K., Friedman, F., Owen, D. R., & Raskin, E. (1977). Role of the field-dependent and field-independent cognitive styles in academic evolution: A longitudinal study. Journal of Educational Psychology, 69(3), 197–211. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.69.3.197
  • Witkin, H. A., Oltman, P. K., Raskin, E., & Karp, S. A. (1971). Embedded Figures Test, Children’s Embedded Figures Test: manual. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
  • Wright, K. L., Hodges, T. S., & McTigue, E. M. (2019). A validation program for the Self-Beliefs, Writing-Beliefs, and Attitude Survey: A measure of adolescents’ motivation toward writing. Assessing Writing, 39(December 2018), 64–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.12.004
  • Zimmerman, B. J., & Risemberg, R. (1997). Caveats and recommendations about self-regulation of writing: A social cognitive rejoinder. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 22(1), 115–122. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1997.0921
  • Zumbrunn, S., Marrs, S., & Mewborn, C. (2016). Toward a better understanding of student perceptions of writing feedback: a mixed methods study. Reading and Writing, 29(2), 349–370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-015-9599-3
Year 2020, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 87 - 104, 15.03.2020
https://doi.org/10.17478/jegys.651436

Abstract

References

  • Akyol, H., & Aktaş, N. (2018). The Relationship between Fourth-Grade Primary School Students’ Story-writing Skills and Their Motivation to Write. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 6(12), 2772–2779. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2018.061211
  • Attard, N. (2018). WASP (Write a Scientific Paper): Writing an academic research proposal. Early Human Development, 123(Agustus), 39–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2018.04.011
  • Bacha, N. N. (2002). Developing Learners’ Academic Writing Skills in Higher Education: A Study for Educational Reform. Language and Education, 16(3), 161–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500780208666826
  • Bagon, S., & Vodopivec, J. L. (2016). Motivation for using ICT and pupils with learning difficulties. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 11(10), 70–75. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v11i10.5786
  • de Smedt, F., Graham, S., & Van Keer, H. (2019). The bright and dark side of writing motivation: Effects of explicit instruction and peer assistance. Journal of Educational Research, 112(2), 152–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2018.1461598
  • Eccles, J. S., & Wigfield, A. (2002). Motivational Beliefs, Values, and Goals. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 109–132. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135153
  • Fernandez, C., & Fernandez, D. (2016). Teachers Generation Z and their Digital Skills. Comunicar 46: The Internet of the Future, 24(46), 97–105.
  • Geck, C. (2006). The generation z connection: Teaching information literacy to the newest net generation. Teacher Librarian, 33(3), 19–23.
  • Graham, S. (2018). A Revised Writer(s)-Within-Community Model of Writing. Educational Psychologist, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2018.1481406
  • Hansen, J., & Stansfield, C. (1981). The Relationship of field dependent‐independent cognitive styles to foreign language achievement. Language Learning: A Journal of Research in Language Studies, 31(2), 349–367. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1981.tb01389.x
  • Hashemian, M., & Heidari, A. (2013). The Relationship between L2 Learners’ Motivation/Attitude and Success in L2 Writing. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 70, 476–489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.01.085
  • Hayes, J. (1996). A new framework for understanding cognition and affect in writing. In M. Levy & S. Ransdell (Eds.), The science of writing: Theories, methods, individual differences, and applications. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
  • Kapil, Y., & Roy, A. (2014). A critical evaluation of generation z at workplaces. International Journal of Social Relevance & Concern, 2(1), 10–14.
  • Lin, M. C., Cheng, Y. S., & Lin, S. H. (2014). Development of a Research Article Writing Motivation Inventory. TESOL Quarterly, 48(2), 389–400. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.164
  • Lo, J., & Hyland, F. (2007). Enhancing students’ engagement and motivation in writing: The case of primary students in Hong Kong. Journal of Second Language Writing, 16(4), 219–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2007.06.002
  • Marni, S., Suyono, Roekhan, & Harsiati, T. (2019). Critical Thinking Patterns of First-Year Students in Argumentative Essay. Journal for the Education of Gifted Young Scientists, 7(3), 683–697. https://doi.org/10.17478/jegys.605324
  • McLeod, S. (1987). Some Thoughts about Feelings: The Affective Domain and the Writing Process. College Composition and Communication, 38(4), 426. https://doi.org/10.2307/357635
  • Miraja, B. A., Persada, S. F., Prasetyo, Y. T., Belgiawan, P. F., & Redi, A. A. . P. (2019). Applying Protection Motivation Theory To Understand Generation Z Students Intention To Comply With Educational Software Anti Piracy Law. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (IJET), 14(18), 39. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v14i18.10973
  • Nasihah, M., & Cahyono, B. (2017). Language Learning Strategies, Motivation, and Writing Achievement of Indonesian EFL Students. Arab World English Journal, 8(1), 250–263. https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol8no1.18
  • Ngilawajan, D. A. (2013). Proses Berpikir Siswa SMA dalam Memecahkan Masalah Matematika pada Materi Turunan Ditunjau dari Gaya Kognitif Field Independent dan Field Dependent. Pedagogia, 2(1), 71–83. https://doi.org/10.21070/pedagogia.v2i1.48
  • Nosratinia, M., & Adibifar, S. (2014). The Effect of Teaching Metacognitive Strategies on Field-dependent and Independent Learners’ Writing. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 98, 1390–1399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.557
  • Osman, Z. (2016). Abstract Clinical Research and Standard of Care—An Unresolved Question? Current Therapeutic Research, 78(Supplement), S4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.curtheres.2016.05.010
  • Persada, S. F., Miraja, B. A., & Nadlifatin, R. (2019). Understanding the generation z behavior on D-learning: A Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) approach. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 14(5), 20–33. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v14i05.9993
  • Pintrich, P. R., & Schunk, D. H. (2002). Motivation in education: Theory, research, and applications (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Qian, Y. (2019). Motivation to English Academic Writing: Chinese Students’ Literacy Autobiography. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 9(5), 530–536. https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0905.06
  • Salkind, N. J. (2010). Encuclopedia of Research Design. SAGE Publications, Inc.
  • Schreglmann, S., & Öztürk, F. K. (2018). An evaluation of gifted students’ perceptions on critical thinking skills. Journal for the Education of Gifted Young Scientists, 6(4), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.17478/JEGYS.2018.81
  • Süğümlü, Ü., Mutlu, H. H., & Cinpolat, E. (2019). Relationship Between Writing Motivation Levels and Writing Skills Among Secondary School Students. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 11(5), 487–492. https://doi.org/10.26822/iejee.2019553345
  • Sujito, Budiharso, T., Solikhah, I., & Muttaqin, W. M. (2019). The effect of analogy variations on academic writing: How indonesian efl students perform with different cognitive styles. Journal of Social Studies Education Research, 10(1), 116–132.
  • Sukmawati, R. A., Sutawidjaja, A., & Siswono, T. Y. E. (2018). Algebraic Thinking of Elementary Students in Solving Mathematical Word Problems: Case of Male Field Dependent and Independent Student. 4th International Conference on Teacher Training and Education (ICTTE 2018), 262(4), 123–128. https://doi.org/10.2991/ictte-18.2018.20
  • Troia, G. A., Harbaugh, A. G., Shankland, R. K., Wolbers, K. A., & Lawrence, A. M. (2013). Relationships between writing motivation, writing activity, and writing performance: Effects of grade, sex, and ability. Reading and Writing, 26(1), 17–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-012-9379-2
  • Truax, M. L. (2018). The Impact of Teacher Language and Growth Mindset Feedback on Writing Motivation. Literacy Research and Instruction, 57(2), 135–157. https://doi.org/10.1080/19388071.2017.1340529
  • Uno, H. B. (2011). Teori Motivasi dan Pengukurannya (Motivation Theory and Measurement). Jakarta: Bumi Aksara.
  • Walid, A., Sajidan, S., Ramli, M., & Kusumah, R. G. T. (2019). Construction of the assessment concept to measure students’ high order thinking skills. Journal for the Education of Gifted Young Scientists, 7(2), 237–251. https://doi.org/10.17478/jegys.528180
  • Webster, M. (2014). Funding Experiments, Writing Proposals. In Laboratory Experiments in the Social Sciences (Second Edi). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-404681-8.00021-2
  • Weigle, S. C. (2001). Assessing writing. UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Williams, J. D. (1985). Coherence and Cognitive Style. Written Communication, 2(4), 473–491. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741088385002004008
  • Witkin, H. A., & Goodenough, D. R. (1981). Cognitive Styles: Essence and Origins. NY: International Universities Press.
  • Witkin, H. A., Goodenough, D. R., & Oltman, P. K. (1979). Psychological differentiation: Current status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(7), 1127–1145. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.37.7.1127
  • Witkin, H. A., Moore, C. A., Oltman, P. K., Friedman, F., Owen, D. R., & Raskin, E. (1977). Role of the field-dependent and field-independent cognitive styles in academic evolution: A longitudinal study. Journal of Educational Psychology, 69(3), 197–211. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.69.3.197
  • Witkin, H. A., Oltman, P. K., Raskin, E., & Karp, S. A. (1971). Embedded Figures Test, Children’s Embedded Figures Test: manual. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
  • Wright, K. L., Hodges, T. S., & McTigue, E. M. (2019). A validation program for the Self-Beliefs, Writing-Beliefs, and Attitude Survey: A measure of adolescents’ motivation toward writing. Assessing Writing, 39(December 2018), 64–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.12.004
  • Zimmerman, B. J., & Risemberg, R. (1997). Caveats and recommendations about self-regulation of writing: A social cognitive rejoinder. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 22(1), 115–122. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1997.0921
  • Zumbrunn, S., Marrs, S., & Mewborn, C. (2016). Toward a better understanding of student perceptions of writing feedback: a mixed methods study. Reading and Writing, 29(2), 349–370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-015-9599-3
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Other Fields of Education
Journal Section Thinking Skills
Authors

Harry Andheska 0000-0002-1234-2628

Suparno Suparno This is me 0000-0002-0603-3503

Dawud Dawud This is me 0000-0002-1791-8649

İmam Suyitno This is me 0000-0001-7733-3637

Publication Date March 15, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 8 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Andheska, H., Suparno, S., Dawud, D., Suyitno, İ. (2020). Writing Motivation and The Ability in Writing a Research Proposal of Generation Z Students Based on Cognitive Style. Journal for the Education of Gifted Young Scientists, 8(1), 87-104. https://doi.org/10.17478/jegys.651436
AMA Andheska H, Suparno S, Dawud D, Suyitno İ. Writing Motivation and The Ability in Writing a Research Proposal of Generation Z Students Based on Cognitive Style. JEGYS. March 2020;8(1):87-104. doi:10.17478/jegys.651436
Chicago Andheska, Harry, Suparno Suparno, Dawud Dawud, and İmam Suyitno. “Writing Motivation and The Ability in Writing a Research Proposal of Generation Z Students Based on Cognitive Style”. Journal for the Education of Gifted Young Scientists 8, no. 1 (March 2020): 87-104. https://doi.org/10.17478/jegys.651436.
EndNote Andheska H, Suparno S, Dawud D, Suyitno İ (March 1, 2020) Writing Motivation and The Ability in Writing a Research Proposal of Generation Z Students Based on Cognitive Style. Journal for the Education of Gifted Young Scientists 8 1 87–104.
IEEE H. Andheska, S. Suparno, D. Dawud, and İ. Suyitno, “Writing Motivation and The Ability in Writing a Research Proposal of Generation Z Students Based on Cognitive Style”, JEGYS, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 87–104, 2020, doi: 10.17478/jegys.651436.
ISNAD Andheska, Harry et al. “Writing Motivation and The Ability in Writing a Research Proposal of Generation Z Students Based on Cognitive Style”. Journal for the Education of Gifted Young Scientists 8/1 (March 2020), 87-104. https://doi.org/10.17478/jegys.651436.
JAMA Andheska H, Suparno S, Dawud D, Suyitno İ. Writing Motivation and The Ability in Writing a Research Proposal of Generation Z Students Based on Cognitive Style. JEGYS. 2020;8:87–104.
MLA Andheska, Harry et al. “Writing Motivation and The Ability in Writing a Research Proposal of Generation Z Students Based on Cognitive Style”. Journal for the Education of Gifted Young Scientists, vol. 8, no. 1, 2020, pp. 87-104, doi:10.17478/jegys.651436.
Vancouver Andheska H, Suparno S, Dawud D, Suyitno İ. Writing Motivation and The Ability in Writing a Research Proposal of Generation Z Students Based on Cognitive Style. JEGYS. 2020;8(1):87-104.