<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                    <journal-id></journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Journal of Economics and Research</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">2717-9907</issn>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2717-9907</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Avrasya Sosyo-Ekonomik Araştırmalar Derneği (ASEAD)</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.53280/jer.1923654</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Policy and Administration (Other)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Politika ve Yönetim (Diğer)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>THE EFFECTS OF GENDER INEQUALITY ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN TÜRKİYE: AN ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <article-title>TÜRKİYE’DE CİNSİYET EŞİTSİZLİĞİNİN EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ: EKONOMETRİK BİR İNCELEME</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0154-6211</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Alev</surname>
                                    <given-names>Nigar</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>VAN YÜZÜNCÜ YIL ÜNİVERSİTESİ, İKTİSADİ VE İDARİ BİLİMLER FAKÜLTESİ, İKTİSAT BÖLÜMÜ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2239-0241</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Ertürkmen</surname>
                                    <given-names>Gülferah</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>KAHRAMANMARAŞ SÜTÇÜ İMAM ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20260429">
                    <day>04</day>
                    <month>29</month>
                    <year>2026</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>7</volume>
                                        <issue>1</issue>
                                        <fpage>62</fpage>
                                        <lpage>80</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20260405">
                        <day>04</day>
                        <month>05</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20260426">
                        <day>04</day>
                        <month>26</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2020, Journal of Economics and Research</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2020</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Journal of Economics and Research</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>This research aims to analyze the effects of gender inequality on economic growth within the Turkish economy through a theoretical and empirical framework using annual data covering the 1990–2023 period. The long-term cointegration relationship and short-term dynamics among the variables were examined using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bound testing approach, which allows for the analysis of series integrated at different orders. Empirical findings indicate a statistically significant and robust cointegration relationship among the variables under consideration. Long-term coefficient estimates reveal that gender inequality, particularly in the field of employment, has a negative and significant impact on economic growth; this confirms the critical importance of policies aimed at integrating the female labor force into the production process for macroeconomic performance. While inequalities in health were found to be positive associated with growth, no direct or significant impact of inequalities in education and political dimensions on growth was detected during the period analyzed. Short-term analyses demonstrate that gender-based imbalances can trigger economic fluctuations; however, the system converges back to its long-term equilibrium owing to the functionality of the error correction mechanism. The results obtained prove that inclusive and equality-oriented structural reforms encouraging women&#039;s participation in employment play a vital role in enabling Türkiye to achieve a sustainable and stable growth trajectory.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <abstract><p>Bu çalışma, 1990–2023 dönemini kapsayan yıllık veriler aracılığıyla Türkiye ekonomisinde toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliğinin ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkilerini teorik ve ampirik bir çerçevede analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Değişkenler arasındaki uzun dönemli eşbütünleşme ilişkisi ve kısa dönem dinamikleri, serilerin farklı derecelerde durağan olmasına imkân tanıyan ARDL (Otoregresif Dağıtılmış Gecikme) sınır testi yöntemi ile incelenmiştir. Ampirik bulgular, ele alınan değişkenler arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ve güçlü bir eşbütünleşme ilişkisinin varlığına işaret etmektedir. Uzun dönem katsayı tahminleri, özellikle istihdam alanındaki cinsiyet eşitsizliğinin ekonomik büyüme üzerinde negatif ve anlamlı bir etkiye sahip olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır; bu durum, kadın iş gücünün üretim sürecine entegrasyonunu hedefleyen politikaların makroekonomik performans açısından taşıdığı kritik önemi doğrulamaktadır. Sağlık alanındaki eşitsizliklerin büyüme ile pozitif ilişkili olduğu saptanırken, eğitim ve siyaset boyutlarındaki eşitsizliklerin incelenen dönem zarfında büyüme üzerinde doğrudan ve belirgin bir etkisi tespit edilememiştir. Kısa dönem analizleri ise toplumsal cinsiyet temelli dengesizliklerin ekonomik dalgalanmaları tetikleyebildiğini, ancak hata düzeltme mekanizmasının işlerliği sayesinde sistemin yeniden uzun dönem dengesine yakınsadığını göstermektedir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, Türkiye’nin sürdürülebilir ve istikrarlı bir büyüme patikasına ulaşabilmesi için kadınların istihdama katılımını teşvik eden kapsayıcı ve eşitlik odaklı yapısal reformların hayati bir rol oynadığını kanıtlamaktadır.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitsizliği</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Ekonomik Büyüme</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Türkiye Ekonomisi</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  ARDL Sınır Testi</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>Gender Inequality</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Economic Growth</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Turkish Economy</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  ARDL Bound Test</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                                                        </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Aggarwal, K., Rathore, P., &amp; Kashyap, K. (2023). Gender inequity and economic growth: An
empirical analysis. Towards Excellence. https://doi.org/10.37867/te150242.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Altuzarra, A., Gálvez-Gálvez, C., &amp; González-Flores, A. (2021). Is gender inequality a barrier to
economic growth? A panel data analysis of developing countries. Sustainability, 13(1), 367.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010367.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Berik, G., Rodgers, Y. V. D. M., &amp; Seguino, S. (2009). Feminist economics of inequality,
development, and growth. Feminist Economics, 15(3), 1-33. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545700903093524.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bertay, A., Dordevic, L., &amp; Sever, C. (2025). Gender inequality and economic growth: Evidence
from industry-level data. Empirical Economics, 68, 2291-2326. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-024-02698-6.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Braunstein, E., Bouhia, R., &amp; Seguino, S. (2020). Social reproduction, gender equality and economic
growth. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 44(1), 129-156. https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/bez032.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cuberes, D., &amp; Teignier, M. (2014). Gender inequality and economic growth: A critical review.
Journal of International Development, 26, 260-276. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.2983.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Çağındı, Y., &amp; Dolu, A. (2024). Toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliğinin ekonomik büyümeye etkisi. Turkish
Studies - Economics, Finance, Politics, 19(4), 1231-1242.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Çolak, Z. (2021). Türkiye’de toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliği-ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi üzerine
ekonometrik analiz. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 10(2), 1094–1105. https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.708166.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Damjanovic, T., &amp; Selvaretnam, G. (2019). Economic growth and evolution of gender equality. The
Manchester School, 88(1), 1-36. https://doi.org/10.1111/manc.12274.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Elson, D. (2009). Gender equality and economic growth in the World Bank World Development
Report 2006. Feminist Economics, 15(3), 35-59. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545700902964303.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ertürkmen, G. (2025). Ekonomik büyüme, kadınların eğitimi ve istihdamı arasındaki ilişkinin
fertiliteye yansıması. Adıyaman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Aile Yılı Özel
Sayısı, 456-480. https://doi.org/10.14520/adyusbd.1741236.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Forsythe, N., Korzeniewicz, R. P., &amp; Durrant, V. (2000). Gender inequalities and economic growth:
A longitudinal evaluation. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 48, 573-617. https://doi.org/10.1086/452611.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ghosh, S. (2021). How trade diversification and economic growth affect gender inequality in female
labour market participation? The case of India. Journal of Economics and Development, 24(2), 127-141. https://doi.org/10.1108/JED-12-2020-0194.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Girón, A., &amp; Kazemikhasragh, A. (2021). Gender equality and economic growth in Asia and Africa:
Empirical analysis of developing and least developed countries. Journal of the Knowledge
Economy, 13, 1433-1443. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-021-00782-1.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gujarati, D. N., &amp; Porter, D. C. (2009). Basic econometrics. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kabeer, N. (2016). Gender equality, economic growth, and women’s agency: The “endless variety”
and “monotonous similarity” of patriarchal constraints. Feminist Economics, 22, 295-321. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2015.1090009.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kabeer, N. (2021). Gender equality, inclusive growth, and labour markets. İçinde Women’s Economic Empowerment (ss. 13-48). Taylor &amp; Francis Group.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003141938-3.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Khasanah, U., &amp; Sasana, H. (2022). Significance of gender equality in economic growth. Research
Horizon, 2(2), 374-380. https://doi.org/10.54518/rh.2.2.2022.374-380.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kılıç, J. (2025). The effect of global gender inequality and female employment on the economic
growth: Panel ARDL. International Journal of Research in Entrepreneurship &amp; Business
Studies, 6(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.47259/ijrebs.2025.611.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kim, J., Lee, J., &amp; Shin, K. (2016). A model of gender inequality and economic growth. Asian
Development Bank Working Paper Series No. 475. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2737844.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Klasen, S. (2018). The impact of gender inequality on economic performance in developing
countries. Annual Review of Resource Economics, 10(1), 279-298. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-100517-023429.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mitra, A., Bang, J. T., &amp; Biswas, A. (2015). Gender equality and economic growth: Is it equality of
opportunity or equality of outcomes? Feminist Economics, 21(1), 110-135. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2014.930163.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Onaran, Ö., Oyvat, C., &amp; Fotopoulou, E. (2022). Gendering macroeconomic analysis and development policy: A theoretical model. Feminist Economics, 28(2), 23-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2022.2033294.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Özdemir, E. A., &amp; Altay, A. (2021). Toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği ve ekonomik kalkınma ilişkisi: OECD ülkeleri analizi. İzmir İktisat Dergisi, 36(3), 601-665.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., &amp; Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Seguino, S. (2000). Gender inequality and economic growth: A cross-country analysis. World
Development, 28, 1211-1230. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(00)00018-8.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Silva, M., &amp; Klasen, S. (2021). Gender inequality as a barrier to economic growth: A review of the
theoretical literature. Review of Economics of the Household, 19, 581-614. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-020-09535-6.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Şahin, B. Y., &amp; Alp, C. (2020). Kadınların işgücüne katılımının ekonomik büyüme üzerine etkisi:
Türkiye örneği. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 17(45), 186-202.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Şahin, S., &amp; Bayhan, A. C. (2020). Türkiye’de toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliğinin ekonomik boyutu.
Lectio Socialis, 4(1), 59-74. https://izlik.org/JA48HN96RP.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
