History of Landscape Architecture Education: Evolving Curriculum Through Global Perspectives

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 15 - 32, 30.04.2025

Osman Zeybek

https://doi.org/10.53472/jenas.1592769

Abstract

This study briefly focuses on the history of landscape architecture education. It examines the initiatives preceding the formal establishment of the field, including early attempts and the official opening of academic programs. The study highlights the contributions of pioneering figures who played essential roles in shaping the education process. It addresses changes in curriculum and pedagogy over time, particularly the influence of modernism and the integration of sustainability into the discipline. Additionally, it explores the challenges and innovations within landscape architecture education, such as the impact of the digital age, the growth of interdisciplinary approaches, and the expansion of the professional sphere.

Keywords

quality education, Landscape Architecture Education, Evolution of Landscape Architecture Education, History of Landscape Architecture Education

Peyzaj Mimarlığı Eğitiminin Tarihi: Küresel Perspektiflerle Gelişen Müfredat

Abstract

Bu çalışma, peyzaj mimarlığı eğitiminin tarihine kısaca odaklanmaktadır. Alanın resmî olarak kurulmasından önceki girişimleri, ilk denemeleri ve akademik programların açılışını incelemektedir. Eğitim sürecini şekillendirmede önemli rol oynayan öncü isimlerin katkıları vurgulanmaktadır. Zamanla müfredat ve pedagojide meydana gelen değişiklikler, özellikle modernizmin etkisi ve sürdürülebilirliğin disipline entegrasyonu ele alınmaktadır. Ayrıca, dijital çağın etkisi, disiplinler arası yaklaşımların gelişimi ve meslek alanının genişlemesi gibi konular bağlamında, peyzaj mimarlığı eğitimindeki zorluklar ve yenilikler tartışılmaktadır.

Keywords

Peyzaj mimarlığı eğitimi, peyzaj mimarlığı eğitiminin evrimi, peyzaj mimarlığı eğitim tarihi, kaliteli eğitim

References

• Abass, F., Ismail, L. H., Wahab, I. A., & Elgadi, A. A. (2020). A review of green roof: definition, history, evolution and functions. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 713(1): 1-8.
• Akour, M. & Alenezi, M. (2022). Higher education future in the era of digital transformation. Education Sciences 2022, 12, 784.
• Alam, A. (2020). Possibilities and challenges of compounding artificial intelligence in India’s educational landscape. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 29(5):5077-5094.
• Alam, A. (2021). Possibilities and apprehensions in the landscape of artificial intelligence in education. In 2021 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Computing Applications (ICCICA), 26-27 Nov. 2021. (pp. 1-8). DOI: 10.1109/ICCICA52458.2021.9697272.
• Alderman, D., Narro Perez, R., Eaves, L. E., Klein, P., & Muñoz, S. (2021). Reflections on operationalizing an anti-racism pedagogy: Teaching as regional storytelling. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 45(2): 186-200.
• Anacker, K. B. (2023). The Evolution of the Four Eras of Urban Planning Education in the United States. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 43 (3): 729-731.
• Ang, K. L. M., Ge, F. L., & Seng, K. P. (2020). Big educational data & analytics: Survey, architecture and challenges. In IEEE Access, 8: 116392-116414. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2994561.
• Antunes, A. C., Marques, T. P., & Andresen, T. (2022). The genesis of training in landscape architecture in Portugal. Projets de paysage. Revue scientifique sur la conception et l’aménagement de l’espace, (Hors-série). DOI: 10.4000/paysage.27624.
• Bang, M. (2020). Learning on the move toward just, sustainable, and culturally thriving futures. Cognition and Instruction, 38(3): 434-444.
• Boarin, P., Martinez-Molina, A., & Juan-Ferruses, I. (2020). Understanding students’ perception of sustainability in architecture education: A comparison among universities in three different continents. Journal of Cleaner Production, 248, 119237. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119237.
• Brown, K. N. & Chamberlain, B. (2020). A Healthy Design: Transdisciplinary Collaboration of Nutrition and Landscape Architecture Courses. NACTA Journal, 65: 339-349.
• Brown, T. D. (2023). A Practical Landscape: Robert Cridland and the Gardens of Oak Hill. Master Thesis of Historic Preservation, The University of Georgia, US.
• Butt, A. N. & Dimitrijević, B. (2022). Multidisciplinary and transdisciplinary collaboration in nature-based design of sustainable architecture and urbanism. Sustainability 2022, 14: 10339. DOI: 10.3390/ su141610339.
• Chen, G., Bowring, J., & Davis, S. (2021). Performance Evaluation: Identifying Barriers and Enablers for Landscape Architecture Practice. Architecture 2021, 1(2): 140-160.
• Cheng, I., Davis, C. L., & Wilson, M. O. (2020). Race and modern architecture: A critical history from the Enlightenment to the present. University of Pittsburgh Press, ISBN: 978-0-8229-8741-3.
• Collins, J. (2020). The Architecture and Landscape of Health: A Historical Perspective on Therapeutic Places: 1790-1940. Rouletge, ISBN: 978-0-429-45998-6.
• Colomina, B., Galán, I. G., Kotsioris, E., & Meister, A. M. (2022). Radical pedagogies. MIT Press, ISBN: 9780262543385.
• Csepely-Knorr, L. & Klagyivik, M. (2020). From Social Spaces to Training Fields: Evolution of Design Theory of the Children's Public Sphere in Hungary in the First Half of the Twentieth Century. Childhood in the Past, 12(2): 93-108.
• Cupers, K. (2020). The Invention of Indigenous Architecture. Race and Modern Architecture: A Critical History from the Enlightenment to the Present, 187-200. DOI: 10.2307/j.ctv11cwbg7.14.
• Curran, T. (2020). Landscape Architecture in the Classroom: Tracking the Process of Learning of a 4th Grade Class as they Participate in a Garden Design Project. Master Thesis of Landscape Architecture, California State Polytechnic University, US.
• Drake, S. M. & Reid, J. L. (2020). 21st century competencies in light of the history of integrated curriculum. Frontiers in Education. 5: 122. DOI: 10.3389/feduc.2020.00122.
• Fricker, P., Hayek, U. W., & Monacella, R. (2023). Digital Landscape Architecture Education–Where Do We Stand and Where Should We Go?. Journal of Digital Landscape Architecture, 2023(8): 576-584.
• García-Hípola, M. (2021). Research in Architecture and Landscape. Its application in academic teaching and professional practice. CEU Ediciones, ISBN: 978-84-17385-84-2.
• Georgakakos, C. B., Cerra, J. F., Allred, S. B., Williams, K., Walter, M. T., LoGiudice, E., & Smith, G. (2020). Cross-disciplinary learning in environmental engineering and landscape architecture. International Journal of Collaborative Engineering, 1(1): 1-35.
• Gibbons, L. V. (2020). Regenerative—The new sustainable? Sustainability 2020, 12: 5483. DOI: 10.3390/su12135483.
• Goldin, T., Rauch, E., Pacher, C., & Woschank, M. (2022). Reference architecture for an integrated and synergetic use of digital tools in education 4.0. Procedia Computer Science, 200 (2022): 407-417.
• Gulhan, F. (2023). The order of garden-based learning from science education to STEM education. Eurasian Journal of Science and Environmental Education, 3(1): 17-23.
• Haan, N. L., Iuliano, B. G., Gratton, C., & Landis, D. A. (2021). Designing agricultural landscapes for arthropod-based ecosystem services in North America. In Advances in ecological research (Vol. 64, pp. 191-250). Academic Press.
• Haffner, J. (2021). Landscapes of Housing: Design and Planning in the History of Environmental Thought. Rouletge, ISBN: 9781315145983.
• Hallinger, P. & Nguyen, V. T. (2020). Mapping the landscape and structure of research on education for sustainable development: A bibliometric review. Sustainability 2020, 12: 1947. DOI: 10.3390/su12051947.
• Hautamäki, R., & Donner, J. (2022). Modern living in a forest–landscape architecture of Finnish forest suburbs in the 1940s–1960s. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, 104(3): 250-268.
• Herrington, S. (2017). Landscape Theory in Design. Rouletge, ISBN: 9780415705950.
• Hopstock, L. (2022a). German garden design education in the early 20th century. In The Routledge Handbook of Landscape Architecture Education (pp. 143-154). Routledge, ISBN: 9781003212645.
• Hopstock, L. (2022b). The garden as Raumkunstwerk: the role of early 20th-century architecture schools for the modernisation of landscape architecture education. Projets de paysage. Revue scientifique sur la conception et l’aménagement de l’espace, Hors-série, 2022. DOI: 10.4000/paysage.27504.
• Ignatieva, M., Haase, D., Dushkova, D., & Haase, A. (2020). Lawns in cities: from a globalised urban green space phenomenon to sustainable nature-based solutions. Land 2020, 9(73): 1–27. DOI: 10.3390/land9030073.
• Jørgensen, K., Stiles, R., Mertens, E., & Karadeniz, N. (2022). Teaching landscape architecture: a discipline comes of age. Landscape Research, 47(2): 167-178.
• Kabisch, N., Pueffel, C., Masztalerz, O., Hemmerling, J., & Kraemer, R. (2021). Physiological and psychological effects of visits to different urban green and street environments in older people: A field experiment in a dense inner-city area. Landscape and Urban Planning, 207: 103998. DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103998.
• Kang, L. (2021). Street architecture landscape design based on Wireless Internet of Things and GIS system. Microprocessors and Microsystems, 80 (2021) 103362. DOI: 10.1016/j.micpro.2020.103362.
• Kerr, J., & Lawson, G. (2020). Augmented reality in design education: Landscape architecture studies as AR experience. International Journal of Art & Design Education, 39(1): 6-21.
• King, J., Holmes, R., Burkholder, S., Holzman, J., & Suedel, B. (2022). Advancing nature‐based solutions by leveraging Engineering with Nature® strategies and landscape architectural practices in highly collaborative settings. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 18(1): 108-114.
• King, M. A. (2021). Measured shadows of Thomas Jefferson: A transit from amateur landscape gardening to professional landscape architecture. Ph.D. Dissertation in Landscape Architecture, University of İllinois, US.
• Kovács, M. G. (2020). A Hungarian Architect in Early Republican Turkey: Ferenc Hillinger (1895-1973). THE ARABIST: BUDAPEST STUDIES IN ARABIC, 41 (2020), DOI: 10.58513/ARABIST.2020.41.6.
• Laurence, P. L. (2023). Histories of Architecture Education in the United States. Rouletge, ISBN: 9781003272052.
• Leonardo, Z., & Boas, E. (2021). What Children of Color Learn from White Women and What This Says About Race, Whiteness, and Gender. Handbook of critical race theory in education. Rouletge, ISBN: 978–0–203–15572–1.
• Li, L. (2020). Education supply chain in the era of Industry 4.0. Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 37: 579-592.
• Liu, C., Lin, M., Rauf, H. L., & Shareef, S. S. (2022). Parameter simulation of multidimensional urban landscape design based on nonlinear theory. Nonlinear Engineering, 10(1): 583-591.
• Liu, M. & Nijhuis, S. (2020). Mapping landscape spaces: Methods for understanding spatial-visual characteristics in landscape design. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 82 (2929): 106376.
• Luckmann, A. & Welter, V. M. (2023). Constructing and Reconstructing History in Twentieth-Century German Architecture. Art in Translation, 15(1): 1-9. DOI: 10.1080/17561310.2023.2191752.
• Lus-Arana, L. M., Parnell, S., & Martínez-Marco, G. (2023). Brutalism, Film, and Dystopia: The Many (Cinematic) Lives of John Andrews’s Scarborough College. Ra Revista de Arquitectura, 25 – 2023: 118-137. DOI: 10.15581/014.25.118-137.
• Marion, T. J., & Fixson, S. K. (2021). The transformation of the innovation process: How digital tools are changing work, collaboration, and organizations in new product development. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 38(1): 192-215.
• Mendenhall, A. (2023). Enabling Synergies: Integrating Ecology with Landscape Architecture in Design Practice. Landscape Journal, 42(2): 145-155.
• Mertens, E. (2022). Resilient City: Landscape Architecture for Climate Change. Birkhäuser (1st ed.), Basel, Switzerland. ISBN: 978-3035622348.
• Meyer, M. W., & Norman, D. (2020). Changing design education for the 21st century. She Ji: The Journal of Design, Economics, and Innovation, 6(1): 13-49.
• Mian, S. H., Salah, B., Ameen, W., Moiduddin, K., & Alkhalefah, H. (2020). Adapting universities for sustainability education in industry 4.0: Channel of challenges and opportunities. Sustainability, 12(15): 6100.
• Milovanović, A., Kostić, M., Zorić, A., Đorđević, A., Pešić, M., Bugarski, J., ... & Josifovski, A. (2020). Transferring COVID-19 challenges into learning potentials: Online workshops in architectural education. Sustainability, 12(17): 7024.
• Monacella, R. & Keane, B. (2022). Designing Landscape Architectural Education: Studio Ecologies for Unpredictable Futures. Rouletge, ISBN: 9781003145905.
• Mouratidis, K. & Hassan, R. (2020). Contemporary versus traditional styles in architecture and public space: A virtual reality study with 360-degree videos. Cities, 97 (2020): 102499.
• Mustapha, I., Van, N. T., Shahverdi, M., Qureshi, M. I., & Khan, N. (2021). Effectiveness of digital technology in education during COVID-19 pandemic. A bibliometric analysis. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies, 15(8): 136-154.
• Naidoo, W. D. (2021). The impact of 21st-century pedagogic transformation on architecture: towards an interdisciplinary design school in Durban. Master Thesis of Architecture, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
• Namin, S., Xu, W., Zhou, Y., & Beyer, K. (2020). The legacy of the Homeowners’ Loan Corporation and the political ecology of urban trees and air pollution in the United States. Social Science & Medicine, 246 (2020): 112578.
• Napawan, N. C., Chamorro, L., Guenther, D., & Huang, Y. (2023). Decolonizing the Language of Landscape Architecture. Landscape Journal, 42(1): 109-129.
• Nijhuis, S. & de Vries, J. (2020). Design as research in landscape architecture. Landscape journal, 28: 1-2.
• Nobles, R. M. (2023). Reflecting on design: A study of the relationship between beginning landscape architecture students' graphic skills and self-efficacy through hybrid assessments and reflective writing. Master Thesis of Landscape Architecture, Mississippi State University.
• Oldham, M. (2022). Professional recognition of landscape architects. In Landscape mosaics. Conseil de l’Europe, 181-202. ISBN: 978-92-871-9221-9.
• Olin, L. (2020). JB Jackson and Landscape Architects. SiteLINES: A Journal of Place, 15(2): 8-11.
• Oliynyk, O., Amandykova, D., Konbr, U., Iskhojanova, G., & Zhaina, T. (2023). Converging Directions of Organic Architecture and City Planning: A Theoretical Exploration. ISVS e-journal, 10(8): 223-235.
• Pagán, V. E. & Page, J. W. (2023). Women and the Collaborative Art of Gardens: From Antiquity to the Present. Rouletge, ISBN: 9781003381549.
• Palacios, L. J. (2020). Exploring the Relationship Between Studio-Based Learning and Active Learning in the Landscape Architecture Design Studio. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Georgia, US.
• Penning-Rowsell, E. C. & Lowenthal, D. (1986). Landscape meanings and values. Rouletge, ISBN: 9781032218434.
• Powell, S. C. L. (2022). Perceiving Mindscapes: An Intellectual History of the Development of Landscape Architecture in France and the United States, 1852-1894. Master of Arts, Purdue University.
• Qiu, Y., Cong, Z., Opiniano, K. N., Qiao, X., & Chen, Z. (2023). Landscape Architecture Professional Knowledge Abstraction: Accessing, Applying and Disseminating. Land 2023, 12(11): 2061. DOI: 10.3390/land12112061.
• Rafi, Z. N., Kazemi, F., & Tehranifar, A. (2020). Public preferences toward water-wise landscape design in a summer season. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 48 (2020): 126563.
• Robin, N. (2012). The influence of scientific theories on the design of botanical gardens around 1800. Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes, 28(3–4), 382–399.
• Samayeen, N., Wong, A., & McCarthy, C. (2022). Space to breathe: George Floyd, BLM plaza and the monumentalization of divided American Urban landscapes. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 54(14): 2341-2351.
• Shan, P. & Sun, W. (2021). Research on landscape design system based on 3D virtual reality and image processing technology. Ecological Informatics, 63 (2021): 101287.
• Shao, H., Kim, G., Li, Q., & Newman, G. (2021). Web of science-based green infrastructure: a bibliometric analysis in citespace. Land 2021, 10: 711. DOI: 10.3390/ land10070711.
• Sharky, B. (2024). Nature-Based Design in Landscape Architecture. Rouletge, ISBN: 9781003428879.
• Shwedeh, F. (2024). Harnessing digital issue in adopting metaverse technology in higher education institutions: Evidence from the United Arab Emirates. International Journal of Data and Network Science, 8(1): 489-504.
• Steinitz, C. (2020). On landscape architecture education and professional practice and their future challenges. Land 2020, 9: 228. DOI: 10.3390/land9070228.
• Stoltz, J. & Grahn, P. (2021). Perceived sensory dimensions: An evidence-based approach to greenspace aesthetics. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 59 (2021): 126989. DOI: 10.1016/j.ufug.2021.126989.
• Urech, P. R., Dissegna, M. A., Girot, C., & Grêt-Regamey, A. (2020). Point cloud modeling as a bridge between landscape design and planning. Landscape and Urban Planning, 203: 103903.
• van Hellemondt, I. (2021). Designing complete living environments: landscape in Dutch expansion districts in the 1950s and 1960s. Landscape Research, 46(4): 495-513.
• Wolschke-Bulmahn, J. & Clark, R. (2021). From Garden Art to Landscape Architecture: Traditions, Re-Evaluations, and Future Perspectives. Leibniz Universitat Hannover Press, ISBN: 978-3-96091-573-7.
• Woods, M. N. (2023). From craft to profession: The practice of architecture in nineteenth-century America. University of California Press, US. ISBN:0-520-21494-3.
• Wu, J. (2021). Landscape sustainability science (II): core questions and key approaches. Landscape Ecology, 36: 2453-2485. DOI: 10.1007/s10980-021-01245-3.
• Yusuf, D.A.; Zhu, J.; Nashe, S.A.; Usman, A.M.; Sagir, A.; Yukubu, A.; Hamma, A.S.; Alfa, N.S.& Ahmed, A. (2023). A Typology for Urban Landscape Progression: Toward a Sustainable Planning Mechanism in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria. Urban Sci., 7(2): 36. DOI: 10.3390/urbansci7020036.
• Zachariasz, A. (2020). Professional licensing of landscape architects in Poland. World Transactions on Engineering and Technology Education, 18(4): 444-449.