<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>jenas</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>JENAS Journal of Environmental and Natural Studies</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">2687-6450</issn>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2687-6450</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Blacksea Nature and Environment Association</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.53472/jenas.1744340</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Environmental Law</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Çevre Hukuku</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>An Assessment on the WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <article-title>WIPO Fikri Mülkiyet, Genetik Kaynaklar ve Bunlarla İlişkili Geleneksel Bilgiler Anlaşması Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4787-4800</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Güler</surname>
                                    <given-names>Erdal</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Bartın Üniversitesi Ulus Meslek Yüksekokulu</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20251230">
                    <day>12</day>
                    <month>30</month>
                    <year>2025</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>7</volume>
                                        <issue>3</issue>
                                        <fpage>182</fpage>
                                        <lpage>191</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20250716">
                        <day>07</day>
                        <month>16</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20251211">
                        <day>12</day>
                        <month>11</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2019, JENAS Journal of Environmental and Natural Studies</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2019</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>JENAS Journal of Environmental and Natural Studies</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>Since the early 2000s, one of the issues on the agenda of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and many countries has been the relationship and scope between genetic resources, traditional knowledge, and the intellectual property regime. In the current intellectual property regime, inventions related to traditional knowledge based on biodiversity are increasing. While Western companies in fields such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and agriculture are generally the ones obtaining new products from natural resources in the market, they act as &quot;users&quot; of these resources. The indigenous communities, who are the original owners of these resources, namely the southern countries with rich biodiversity, are in the role of &quot;providers&quot; of these resources. Consequently, the issue of fair and equitable sharing of benefits arises between resource providers and users. In 2024, after lengthy negotiations, WIPO adopted the &quot;Agreement on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Traditional Knowledge.&quot; This agreement is described as a historic step within the principles of &quot;harmonization and balance&quot; between the protection of traditional knowledge based on genetic resources and intellectual property rights. In general, the agreement was negotiated taking into account complaints about patents granted based on traditional knowledge without disclosing the origin of the source. This agreement aimed to prevent an effective patent regime and erroneous patents based on traditional knowledge. It is also referred to as an agreement that bridges biodiversity law and intellectual property law. This study argues that the agreement contains gaps and uncertainties in international legal principles for the protection of indigenous communities and the realization of benefit-sharing, and that due to the failure to reach the target number of signatures/ratifications, the agreement cannot enter into force, and even if legal processes have begun, the provisions of the agreement will remain limited in practice.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <abstract><p>2000’li yılların başından beri Dünya Fikri Mülkiyet Örgütü’nün (WIPO) ve birçok ülkenin gündeminde olan konulardan biri de genetik kaynaklar ve geleneksel bilgilerin fikri mülkiyet rejimi arasındaki ilişki ve kapsamıyla ilgilidir. Mevcut fikri mülkiyet rejiminde biyoçeşitliliğe dayalı geleneksel bilgilere ilişkin buluşlar artmaktadır. Doğal kaynaklardan yararlanarak piyasada yeni ürün elde edenler genellikle ilaç, kozmetik, tarım gibi batılı şirketler iken kaynakları “kullanıcı” rolündedir. Bu kaynakların asıl sahipleri olan yerli toplulukların yani zengin biyoçeşitliliğe sahip güney ülkeleri ise kaynakları “sağlayıcı” rolündedir. Dolayısıyla kaynakları sağlayıcıları ve kullanıcıları arasında faydaların adil ve eşit paylaşımı sorunu ortaya çıkmaktadır. 2024 yılında WIPO, “Fikri Mülkiyet, Genetik Kaynaklar ve Geleneksel Bilgiye İlişkin Anlaşması”nı uzun süren müzakerelerin sonunda kabul etmiştir. Bu anlaşma, genetik kaynaklara dayalı geleneksel bilgilerin korunması ve fikri mülkiyet hakları arasındaki “uyumlaştırma ve denge” ilkeleri kapsamsında tarihi bir adım olarak nitelendirilmektedir. Genel olarak anlaşma, geleneksel bilgilere dayalı verilen patentlerin kaynağın kökeninin açıklanmaması şikâyetleri dikkate alarak müzakere edilmiştir. Bu anlaşma etkin patent rejimi ve geleneksel bilgilere dayalı hatalı patentleri önlemeyi amaçlamıştır. Aynı zamanda biyoçeşitlilik hukuku ve fikri mülkiyet hukuk arasında bir köprü kuran bir anlaşma olarak da adlandırılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, anlaşmanın yerli toplulukların korunması ve fayda paylaşımın gerçekleştirilmesi için uluslararası hukukta ilkelerde boşluklar, belirsizlikler taşıdığını ve imza/onaylama sayısının belirlenen hedefe ulaşamamasından anlaşmanın yürürlüğe gir(e)memesi,  hukuksal süreçler başlamış dahi olsa anlaşma hükümlerinin uygulamada sınırlı kalacağını ileri sürmektedir.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>:  Fikri Mülkiyet Rejimi</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Biyoteknoloji</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Geleneksel Bilgi</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Biyokorsanlık</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>Intellectual Property Regime</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Biotechnology</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Traditional Knowledge</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Biopiracy.</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                                                        </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Akıcı, T. C. (2024). Genetik kaynaklar ve bunlarla ilgili geleneksel bilgilerin korunmasında (biyokorsanlığın önlenmesinde) fikri mülkiyet sisteminin rolü. Yetkin Yayınları.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Alkan, G., Gürakan B. (2024). Genetik kaynaklar ve geleneksel bilgilerin fikri mülkiyet hakları ile korunması güncel gelişmeler ve Türkiye’nin konumu. Fikri Gündem Dergisi, 29, 15-24.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Batista, P. (2024). The WIPO igc chair’s draft on ip and genetic resources—reasons for concern. Journal of Intellectual Property Law &amp; Practice, 19(4), 328-336.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Fredriksson, M.  (2023). India’s traditional knowledge digital library and the politics of patent classifications. Law Critique, 34, 1–19.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gopakumar, K.M. (2024). WIPO opens more widely the door to biopiracy. https://infogm.org/en/wipo-opens-more-widely-the-door-to-biopiracy, Erişim Tarihi: 15.07.2025.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gopalakrishnan, N.S., Srividhya R., Narendran T., (2024). Intellectual property, genetic resources, and associated traditional knowledge. Environmental Law Institute, 54, 10829-10836.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Goss, L. (2025). 25 Years in the making: the WIPO treaty on intellectual property, genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge. Harvard International Law Journal, 66, 35-74.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Haugen, H. (2025). A new treaty on intellectual property, genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge. Etikki praksis. Nordic Journal of Applied Ethics, 19(1), 59-76.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Jefferson, D. J. (2025). The World Intellectual Property Organization Treaty on genetic resources and traditional knowledge: Implications for plant science. Plants, People, Planet, 7(4), 901–905.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Jonge, B. (2011). What is fair and equitable benefit-sharing? Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 24, 127-146.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Karim, M. (2024). Disclosure of origin for genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge patents: An overview of the WIPO treaty. https://www.4ipcouncil.com/application/files/5817/3158/5970/Disclosure_of_o.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 10.07.2025.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kuruk, P. (2015). Regulating access to traditional knowledge and genetic resources: The disclosure requirement as a strategy to combat biopiracy.  San Diego International Law Journal, 17, 3-72.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Milchior, R. (2025). WIPO treaty on ip, genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge: A new international agreement, but does it really create a full new ip right? Journal of Intellectual Property Law and Practice, 20(3), 129-130.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Müller, M., Diego F., Alejandro M., (2024). The WIPO treaty on intellectual property, genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge: Situating a landmark development in international intellectual property governance. GRUR International, 73(12), 1128–1136.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Oguamanam, C. (2025). The New WIPO genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge treaty: A symbolic and modest step toward an inclusive and just ip system, https://www.oguamanam.com/publications/new-wipo-treaty. Erişim Tarihi: 12.07.2025.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Oğuz, A. (2009). Fikri mülkiyet hakları ve geleneksel bilgi (yerel) ve folklorun hukuki korunması. FMR, S.9(3), 10-52.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Reddy, P. (2024). WIPO treaty on rights to genetic resources. https://www.theindiaforum.in/international-affairs/wipo-treaty-genetic-resources-reflects-newfound-pragmatism. Erişim Tarihi: 12.07.2025.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Semiz, Ö. (2015). Geleneksel bilgi, folklor ve fikri mülkiyet hukuku: yerel kollektif bilginin hukuki korunması. Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku Yıllığı 2013 (Ed. Tekin Memiş). Yetkin Yayınları.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Silva, R. (2024). Brief notes on the historic treaty on intellectual property, genetic resources, and associated traditional knowledge, rede de direito digital. Intelectual &amp; Sociedade, Curitiba, 4(8), 223-238.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Syam, N., Correa, C. (2024). Understanding the new WIPO treaty on intellectual property, genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge. South centre policy brief. https://www.southcentre.int/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/PB131_Understanding-the-New WIPO-Treaty-on-Intellectual-Property-Genetic-Resources-and-Associated-Traditional Knowledge_EN.pdf.  Erişim Tarihi:  13.07.2025.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ünsal, Ö. (2024). “Fikri mülkiyet, genetik kaynaklar ve bağlantılı geleneksel bilgi hakkında WIPO antlaşması” kabul edildi.  https://iprgezgini.org/2024/05/. Erişim Tarihi: 21.08.2025.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Vane, M. (2023). Questioning the potential of the forthcoming WIPO’s diplomatic conference on intellectual property and genetic resources: Endless negotiations coming to a successful end? Lse Law Review, 9, 48-89.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Wayo, F. (2025). One year after the adoption of WIPO treaty on intellectual property, genetic resources, and traditional knowledge: reflections on the treaty’s progress, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/392066924_One_Year_after_the_Adoption_of_WIPO_Treaty_on_Intellectual_Property_Genetic_Resources_and_Traditional_Knowledge_Reflections_on_the_Treaty&#039;s_Progress, Erişim Tarihi: 15.07.2025.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Welch, F. (2024). Striking a balance between innovation and tradition in the global patent system. Journal of Intellectual Property Law &amp; Practice, 19(10), 747-749.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Welch, F. (2025). Bio-based innovation and the global patent system: Exploring the WIPO treaty on intellectual property, genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge. GRUR International, 74(5), 436-446.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Wend, W. (2024). WIPO Nigeria Office Roundtable Discussion Propels Discourse Among Experts, IP Offices and Other Stakeholders on the WIPO Treaty on Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge. https://www.wipo.int/en/web/office-nigeria/w/news/2024/wipo-nigeria-office-roundtable-2024, Erişim Tarihi: 12.07.2025.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yu, Peter K. (2024). WIPO Negotiations on intellectual property, genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge. Akron Law Review, 57(2), 277-326.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
