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ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CUSTOMS AND LOGISTICS AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN TURKISH ECONOMY WITH ARDL, FMOLS AND CCR METHODS

Year 2022, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 87 - 108, 20.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.53280/jer.1058564

Abstract

This study has two main aims. The first of these tests the relationship between customs and logistics, energy consumption, commercial globalization and economic growth in the 1990-2019 sample period in the Turkish economy. The second aim is to test the relationship in question with both ARDL bounds test and FMOLS, CCR estimators and to reveal the reliability of the findings. ARDL bounds test findings showed the existence of a long-term relationship between the mentioned variables. According to the short-term estimation results of the ARDL bounds test, a 1% increase in commercial globalization reduces economic growth by 1.76%; The effect of energy consumption and logistics variables on economic growth is not statistically significant. The long-term findings are that the increases in logistics and energy consumption according to ARDL, FMOLS and CCR methods increase economic growth; showed that commercial globalization reduces economic growth. These findings show that ARDL, FMOLS and CCR methods show similar results and increase the reliability of the results. These results obtained in Turkey have revealed the importance of using the feature of being a member of the Customs Union more effectively and attaching importance to logistics activities for sustainable economic growth and development. On the other hand, the effect of energy consumption on economic growth shows that it is necessary for Turkey to prioritize investments in energy.

References

  • Acer, A. & Yügünt, C. (2021). Küresel E-Ticaret Sisteminde Kullanılan Elektronik Ticaret Gümrük Beyannamesinin Posta ve Hızlı Kargo Taşımacılığına Etkileri, OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, Administration & Organization Special Issue , 1573-1595
  • Aka, A. & Ürünal, A. A. (2018). Foreign Trade Practices in Turkey: Customs Law No. 4458 Special. Balkan Journal of Social Sciences/Balkan Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(13), 154-170.
  • Akandere, G. (2021). Dijitalleşme Düzeyi ve Yeşil Lojistik Uygulamaların Lojistik Performansa Etkisi. Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 11(4), 1979-2000.
  • Altıntaş, H. (2013). Türkiye’de Birincil Enerji Tüketimi, Karbondioksit Emisyonu ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Eşbütünleşme ve Nedensellik Analizi. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 8(1), 263-294.
  • Banerjee, A., Dolado, J. & Mestre, R. (1998). Error-Correction Mechanism Tests for Cointegration in A Single-Equation Framework. Journal of Time Series Analysis, 19(3), 267-283.
  • Belke, A., Dobnik, F. & Dreger, C. (2011). Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: New Insights into the Cointegration Relationship. Energy Economics, 33(5), 782-789.
  • Brown, R. L., Durbin, J. & Evans, J. M. (1975). Techniques for Testing the Constancy of Regression Relations over Time. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B, 37, 149-92.
  • Canpolat, Ö. (2001). E-ticaret ve Türkiye'deki Gelişmeler. Ankara: Sanayi ve Ticaret Bakanlığı.
  • Clark, X., Dollar, D. & Micco, A. (2004). Port Efficiency, Maritime Transport Costs and Bilateral Trade. Journal of Development Economics, 75(2), 417-450.
  • Dickey, D. A. & Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74-366, 427-431.
  • Erdal, G., Erdal, H. & Esengün, K. (2008). The Causality Between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Turkey. Energy Policy, 36(10), 3838-3842.
  • Erdoğan, L., Tiryaki, A. & Ceylan, R. (2018). Türkiye’de Uzun Dönem Ekonomik Büyümenin Belirleyicilerinin ARDL, FMOLS, DOLS ve CCR Yöntemleriyle Tahmini. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 36(4), 39-57.
  • Groote, P., Jacobs, J. & Sturm, J. E. (1999). Output Effects of Infrastructure Investment in the Netherlands 1853-1913. Journal of Macroeconomics, 21(2), 355-380.
  • Hansen, B. E. & Phillips, P. C. B. (1990). Estimation and Inference in Models of Cointegration: A Simulation Study. Advances in Econometrics, 8, 225-248.
  • Hayaloğlu, P. (2015). The Impact of Development in the Logistics Sector on Economic Growth: The Case of OECD Countries. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 5(2), 523-530.
  • Hondroyiannis, G., Lolos, S. & Papapetrou, E. (2002). Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: Assessing the Evidence from Greece. Energy Economics, 24(4), 319-336.
  • Hu, K., Gan, X. & Gao, K., 2012. Co-entegration model of Logistics Infrastructure Investment and Regional Economic Growth in Central China. Physics Procedia, 33, 1036-1041.
  • IEA, 2021. Uluslararası Enerji Ajansı, https://www.iea.org/ (Erişim Tarihi: 12.12.2021).
  • KOF İsviçre Ekonomi Enstitüsü, (2021). https://kof.ethz.ch/en/forecasts-and-indicators/indicators/kof-globalisation-index.html (Erişim Tarihi: 12.12.2021).
  • Kraft, J. & Kraft, A. (1978). On the Relationship Between Energy and GNP. The Journal of Energy and Development, 401-403.
  • Kreishan, F. M. (2011). Economic Growth and Unemployment: An Empirical Analysis. Journal of Social Sciences, 7(2), 228-231.
  • Lean, H. H., Huang, W. & Hong, J. (2014). Logistics and Economic Development: Experience from China. Transport Policy, 32, 96-104.
  • Manavgat, G. & Demirci, A. (2021). Lojistik Performans Endeksi Tutarlılığının Sıralı Lojistik Regresyon Modeliyle İncelenmesi. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, 16(64), 1856-1871.
  • Micco, A. & Serebrisky, T. (2006). Competition Regimes and Air Transport Costs: The Effects of Open Skies Agreements. Journal of International Economics, 70(1), 25-51.
  • Mody, A. & Wang, F. Y. (1997). Explaining Industrial Growth in Coastal China: Economic Reforms and What else?. The World Bank Economic Review, 11(2), 293-325.
  • Mucuk, M. & Uysal, D. (2009). Türkiye Ekonomisinde Enerji Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Büyüme. Maliye Dergisi, 157(1), 105-115.
  • Narayan, P. K. & Narayan, S. (2005). Estimating Income and Price Elasticities of Imports for Fiji in a Cointegration Framework. Economic Modelling, 22(3), 423-438.
  • Olimpia, N. & Stela, D. (2017). Impact of Globalisation on Economic Growth in Romania: An Empirical Analysis of Its Economic, Social and Political Dimensions. Studia Universitatis Economic Series, Vasile Goldis, Western University of Arad, 27(1), 29-40.
  • Özdemir, O. & Doğan, E. (2021). Ticari Küreselleşme, Ticari Açıklık ve Bölüşüm Olgusunun Gelir Eşitsizliği Üzerinden Değerlendirilmesi: OECD Ülkeleri Açısından Bir İnceleme. Business and Economics Research Journal, 12(2), 245-268.
  • Öztürk, I. & Acaravcı, A. (2010). CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(9), 3220-3225.
  • Park, J. Y. (1992). Canonical Cointegrating Regressions, Econometrica, 60(1), 119-143.
  • Pata, U. K., Yurtkuran, S. & Kalça, A. (2016). Türkiye’de Enerji Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Büyüme: ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 38(2), 255-271.
  • Pesaran, M. H. & Shin, Y. (1999). An Autoregressive Distributed Lag Modeling Approach to Cointegration Analysis. In: Strom, S., Holly, A., Diamond, P. (Eds.), Centennial Volume of Rangar Frisch, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16, 289-326.
  • Reza, M. (2013). The Relationship between Logistics and Economic Development in Indonesia: Analysis of Time Series Data. Jurnal Teknik Industri, 15(2), 119-124.
  • Ribeiro, S. K., Kobayashi, S., Beuthe, M., Gasca, J., Greene, D., Lee, D. S. & Zhou, P. J. (2007). Transportation and its Infrastructure, https://escholarship.org/uc/item/98m5t1rv#main (Erişim Tarihi: 12.11.2021).
  • Rubin, A. & Segal, D. (2015). The Effects of Economic Growth on Income Inequality in The US. Journal of Macroeconomics, 45, 258-273.
  • Saidi, S., Mani, V., Mefteh, H., Shahbaz, M. & Akhtar, P. (2020). Dynamic Linkages between Transport, Logistics, Foreign Direct Investment, and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Developing Countries.
  • Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 141, 277-293.
  • Sezer, S. & Abasiz, T. (2017). The Impact of Logistics Industry on Economic Growth: An Application in OECD Countries. Eurasian Journal of Social Sciences, 5(1), 11-23.
  • Shahbaz, M., Khraief, N., Uddin, G. S. & Öztürk, İ. (2014). Environmental Kuznets Curve in An Open Economy: A Bounds Testing and Causality Analysis for Tunisia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 34, 325-336.
  • Soytas, U., Sari, R. & Ozdemir, O. (2001). Energy Consumption and GDP Relation in Turkey: A Cointegration and Vector Error Correction Analysis. Economies and Business in Transition: Facilitating Competitiveness and Change in The Global Environment Proceedings, 1, 838-844.
  • Taş, S. & Özbek, S. (2021). Enflasyon Hedeflemesi Stratejisinde Genişletilmiş Taylor Kuralı’nın Geçerliliği: Türkiye Üzerine Ampirik Bulgular. Journal of Economics and Research, 2(1), 13-25.
  • Tekin, M., Öztürk, D. & Bahar, İ. (2020). Akıllı Lojistik Faaliyetlerinde Blokzincir Teknolojisi. Kent Akademisi, 13(3), 570-583.
  • Temiz, D. (2009). Gümrük Birliği ile Birlikte Türkiye’nin Dış Ticaretinde Yapısal Değişimler Oldu Mu?. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi, 8(1), 115-138.
  • Üyümez, E. M. & Gültekin, R. (2016). Gümrük Denetimi: Türkiye Uygulamalarının Analizi-Customs Audit: Analysies of Turkey Practices. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8(14), 343-365.
  • WDI (World Development Indicatiors) (2021). Ülke İstatistikleri, https://lpi.worldbank.org/international/scorecard (Erişim Tarihi: 19.11.2021).
  • World Bank (2021). https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators#0 (Erişim Tarihi: 12.12.2021).
  • Ying, Y. H., Chang, K. & Lee, C. H. (2014). The Impact of Globalization on Economic Growth. Romanian Journal of Economic Forecasting, 17(2), 25-34.
  • Yurtkuran, S. (2021). Enerji Tüketimi, Ekonomik Büyüme ve Lojistik Arasındaki İlişki: Türkiye Örneği. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 31(3), 1245-1260.
  • Zhuang, R. & Won, W. K. (2007). Economic Growth under Globalization: Evidence from Panel Data Analysis. American Agricultural Economics Association Annual Meeting, Portland, OR, July 29-August 1.

TÜRKİYE EKONOMİSİNDE GÜMRÜK VE LOJİSTİK FAALİYETLERİ İLE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME İLİŞKİSİNİN ARDL, FMOLS VE CCR YÖNTEMLERİ İLE ANALİZİ

Year 2022, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 87 - 108, 20.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.53280/jer.1058564

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın iki temel amacı bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan ilki Türkiye ekonomisinde 1990-2019 örneklem döneminde gümrük ve lojistik, enerji tüketimi, ticari küreselleşme ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisini test etmektedir. İkinci amaç ise söz konusu ilişkinin hem ARDL sınır testi hem de FMOLS, CCR tahmincileri ile sınamak ve bulguların güvenilirliğini ortaya koymaktır. ARDL sınır testi bulguları adı geçen değişkenler arasında uzun dönemli ilişkinin varlığını göstermiştir. ARDL sınır testine ait kısa dönem tahmin sonuçlarına göre ticari küreselleşmede meydana gelen %1’lik bir artış ekonomik büyümeyi %1.76 düşürmekte; enerji tüketimi ve lojistik değişkenlerinin ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi ise istatistiki olarak anlamlı bulunmamaktadır. Uzun dönem bulguları ise ARDL, FMOLS ve CCR yöntemlerine göre lojistik ve enerji tüketiminde meydana gelen artışların ekonomik büyümeyi artırdığı; ticari küreselleşmenin ise ekonomik büyümeyi azalttığını göstermiştir. Söz konusu bulgular ARDL, FMOLS ve CCR yöntemlerinin benzer sonuçlar ortaya koyduğunu göstermekte ve sonuçların güvenilirliğini artırmaktadır. Türkiye’de elde edilen bu sonuçlar, sürdürülebilir ekonomik büyüme ve kalkınma için Gümrük Birliği üyesi ülke olma özelliğinin daha etkin kullanılmasının ve lojistik faaliyetlerine önem verilmesinin önemini ortaya koymuştır. Diğer yandan enerji tüketiminin ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi ise Türkiye’nin enerji konusundaki yatırımlara öncelik vermesinin gerekli olduğunu göstermektedir.

References

  • Acer, A. & Yügünt, C. (2021). Küresel E-Ticaret Sisteminde Kullanılan Elektronik Ticaret Gümrük Beyannamesinin Posta ve Hızlı Kargo Taşımacılığına Etkileri, OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, Administration & Organization Special Issue , 1573-1595
  • Aka, A. & Ürünal, A. A. (2018). Foreign Trade Practices in Turkey: Customs Law No. 4458 Special. Balkan Journal of Social Sciences/Balkan Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(13), 154-170.
  • Akandere, G. (2021). Dijitalleşme Düzeyi ve Yeşil Lojistik Uygulamaların Lojistik Performansa Etkisi. Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 11(4), 1979-2000.
  • Altıntaş, H. (2013). Türkiye’de Birincil Enerji Tüketimi, Karbondioksit Emisyonu ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Eşbütünleşme ve Nedensellik Analizi. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 8(1), 263-294.
  • Banerjee, A., Dolado, J. & Mestre, R. (1998). Error-Correction Mechanism Tests for Cointegration in A Single-Equation Framework. Journal of Time Series Analysis, 19(3), 267-283.
  • Belke, A., Dobnik, F. & Dreger, C. (2011). Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: New Insights into the Cointegration Relationship. Energy Economics, 33(5), 782-789.
  • Brown, R. L., Durbin, J. & Evans, J. M. (1975). Techniques for Testing the Constancy of Regression Relations over Time. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B, 37, 149-92.
  • Canpolat, Ö. (2001). E-ticaret ve Türkiye'deki Gelişmeler. Ankara: Sanayi ve Ticaret Bakanlığı.
  • Clark, X., Dollar, D. & Micco, A. (2004). Port Efficiency, Maritime Transport Costs and Bilateral Trade. Journal of Development Economics, 75(2), 417-450.
  • Dickey, D. A. & Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74-366, 427-431.
  • Erdal, G., Erdal, H. & Esengün, K. (2008). The Causality Between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Turkey. Energy Policy, 36(10), 3838-3842.
  • Erdoğan, L., Tiryaki, A. & Ceylan, R. (2018). Türkiye’de Uzun Dönem Ekonomik Büyümenin Belirleyicilerinin ARDL, FMOLS, DOLS ve CCR Yöntemleriyle Tahmini. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 36(4), 39-57.
  • Groote, P., Jacobs, J. & Sturm, J. E. (1999). Output Effects of Infrastructure Investment in the Netherlands 1853-1913. Journal of Macroeconomics, 21(2), 355-380.
  • Hansen, B. E. & Phillips, P. C. B. (1990). Estimation and Inference in Models of Cointegration: A Simulation Study. Advances in Econometrics, 8, 225-248.
  • Hayaloğlu, P. (2015). The Impact of Development in the Logistics Sector on Economic Growth: The Case of OECD Countries. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 5(2), 523-530.
  • Hondroyiannis, G., Lolos, S. & Papapetrou, E. (2002). Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: Assessing the Evidence from Greece. Energy Economics, 24(4), 319-336.
  • Hu, K., Gan, X. & Gao, K., 2012. Co-entegration model of Logistics Infrastructure Investment and Regional Economic Growth in Central China. Physics Procedia, 33, 1036-1041.
  • IEA, 2021. Uluslararası Enerji Ajansı, https://www.iea.org/ (Erişim Tarihi: 12.12.2021).
  • KOF İsviçre Ekonomi Enstitüsü, (2021). https://kof.ethz.ch/en/forecasts-and-indicators/indicators/kof-globalisation-index.html (Erişim Tarihi: 12.12.2021).
  • Kraft, J. & Kraft, A. (1978). On the Relationship Between Energy and GNP. The Journal of Energy and Development, 401-403.
  • Kreishan, F. M. (2011). Economic Growth and Unemployment: An Empirical Analysis. Journal of Social Sciences, 7(2), 228-231.
  • Lean, H. H., Huang, W. & Hong, J. (2014). Logistics and Economic Development: Experience from China. Transport Policy, 32, 96-104.
  • Manavgat, G. & Demirci, A. (2021). Lojistik Performans Endeksi Tutarlılığının Sıralı Lojistik Regresyon Modeliyle İncelenmesi. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, 16(64), 1856-1871.
  • Micco, A. & Serebrisky, T. (2006). Competition Regimes and Air Transport Costs: The Effects of Open Skies Agreements. Journal of International Economics, 70(1), 25-51.
  • Mody, A. & Wang, F. Y. (1997). Explaining Industrial Growth in Coastal China: Economic Reforms and What else?. The World Bank Economic Review, 11(2), 293-325.
  • Mucuk, M. & Uysal, D. (2009). Türkiye Ekonomisinde Enerji Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Büyüme. Maliye Dergisi, 157(1), 105-115.
  • Narayan, P. K. & Narayan, S. (2005). Estimating Income and Price Elasticities of Imports for Fiji in a Cointegration Framework. Economic Modelling, 22(3), 423-438.
  • Olimpia, N. & Stela, D. (2017). Impact of Globalisation on Economic Growth in Romania: An Empirical Analysis of Its Economic, Social and Political Dimensions. Studia Universitatis Economic Series, Vasile Goldis, Western University of Arad, 27(1), 29-40.
  • Özdemir, O. & Doğan, E. (2021). Ticari Küreselleşme, Ticari Açıklık ve Bölüşüm Olgusunun Gelir Eşitsizliği Üzerinden Değerlendirilmesi: OECD Ülkeleri Açısından Bir İnceleme. Business and Economics Research Journal, 12(2), 245-268.
  • Öztürk, I. & Acaravcı, A. (2010). CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(9), 3220-3225.
  • Park, J. Y. (1992). Canonical Cointegrating Regressions, Econometrica, 60(1), 119-143.
  • Pata, U. K., Yurtkuran, S. & Kalça, A. (2016). Türkiye’de Enerji Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Büyüme: ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 38(2), 255-271.
  • Pesaran, M. H. & Shin, Y. (1999). An Autoregressive Distributed Lag Modeling Approach to Cointegration Analysis. In: Strom, S., Holly, A., Diamond, P. (Eds.), Centennial Volume of Rangar Frisch, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16, 289-326.
  • Reza, M. (2013). The Relationship between Logistics and Economic Development in Indonesia: Analysis of Time Series Data. Jurnal Teknik Industri, 15(2), 119-124.
  • Ribeiro, S. K., Kobayashi, S., Beuthe, M., Gasca, J., Greene, D., Lee, D. S. & Zhou, P. J. (2007). Transportation and its Infrastructure, https://escholarship.org/uc/item/98m5t1rv#main (Erişim Tarihi: 12.11.2021).
  • Rubin, A. & Segal, D. (2015). The Effects of Economic Growth on Income Inequality in The US. Journal of Macroeconomics, 45, 258-273.
  • Saidi, S., Mani, V., Mefteh, H., Shahbaz, M. & Akhtar, P. (2020). Dynamic Linkages between Transport, Logistics, Foreign Direct Investment, and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Developing Countries.
  • Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 141, 277-293.
  • Sezer, S. & Abasiz, T. (2017). The Impact of Logistics Industry on Economic Growth: An Application in OECD Countries. Eurasian Journal of Social Sciences, 5(1), 11-23.
  • Shahbaz, M., Khraief, N., Uddin, G. S. & Öztürk, İ. (2014). Environmental Kuznets Curve in An Open Economy: A Bounds Testing and Causality Analysis for Tunisia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 34, 325-336.
  • Soytas, U., Sari, R. & Ozdemir, O. (2001). Energy Consumption and GDP Relation in Turkey: A Cointegration and Vector Error Correction Analysis. Economies and Business in Transition: Facilitating Competitiveness and Change in The Global Environment Proceedings, 1, 838-844.
  • Taş, S. & Özbek, S. (2021). Enflasyon Hedeflemesi Stratejisinde Genişletilmiş Taylor Kuralı’nın Geçerliliği: Türkiye Üzerine Ampirik Bulgular. Journal of Economics and Research, 2(1), 13-25.
  • Tekin, M., Öztürk, D. & Bahar, İ. (2020). Akıllı Lojistik Faaliyetlerinde Blokzincir Teknolojisi. Kent Akademisi, 13(3), 570-583.
  • Temiz, D. (2009). Gümrük Birliği ile Birlikte Türkiye’nin Dış Ticaretinde Yapısal Değişimler Oldu Mu?. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi, 8(1), 115-138.
  • Üyümez, E. M. & Gültekin, R. (2016). Gümrük Denetimi: Türkiye Uygulamalarının Analizi-Customs Audit: Analysies of Turkey Practices. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8(14), 343-365.
  • WDI (World Development Indicatiors) (2021). Ülke İstatistikleri, https://lpi.worldbank.org/international/scorecard (Erişim Tarihi: 19.11.2021).
  • World Bank (2021). https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators#0 (Erişim Tarihi: 12.12.2021).
  • Ying, Y. H., Chang, K. & Lee, C. H. (2014). The Impact of Globalization on Economic Growth. Romanian Journal of Economic Forecasting, 17(2), 25-34.
  • Yurtkuran, S. (2021). Enerji Tüketimi, Ekonomik Büyüme ve Lojistik Arasındaki İlişki: Türkiye Örneği. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 31(3), 1245-1260.
  • Zhuang, R. & Won, W. K. (2007). Economic Growth under Globalization: Evidence from Panel Data Analysis. American Agricultural Economics Association Annual Meeting, Portland, OR, July 29-August 1.
There are 51 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Sefa Özbek 0000-0002-1043-2056

Early Pub Date April 20, 2022
Publication Date April 20, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 3 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Özbek, S. (2022). TÜRKİYE EKONOMİSİNDE GÜMRÜK VE LOJİSTİK FAALİYETLERİ İLE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME İLİŞKİSİNİN ARDL, FMOLS VE CCR YÖNTEMLERİ İLE ANALİZİ. Journal of Economics and Research, 3(1), 87-108. https://doi.org/10.53280/jer.1058564

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