<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>journal of energy systems</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Journal of Energy Systems</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2602-2052</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Erol KURT</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30521/jes.1809832</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Materials Engineering (Other)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Malzeme Mühendisliği (Diğer)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>Assessing gas turbine safety and efficiency: A comprehensive analysis of HAZOP, LOPA, and SIL methodologies</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3180-4218</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Akni</surname>
                                    <given-names>Ahcène</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>University Constantine 1 - Brother&#039;s Mentouri</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2969-9198</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Bidi</surname>
                                    <given-names>Manel</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>University Constantine 1 Brother&#039;s Mentouri</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                                                <issue>Advanced Online Publication</issue>
                                        <fpage>62</fpage>
                                        <lpage>79</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20251024">
                        <day>10</day>
                        <month>24</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20260312">
                        <day>03</day>
                        <month>12</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2017, Journal of Energy Systems</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2017</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Journal of Energy Systems</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>This work has been conducted at the Roude Nouss gas compression station with the aim of managing the risks associated with the “PGT25 gas turbine” section, assessing the Safety Integrity Level (SIL), and optimizing the safety and performance of the facilities. The findings of the simulation prove that a risk reduction factor of 32 has been achieved for scenario 1 through the implementation of a Safety Instrumented System at SIL2 level, which reduces the frequency of undesired events to 9.86×10⁻⁸ per year. Regarding scenario 2, a risk reduction factor of 100 requires the establishment of a safety barrier of the IPL type, resulting in a reduced event frequency of 9.98×10⁻¹⁰ per year. On the one hand, scenario 3 reveals a risk reduction factor of 32, thereby justifying the adoption of a Safety Instrumented System at SIL2 level, with a reduced event frequency of 9.85×10⁻⁷ per year. The simulation conducted by using the ALOHA software highlights the risks associated with an accidental release by illustrating the potential extent of environmental impacts and threats to human safety.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Gas turbine</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  HAZOP</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  IPL</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  LOPA</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  SIL</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                                                                                        </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[1] Smith A, Johnson B, Davis C. The impact of digital transformation on managerial roles. J Manag Innov. 2021;42:57–78.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[2] Bai J, Zheng D, Jia C. Safety technology risks and countermeasures in the intelligent construction of coal mines. Geofluids. 2022;2022:4491044. doi:10.1155/2022/4491044</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[3] Smith SE, Travis KN, Djeridi H, Obligado M, Cal RB. Dynamic effects of inertial particles on the wake recovery of a model wind turbine. Renew Energy. 2021;164:346–361. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2020.09.037</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[4] Pawełczyk M, Fulara S, Sepe M, De Luca A, Badora M. Industrial gas turbine operating parameters monitoring and data-driven prediction. Eksploat Niezawodn. 2020;22:391–399. doi:10.17531/ein.2020.3.2</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[5] Ulanowicz L, Dudzinski A. Two-layer heat-resistant protective coatings for turbine engine blades. Coatings. 2023;13:588. doi:10.3390/coatings13030588</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[6] Fioravanti A, De Simone G, Carpignano A, Ruzzone A, Mortarino G, Piccini M. Compressor station facility failure modes: causes, taxonomy and effects. Petten: European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC); 2020.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[7] Bizon N. Real-time optimization strategy for fuel cell hybrid power sources with load-following control of the fuel or air flow. Energy Convers Manag. 2018;157:13–27. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2017.11.084</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[8] International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). IEC 61511: Functional safety—Safety instrumented systems for the process industry sector. Parts 1 and 3. Geneva: IEC; 2003.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[9] Ouazraoui N, Nait-Said R. An alternative approach to safety integrity level determination: results from a case study. Int J Qual Reliab Manag. 2019;36:1784–1803. doi:10.1108/IJQRM-02-2019-0065</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[10] Sallak M, Simon C, Aubry JF. A fuzzy probabilistic approach for determining safety integrity level. IEEE Trans Fuzzy Syst. 2008;16:239–248. doi:10.1109/TFUZZ.2007.903328</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[11] Puello J, Gómez S, Ruiz I, Lombana S, Figueroa S. Application of HAZOP, LOPA and SIL to an alkylation unit in a refinery: a case study. Chem Eng Trans. 2020;82:343–348. doi:10.3303/CET2082058</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[12] Akni A. Méthodes qualitatives et quantitatives d’analyse des risques. Riga: Éditions Universitaires Européennes; 2018.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[13] Hu J, Zhang LB, Liang W, Wang Z. Quantitative HAZOP analysis for gas turbine compressor based on fuzzy information fusion. Syst Eng Theory Pract. 2009;29:153–159. doi:10.1016/S1874-8651(10)60065-8</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[14] Isimite J, Rubin P. A dynamic HAZOP case study using the Texas City refinery explosion. J Loss Prev Process Ind. 2016;40:496–501. doi:10.1016/j.jlp.2016.01.025</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[15] Akni A, Bidi M. Quantitative risk assessment of hazardous chemical discharges and simulation of threat zones in hydrocarbon storage systems. Bull Pol Acad Sci Tech Sci. 2025;73:e152705. doi:10.24425/bpasts.2024.152705</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[16] Wang Q, Chen S, Chen F, Zhang J, Chen L, Li J, Dou Z. A dynamic assessment method for risk evolution in chemical processes based on MFM-HAZOP-FDBN. Chem Eng Res Des. 2024;204:471–486. doi:10.1016/j.cherd.2024.02.049</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[17] Marhavilas PK, Filippidis M, Koulinas GK, Koulouriotis DE. An expanded HAZOP-study with fuzzy-AHP (XPA-HAZOP technique): application in a sour crude-oil processing plant. Saf Sci. 2020;124:104590. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2019.104590</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[18] Noriyati RD, Prakoso AB, Musyafa A, Soeprijanto A. HAZOP study and determination of safety integrity level using fault tree analysis on fuel gas superheat burner of ammonia unit in petrochemical plant, East Java. Asian J Appl Sci. 2017;5:396–409. doi:10.24203/ajas.v5i2.4683</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[19] Zhu XP, Zhang LB, Liang W, Shi G. A quantitative comprehensive safety evaluation method for centrifugal compressors using FMEA-fuzzy operations. In: Proc. 2nd Int Symp Instrumentation and Measurement, Sensor Network and Automation (IMSNA); 2013 Dec 23–24; Toronto, Canada. IEEE; 2013. doi:10.1109/IMSNA.2013.6743251</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[20] Cleaver RP, Maycock K, Halford AR, Potts SJ, McCollum DJ, Sadd AWT, Acton MR. Risk evaluation at natural gas compressor stations and above ground installations. In: ASME International Pipeline Conference; 2012 Sep 24–28; Calgary, Canada. ASME; 2012. p. 743–748.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[21] Chastain JW, Delanoy P, Devlin C, Mueller T. Beyond HAZOP and LOPA: four different company approaches. Process Saf Prog. 2016;36:38–53. doi:10.1002/prs.11831</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[22] Akni A, Chaib R, Verzea I. Contribution to the evaluation of safety barriers at the treatment section ‘STRIPPER’. Recent. 2020;62:100–111. doi:10.31926/RECENT.2020.62.100</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[23] Iskender H. HAZOP and ALOHA analysis of acetone. Acad Perspect Procedia. 2020;3:927–934. doi:10.33793/acperpro.03.02.30</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[24] Koulinas GK, Demesouka OE, Bougelis GG, Koulouriotis DE. Risk prioritization in a natural gas compressor station construction project using the analytical hierarchy process. Sustainability. 2022;14:13172. doi:10.3390/su142013172</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[25] Bouam A, Aissani S, Kadi R. Improving the performance of gas turbines by injecting steam upstream of the combustion chamber. J Renew Energy. 2008;11:291–306. doi:10.54966/jreen.v11i2.79</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[26] Zhou D, Zhang H, Li Y, Weng S. A dynamic reliability-centered maintenance analysis method for natural gas compressor station based on diagnostic and prognostic technology. J Eng Gas Turbines Power. 2016;138:061601. doi:10.1115/1.4031644</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[27] Yuan S, Cai J, Reniers G, Yang M, Chen C, Wu J. Safety barrier performance assessment by integrating computational fluid dynamics and evacuation modeling for toxic gas leakage scenarios. Reliab Eng Syst Saf. 2022;226:108719. doi:10.1016/j.ress.2022.108719</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
