jeim Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management 2147-5792 2687-234X Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım A.Ş. The Mediator Effect of Intrinsic Motivation on the Relationship between Individual Innovativeness and Employee’s Innovative Behavior: The Case of Surgeons in Turkey Bireysel Yenilikçiliğin Çalışanın Yenilikçi Davranışı Üzerindeki Etkisinde İçsel Motivasyonun Aracılık Rolü: Türkiye’de Cerrahlar Örneği Çetin Gürkan Güney Trakya Üniversitesi Demiralay Tülay Trakya Üniversitesi 06 01 2017 6 1 65 90 Copyright © 2012, Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management 2012 Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management

The study aims to investigate the effect of the individual innovativeness behavior, which may be the precursor of employees' behaviors towards innovation, on the employees’ innovative behavior and the mediating role of the intrinsic motivation on this effect. According to the results of the survey which 161 surgeons working in public and private hospitals in Turkey participated in, the relationship between three sub-dimensions resistance to change, opinion leadership and openness to experience and the employees’ innovative behavior was determined. Moreover, there was also a significantly positive correlation between intrinsic motivation and openness to experience. Furthermore, one of the emerging results is that the partial intermediary role of the intrinsic motivation has an influence in the effect of the openness to experience, which is one of the sub-dimensions of individual innovativeness behavior on the employees’ innovative behavior.

Yenilikleri yönlendiren yapı taşlarından birisinin bireylerin yenilikçi davranışları olması, çalışanların bireysel düzeyde yenilikçiliklerinin önemini arttırmaktadır. Bireysel düzeyde yenilikçiliğin çalışanlarda yenilikçi davranışı arttırma olasılığı bu kavramlar arası ilişkiyi önemli bir araştırma konusu haline getirmektedir. Yürütülen çalışmanın amacı, çalışanların yeniliğe yönelik davranışlarının öncülü olabilecek bireysel yenilikçilik davranışının BYD , çalışanın yenilikçi davranışı ÇYD üzerindeki etkisini ve bu etkide içsel motivasyonun aracılık rolünü araştırmaktır. Araştırmada elde edilen veriler yapısal eşitlik modellemesi YEM ile analiz edilmiştir. Türkiye’de faaliyet gösteren kamu ve özel hastanelerde çalışan 161 cerrahın katıldığı araştırmanın sonuçlarına göre, BYD’nin üç alt boyutu değişime direnç, fikir önderliği ve deneyime açıklık ile ÇYD arasında ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Yine içsel motivasyon ile deneyime açıklık arasında da pozitif yönlü anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca BYD’nin alt boyutu olan deneyime açıklığın ÇYD üzerindeki etkisinde içsel motivasyonun kısmi aracılık etkisi de ortaya çıkan sonuçlardandır.

 Bireysel Yenilikçilik Çalışanın Yenilikçi Davranışı İçsel Motivasyon Individual Innovativeness Employee’s Innovative Behaviour Intrinsic Motivation Adıgüzel, A. (2012), “The relation between candidate teachers’ moral maturity levels and their individual innovativeness characteristics: A case study of Harran University Education Faculty”, Educational Research and Reviews, 7(25), 543-547. Agarwal, U.A., Datta, S., Blake-Beard, S. ve Bhargava, S., (2012), “Linking LMX, innovative work behaviour and turnover intentions, The mediating role of work engagement”, Career Development International, 17(3), 208-230. Amabile, T.M. (1985), “Motivation and Creativity: Effects of Motivational Orientation on Creative Writers”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48(2), 393-399. Amabile, T. M. (1988), “A model of creativity and innovation in organizations”. İçinde B. M. Staw, & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior, 10, 123 – 167, Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. Amabile, T.M. (2008), “Studying Cretaivity, Its Processes and Its Antecedents, 33-64, İçinde Zhou, J. ve Shalley, C.E. (Eds), Handbook of Organizational Creativity, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Amo, B.W. (2006), “Employee Innovation Behaviour in Health Care: The Influence from Management and Colleagues”, International Nursing Review, Vol.53, 231-237. Baer, J. ve Kaufman, J.C. (2006), “Creativity Research in English-Speaking Countries”, 10-38, İçinde Kaufman, J.C. ve Sternberg, R.J. (Eds) The International Handbook of Creativity, Cambridge University Press. Baron, R. M. ve Kenny, D. A. (1986), “The Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6),1173-1182. Bayram, N., (2010), Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesine Giriş AMOS Uygulamaları, Ezgi Kitabevi, ISBN: 978-975-8606-89-4 Bhaduri, S. ve Kumar, H. (2011), “Extrinsic and intrinsic motivations to innovate: tracing the motivation of ‘grassroot’ innovators in India”, Mind & Society, 10(1), 27-55. Büyüköztürk, Ş., (2007), Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı, Ankara:Pegem A Yayıncılık. Byrne, B. M., (2010), Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming, 2nd ed., Taylor and Francis Group, ISBN 978-0- 8058-6372-7 (hardcover: alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-0-8058-6373-4 (pbk.: alk. paper). Cooper, R.B. ve Jayatilaka, B. (2006), “Group Creativity: The Effects of Extrinsic, Intrinsic, and Obligation Motivations”, Creativity Research Journals, 1882), 153-172. Çapraz, B., Ayyıldız Ünnü, N. A., Kelgokmen İlic, D., Kocamaz, M., Çiçekli, U.G., Aracıoğlu, B., Koçak, A., Kesken, J. ve Soyuer, H. (2014), “Çalışanlar Perspektifinden Yenilikçi İş Davranışının Belirleyicileri: İzmir İlindeki Öncelikli Sektörlere İlişkin Bir Araştırma”, Girişimcilik ve İnovasyon Yönetimi Dergisi, 3(1), 49-72. Çetin Gürkan, G. (2014), “Identification of Lead User Characteristics: The Case of Surgeons in Turkey”, European Journal of Business and Management, 6(9), s.87-93. Çetin Gürkan, G. ve Demiralay, T. (2016), “Individual Innovativeness Levels of Lead Users and Non-Lead Users: The Case Study of Surgeons in Turkey”, International Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 7(7), 114-121. Çoklar, A. N. (2012), “Individual Innovativeness Levels of Educational Administrators”, Digital Education Review, 22, 100-110. Çuhadar, C.; Bülbül, T. ve Ilgaz, G. (2013), “Exploring of the Relationship between Individual Innovativeness and Techno-pedagogical Education Competencies of Preservice Teachers”, Elementary Education Online, 12(3), 797-807. de Jong, J.P.J. (2006), “The Decision to Innovate, Literature and Propositions”, Scales-Initiative Report, 5-38. de Jong, J.P.J. ve Den Hartog D.N., (2007), “How leaders influence employees’ innovative behaviour”, European Journal of Innovation Management, 10(1), 41-64. de Jong, J.P.J. ve Den Hartog D.N., (2008), “Innovative Work Behavior: Measurement and Validation”, Working Paper, EIM Research Reports Devloo, T., Anseel, F., De Beuckelaer, A. ve Salanova, M. (2015), “Keep the fire burning: Reciprocal gains of basic need satisfaction, intrinsic motivation and innovative work behaviour”, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 24(4), 491-504. Fidan, T. ve Öztürk, I. (2015), “The Relationship of the Creativity of Public and Private School Teachers to Their Intrinsic Motivation and the School Climate for ınnovation, World Conference on Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship”, Procedia- Social and Behavioral Sciences, 195, 905-914. Grant, A. M. ve Berry, J.W. (2011), “The Necessity Of Others is The Mother of Invention: Intrinsic and Prosocial Motivations, Perspective Taking, and Creativity”, Academy of Management Journal, 54(1), 73–96. Hinsch, M.E., Stockstrom, C. ve Lüthje, C. (2014), “User Innovation in Techniques: A Case Study Analysis in the Field of Medical Devices”, Creativity and Innovation Journal, 23(4), 484-494. Jöreskog, K. G. ve Dag S., (1982), “Recent Developments in Structural Equation Modeling”, Journal of Marketing Research, 19, 404-416 Kelly, S. (2011), “Do Homes that are More Energy Efficient Consume Less Energy? A Structural Equation Model for England’s Residential Sector”, Electricity Policy Research Group, University of Cambridge, EPRG Working Paper 1117, Cambridge Working Paper in Economics 1139. Kesting, P. ve Ulhoi, J.P. (2010), “Employee-Driven Innovation: Extending The License To Foster Innovation”, Management Decision, 48(1), 65-84. Kılıçer, K. ve Odabaşı, H. F. (2010), “Bireysel Yenilikçilik Ölçeği (BYÖ): Türkçeye Uyarlama, Geçerlik Ve Güvenirlik Çalışması”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 38, 150-164. Kuvaas, B. (2006), “Work performance, affective commitment, and work motivation: the roles of pay administration and pay level”, Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 27, 365–385. Li, X. ve Zheng, Y., (2014), “The Influential Factors of Employees’ Innovative Behavior and the Management Advices”, Journal of Service Science and Management, 7, 446-450. Lettl, C. (2007), “User involvement competence for radical innovation”, Journal of Engineering Technology Management, 24, 53–75. Lettl, C., Herstatt, C. ve Gemuenden, H.G. (2006), “Users contributions to radical innovation: evidence from four cases in the field of medical equipment technology”, R&D Management, 36(3), 251–272. Lettl, C., Hienerth, C. ve Gemuenden, H.G. (2008), “Exploring How Lead Users Develop Radical Innovation: Opportunity Recognition and Exploitation in the Field of Medical Equipment Technology”, IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 55(2), 219-233. Lüthje, C. ve Herstatt, C. (2004), “The Lead User Method: an Outline of Emprical Findings and Issues for Future Research”, R&D Management, 34(5), 553–568. Ngan, P.T. (2015), “Organisational Innovativeness: Motivation In An Employee’s Innovative Work Behaviour”, Scientific Bulletin – Economic Sciences, 14/ Special Issue ETAEc, 86-97. Nijhof, A., Krabbendam, K. ve Looise, J.C. (2002), “Innovation through exemptions: building upon the existing creativity of employees”, Technovation, 22, 675-683. Oktuğ, Z. ve Özden, M.S. (2013), “Bireycilik/Toplulukçuluk ile Bireysel Yenilikçilik Eğilimi Arasındaki İlişkide İçsel Motivasyonun Biçimlendirici Rolü”, Eskişehir Osman Gazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14(2), 1-22. Parzefal, M.R., Seeck, H. ve Leppanen, A. (2008), “Employee innovativeness in organizations: a review of the antecedents”, Finnish Journal of Business Economics, 2(8), 165-182. Paulus, P.B. (2008), “Fosterin Creativity in Groups and Teams, 165-188, İçinde Zhou, J. ve Shalley, C.E. (Eds), Handbook of Organizational Creativity, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Rogers, E.M. (2003), Diffusion of Innovations (5th Edition), Free Press. Ryan, R.M. ve Deci, E.L. (2000), “Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions”, Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25, 54–67. Schumacker, R.E. ve Lomax, R. G. (2004), A Beginner’s Guide to Structural Equation Modeling, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Publishers, ISBN 0-8058- 4017-6 (case: alk. paper)—ISBN 0-8058-4018-4 (pbk.: alk. paper) Scott, S.G. ve Bruce, R.A., (1994), “Determinants of Innovative Behavior: A Path Model of Individual Innovation in the Workplace”, Academy of Managemengt Journal, 37(3), 580-607. Stenmark, D. (2000), “The Role Of Intrinsic Motivation When Managing Creative Work”, Proceedings of ICMIT 2000, Erişim: 19.11.2016 Subramaniam, I. D. ve Moslehi, M.M. (2013), “Does Workforce Innovation Mediate the Relationship between Internal Factors and Performance in Malaysian Entrepreneurial SMEs?”, Asian Social Science, 9(9), 45-63. Yiping, H. ve Boman, P. (2014), “Antecedents of creativity and innovativeness in the Swedish manufacturing pharmaceuticals industry”, Blekinge Institute of Technology, School of Management, Master Thesis. Werner, C. ve Schermelleh-Engel, K. (2009), “Structural Equation Modeling: Advantages, Challenges, and Problems”, Goethe University, Frankfurt (1-4). Yidong, T. ve Xinxin, L., (2013), “How Ethical Leadership Influence Employees’ Innovative Work Behavior: A Perspective of Intrinsic Motivation”, Journal of Business Ethics, 116(2), 441-455. Yuan, F. ve Woodman, R.W. (2010), “Innovative behavior in the workplace: The role of performance and Image outcome expectations”, Academic Management Journal, 53 (2), 323-342. Yücel Batmaz, N. ve Gürer, A. (2016), “Dönüştürücü Liderliğin Çalışanların İçsel Motivasyonu Üzerindeki Etkisi: Yerel Yönetimlerde Karşılaştırmalı Bir Araştırma”, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, İİBF Dergisi, 21(2), 477-492. Yüksel, İ. (2015), “Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovation Model in Action: Individual Innovativeness Profiles of Pre-service Teachers in Turkey”, Croatian Journal of Education, 17 (2), 507-534. Zhou, J. (2008), “Promoting Creativity through Feedback”, 125-145, İçinde Zhou, J. ve Shalley, C.E. (Eds), Handbook of Organizational Creativity, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.