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TÜRK İNŞAAT SEKTÖRÜNDE DİJİTAL DÖNÜŞÜM UYGULAMALARI ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA

Year 2022, Volume: 10 Issue: 3, 973 - 986, 30.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.21923/jesd.1085516

Abstract

Endüstri 4.0 ve dijitalleşme bütün sektörleri etkisi altına aldığı gibi Türkiye ekonomisinde önemli bir yer tutan inşaat sektörünü de etkilemiştir. Ancak, inşaat sektörünün diğer sektörlere göre teknolojiyi kullanma ve dijital dönüşüme ayak uydurma noktasında, diğer sektörlere oranla geride kaldığı yönünde eleştiriler yapılmaktadır. Bu noktada, Türk inşaat sektöründe yer alan firmaların dijital dönüşüm uygulamalarına adaptasyonlarını etkileyen unsurların bulunması bu çalışmanın amacını oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada sırasıyla inşaat sektöründe dijital dönüşüm kapsamında karşılaşılan kavramlar, Türk inşaat firmalarını dijital dönüşüme iten unsurlar, Türk inşaat firmalarının dijital dönüşümünü engelleyen unsurlar ile dijital dönüşümün başarı faktörleri ortaya konulmuştur. Belirlenen faktörler özelinde Türk inşaat firmalarında görev alan toplam 50 adet katılımcıya anket yapılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler “Göreceli Önem İndeksi” yöntemi ile analiz edilmiştir. Türk inşaat sektöründe Yapı Bilgi Modellemesi sıklıkla kullanılmaktayken; zenginleştirilmiş gerçeklik, blokzincir ve akıllı sözleşme gibi uygulamalar henüz sıklıkla kullanılmamaktadır. Türk inşaat firmalarının dijital dönüşüme uyum sağlama yönündeki itici unsurları etkin kalite, doküman ve iletişim yönetimi iken; sektörünün dijital dönüşümü önündeki en büyük engeller yeterli yetkin personel olmaması ve tüm paydaşlar için entegrasyon sağlanamamasıdır. Dijitalleşme etkisinin diğer sektörlere kıyasla çok düşük seviyelerde kaldığı inşaat sektörü için dijital adaptasyonun arttırılması önündeki engelleri, bu adaptasyonu hızlandıracak itici güçleri ve dijital adaptasyon için sahip olunması gereken başarı faktörlerini ortaya koyan çalışmaların sayısı oldukça azdır. Özellikle Türk inşaat sektörü özelinde belirtilen bu faktörlerin kapsamlı bir şekilde analiz edilmesi çalışmanın önemli bir özgün yönünü oluşturmaktadır.

Thanks

Yazar, verilerin temin edilmesi aşamasında katkılarından ötürü Çağla Özyurt, Fatih Öztürk ve Emre Bilici’ye teşekkürlerini sunmaktadır.

References

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  • Agarwal, R., Chandrasekaran, S., ve Sridhar, M. (2016). “Imagining Construction’s Digital Future”. McKinsey and Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/operations/our-insights/imagining-constructions-digital-future (Erişim Tarihi: 26.01.2022).
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  • Akkoyunlu, T., (2015). “Kentsel Dönüşüm Projeleri İçin BIM Uygulama Planı Önerisi”, Doktora Tezi, İTÜ. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Alaloul, W.S., Liew, M.S., Zawawi, N.A.W A., ve Mohammed, B.S. (2018). “Industry revolution IR 4.0: future opportunities and challenges in construction industry”. MATEC web of conferences: 203 (2018) 02010.
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  • Artuğ S. ve Altun C. (2019). “3 Boyutlu Baskı Teknolojisinin Bina Üretiminde Kullanım Olanaklarının Güncel Örnekler Üzerinden İncelenmesi”, 4th Internatıonal Congress On 3d Prıntıng (Addıtıve Manufacturıng) Technologies and Digital Industry, 11-14 Nisan 2019, Antalya, Türkiye.
  • Awolusi, I., Marks, E., ve Hallowell, M. (2018). “Wearable Technology for Personalized Construction Safety Monitoring and Trending: Review of Applicable Devices”. Automation in Construction, 85, 96-106.
  • Bafra, E. (2019). “Digital Dönüşüm Sürecinde Kamu Ihale Sözleşmeleri Açısından Akıllı Sözleşmeler”. Inşaat Sanayi, 172, 22-34.
  • Bahçeci, H., ve Polat, Ö.Ü.H. (2020). “İnşaat Sektöründe Teknoloji Adaptasyon Sorunlarının Araştırılması”. Online Journal of Art and Design, 8(1), 141-153.
  • Bharadwaj, A., El Sawy, O.A., Pavlou, P.A. ve Venkatraman, N.V. (2013). “Digital Business Strategy: Toward A Next Generation Of İnsights”. MIS Quarterly, 471-482.
  • Boje, C., Guerriero, A., Kubicki, S., ve Rezgui, Y. (2020). “Towards a Semantic Construction Digital Twin: Directions for Future Research”. Automation in Construction, 114, 103179.
  • Ceylan, E.Z. (2019). “Dijital İkizler ve İnşaat Sektöründeki Yeri”. Yapı Bilgi Modelleme, 1(2), 53-61.
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  • Elg, M., Birch-Jensen, A., Gremyr, I., Martin, J., ve Melin, U. (2021). “Digitalization And Quality Management: Problems and Prospects”. Production Planning and Control, 32(12), 990-1003.
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  • Ghosh, A., Edwards, D.J., & Hosseini, M.R. (2020). “Patterns and Trends in Internet of Things (IoT) Research: Future Applications in the Construction Industry”. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 8(2), 457-481.
  • Hajian, H., ve Becerik-Gerber, B., (2009). “A Research Outlook for Real-Time Project İnformation Management By İntegrating Advanced Field Data Acquisition Systems and Building İnformation Modeling”. International Workshop on Computing in Civil Engineering, 24-27 Haziran 2009, Austin, Texas.
  • Hartl, E., ve Hess, T. (2017). “The role of cultural values for digital transformation: Insights from a Delphi study”. Cultural Values in Digital Transformation, Twenty-third Americas Conference on Information Systems, Boston, USA.
  • Kaya, K. (2016). “Big Data ve İnşaat Sektöründeki Yeri”. https://kaankaya7.wordpress.com/2016/03/30/big-data-ve-insaat-sektorundekiyeri/ (Erişim Tarihi: 27.11.2021).
  • Keleş, A.E., ve Keleş, M.K. (2018). “İnşaat Sektöründe Kullanımı Artan Bilgisayar Yazılımları ve Bilgi Teknolojilerinin İrdelenmesi”. El-Cezeri Journal of Science and Engineering, 5(2), 610-617.
  • Khajavi, S.H., Motlagh, N.H., Jaribion, A., Werner, L.C. ve Holmstrom, J., (2019). “Digital Twin: Vision, Benefits, Boundaries, and Creation for Buildings”. IEEE Access 7, 147406–147419.
  • Kim, M. K., Cheng, J.C., Sohn, H., ve Chang, C.C., (2015). “A Framework for Dimensional and Surface Quality Assessment of Precast Concrete Elements Using BIM And 3D Laser Scanning”, Automation in Construction, 49, 225-238.
  • Kim, K., Lee, G., ve Kim, S. (2020). “A Study on The Application of Blockchain Technology in The Construction İndustry”. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 24(9), 2561-2571.
  • Khoshnava, S.M., Ahankoob, A., Preece, C., ve Rostami, R. (2012). “Potential Application of BIM in Construction Dispute and Conflict” Management in Construction Research Association Postgraduate Conference, 1-8.
  • Koseoglu, O., Keskin, B., ve Ozorhon, B. (2019). “Challenges and enablers in BIM-enabled digital transformation in mega projects: The Istanbul new airport project case study”. Buildings, 9(5), 115-139.
  • KPMG (2021). “No Turning Back: An Industry to Transcend- Global Construction Survey, 2021”. https://assets.kpmg/content/dam/kpmg/xx/pdf/2021/08/global-construction-survey1.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 26.01.2022).
  • KPMG (2021b). “Dijitalleşme Yolunda Türkiye 2021: Trendler ve rehber hedefler”. http://tbv.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Dijitalles%CC%A7me-Yolunda-Tu%CC%88rkiye-Raporu-v9.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 07.02.2022).
  • Laing, R., Leon, M., Isaacs, J., ve Georgiev, D., (2015). “Scan To BIM: The Development of a Clear Workflow For The Incorporation Of Point Clouds Within A BIM Environment”. WIT Transactions on The Built Environment, 149, 279-288.
  • Lee, J. H., Song, J. H., Oh, K. S., ve Gu, N. (2013). “Information Lifecycle Management with RFID for Material Control on Construction Sites”. Advanced Engineering Informatics, 27(1), 108-119.
  • Lindgren, R., ve Johnson-Glenberg, M. (2013). “Emboldened by Embodiment: Six Precepts for Research on Embodied Learning and Mixed Reality”, Educational Researcher, 42(8), 445-452.
  • Maskuriy, R., Selamat, A., Maresova, P., Krejcar, O., ve David, O.O. (2019a). “Industry 4.0 for the Construction Industry: Review of Management Perspective”, Economies, 7(68), 1-14.
  • Maskuriy, R., Selamat, A., Ali, K.N., Maresova, P., ve Krejcar, O. (2019b). “Industry 4.0 For the Construction Industry—How Ready Is the Industry?”. Applied Sciences, 9(14), 2819.
  • Morgan, B. (2019). “Organizing For Digitalization Through Mutual Constitution: The Case of a Design Firm”. Construction Management and Economics, 37(7), 400-417.
  • Mueller B. ve Renken U. (2017). “Helping Employees Become Digital Transformers – The Olympus.connect Case.”, 38th International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS 2017) - Seoul, Kore.
  • Osmundsen, K., Iden, J., ve Bygstad, B. (2018). “Digital Transformation: Drivers, Success Factors, and Implications”. The 12th Mediterranean Conference on Information Systems (MCIS), Korfu, Yunanistan.
  • Ozorhon, B., Caglayan, S., Erturk, F. O., ve Arisoy, M. B. (2018). “BIM Transition Process in Construction Companies”. TAMAP Journal of Engineering, 2018(1), 1-8.
  • Patel, V., Chesmore, A., Legner, C.M., ve Pandey, S. (2021). “Trends in Workplace Wearable Technologies and Connected‐Worker Solutions for Next‐Generation Occupational Safety, Health, and Productivity”. Advanced Intelligent Systems, 2100099.
  • Qi, Q. ve Tao, F., (2018). “Digital Twin and Big Data Towards Smart Manufacturing and Industry 4.0: 360 Degree Comparison”. IEEE Access 6, 3585–3593
  • Reis, J., Amorim, M., Melão, N., ve Matos, P. (2018). “Digital transformation: A Literature Review and Guidelines for Future Research”. World Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (pp. 411-421).
  • Şen, G.E. (2021). “AR/VR Destekli BIM Teknolojileri ile Tesis Yönetimi”, Yapı Bilgi Modelleme Dergisi, 3(1), 12-22.
  • Tanyer, A. M., ve Pekeriçli, M. K. (2008). “İnşaat Sektörü İçin Bilgi Teknolojilerindeki Son Gelişmeler”, Türkiye Mühendislik Haberleri, 451.
  • TBM (Türk Müteahhitler Birliği) (2021). “İnşaat Sektörü Analizi”. https://www.tmb.org.tr/uploads/publications/61764df3f9c4d65243f22e68/1635143124770-tmb-bulten-ekim-2021.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 26.01.2022).
  • Tesch, J.F., Brillinger, A.S., ve Bilgeri, D. (2017). “Internet of things business model innovation and the stage-gate process: An exploratory analysis”. International Journal of Innovation Management, 21(05), 1740002.
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A RESEARCH ON DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION EXECUTIONS IN TURKISH CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

Year 2022, Volume: 10 Issue: 3, 973 - 986, 30.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.21923/jesd.1085516

Abstract

Industry 4.0 and digitalization have affected all industries as well as the construction industry, that has an important place in the Turkish economy. However, there are criticisms that the construction industry lags other industries in terms of using technology and keeping up with this digital transformation. Thus, finding the factors that affect the adaptation of digital transformation applications in Turkish construction industry constitutes the aim of this study. In this study, the digitalization technologies, driving factors, barriers and success factors affecting implementation of digitalization in construction industry were determined respectively. Then, a survey was conducted with a total of 50 attendees. Obtained data were analyzed by using “Relative Importance Index” method. The results of the analysis show that while Building Information Modeling is frequently used in the Turkish construction industry; applications such as augmented reality, blockchain and smart contract are not commonly used yet. According to the analysis results while effective quality, document and communication management constitute the most important driving factors for Turkish construction companies to adapt to digital transformation; the lack of sufficient competent personnel and the lack of integration for all stakeholders were the crucial factors affecting the digital transformation of the Turkish construction industry For the construction industry, that has the lowest impact level of Industry 4.0 and digitalization compared to other industries, the number of studies that reveal the driving forces, obstacles and the success criteria affecting digital adaptation are few in number. Therefore, comprehensive analysis of these factors specific to the Turkish construction industry constitutes the originality of this study.

References

  • Ahn, C.R., Lee, S., Sun, C., Jebelli, H., Yang, K., ve Choi, B. (2019). “Wearable sensing technology applications in construction safety and health”. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 145(11), 03119007.
  • Agarwal, R., Chandrasekaran, S., ve Sridhar, M. (2016). “Imagining Construction’s Digital Future”. McKinsey and Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/operations/our-insights/imagining-constructions-digital-future (Erişim Tarihi: 26.01.2022).
  • Akbay, R. B. (2021). “Türk İnşaat Sektöründe Yapı Bilgi Modellemesinin Şantiyede Kullanımına Yönelik Bir İnceleme”. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakıf Üniversitesi Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Akkoyunlu, T., (2015). “Kentsel Dönüşüm Projeleri İçin BIM Uygulama Planı Önerisi”, Doktora Tezi, İTÜ. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Alaloul, W.S., Liew, M.S., Zawawi, N.A.W A., ve Mohammed, B.S. (2018). “Industry revolution IR 4.0: future opportunities and challenges in construction industry”. MATEC web of conferences: 203 (2018) 02010.
  • Aşar, E., Bülbül, F., Akbulut, M., Bayarslan, P., Kermen, T. ve Findik, D. (2022). "Measuring Firm Perception to Adaptation of Industry 4.0: The Case of Turkey”. Verimlilik Dergisi, 2022: 140-154.
  • Artuğ S. ve Altun C. (2019). “3 Boyutlu Baskı Teknolojisinin Bina Üretiminde Kullanım Olanaklarının Güncel Örnekler Üzerinden İncelenmesi”, 4th Internatıonal Congress On 3d Prıntıng (Addıtıve Manufacturıng) Technologies and Digital Industry, 11-14 Nisan 2019, Antalya, Türkiye.
  • Awolusi, I., Marks, E., ve Hallowell, M. (2018). “Wearable Technology for Personalized Construction Safety Monitoring and Trending: Review of Applicable Devices”. Automation in Construction, 85, 96-106.
  • Bafra, E. (2019). “Digital Dönüşüm Sürecinde Kamu Ihale Sözleşmeleri Açısından Akıllı Sözleşmeler”. Inşaat Sanayi, 172, 22-34.
  • Bahçeci, H., ve Polat, Ö.Ü.H. (2020). “İnşaat Sektöründe Teknoloji Adaptasyon Sorunlarının Araştırılması”. Online Journal of Art and Design, 8(1), 141-153.
  • Bharadwaj, A., El Sawy, O.A., Pavlou, P.A. ve Venkatraman, N.V. (2013). “Digital Business Strategy: Toward A Next Generation Of İnsights”. MIS Quarterly, 471-482.
  • Boje, C., Guerriero, A., Kubicki, S., ve Rezgui, Y. (2020). “Towards a Semantic Construction Digital Twin: Directions for Future Research”. Automation in Construction, 114, 103179.
  • Ceylan, E.Z. (2019). “Dijital İkizler ve İnşaat Sektöründeki Yeri”. Yapı Bilgi Modelleme, 1(2), 53-61.
  • Çubukçu, D.B. (2021). “Teknik ve Hukuki Yönleriyle Akıllı Sözleşmeler”. Yetkin Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Elattar, S.M.S. (2008). “Automation And Robotics in Construction: Opportunities and Challenges”, Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, 13(2), 21-26.
  • Elg, M., Birch-Jensen, A., Gremyr, I., Martin, J., ve Melin, U. (2021). “Digitalization And Quality Management: Problems and Prospects”. Production Planning and Control, 32(12), 990-1003.
  • Ezeokoli, F. O., Okolie, K. C., Okoye, P.U., ve Belonwu, C.C. (2016). “Digital transformation in the Nigeria construction industry: The professionals’ view”. World Journal of Computer Application and Technology, 4(3), 23-30.
  • Forat, A. S., Przegalińska, A., ve Krzemiński, M. (2021). “Risk Assessment on The Construction Site with The Use of Wearable Technologies”. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 12(4), 3411-3417.
  • Ghosh, A., Edwards, D.J., & Hosseini, M.R. (2020). “Patterns and Trends in Internet of Things (IoT) Research: Future Applications in the Construction Industry”. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 8(2), 457-481.
  • Hajian, H., ve Becerik-Gerber, B., (2009). “A Research Outlook for Real-Time Project İnformation Management By İntegrating Advanced Field Data Acquisition Systems and Building İnformation Modeling”. International Workshop on Computing in Civil Engineering, 24-27 Haziran 2009, Austin, Texas.
  • Hartl, E., ve Hess, T. (2017). “The role of cultural values for digital transformation: Insights from a Delphi study”. Cultural Values in Digital Transformation, Twenty-third Americas Conference on Information Systems, Boston, USA.
  • Kaya, K. (2016). “Big Data ve İnşaat Sektöründeki Yeri”. https://kaankaya7.wordpress.com/2016/03/30/big-data-ve-insaat-sektorundekiyeri/ (Erişim Tarihi: 27.11.2021).
  • Keleş, A.E., ve Keleş, M.K. (2018). “İnşaat Sektöründe Kullanımı Artan Bilgisayar Yazılımları ve Bilgi Teknolojilerinin İrdelenmesi”. El-Cezeri Journal of Science and Engineering, 5(2), 610-617.
  • Khajavi, S.H., Motlagh, N.H., Jaribion, A., Werner, L.C. ve Holmstrom, J., (2019). “Digital Twin: Vision, Benefits, Boundaries, and Creation for Buildings”. IEEE Access 7, 147406–147419.
  • Kim, M. K., Cheng, J.C., Sohn, H., ve Chang, C.C., (2015). “A Framework for Dimensional and Surface Quality Assessment of Precast Concrete Elements Using BIM And 3D Laser Scanning”, Automation in Construction, 49, 225-238.
  • Kim, K., Lee, G., ve Kim, S. (2020). “A Study on The Application of Blockchain Technology in The Construction İndustry”. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 24(9), 2561-2571.
  • Khoshnava, S.M., Ahankoob, A., Preece, C., ve Rostami, R. (2012). “Potential Application of BIM in Construction Dispute and Conflict” Management in Construction Research Association Postgraduate Conference, 1-8.
  • Koseoglu, O., Keskin, B., ve Ozorhon, B. (2019). “Challenges and enablers in BIM-enabled digital transformation in mega projects: The Istanbul new airport project case study”. Buildings, 9(5), 115-139.
  • KPMG (2021). “No Turning Back: An Industry to Transcend- Global Construction Survey, 2021”. https://assets.kpmg/content/dam/kpmg/xx/pdf/2021/08/global-construction-survey1.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 26.01.2022).
  • KPMG (2021b). “Dijitalleşme Yolunda Türkiye 2021: Trendler ve rehber hedefler”. http://tbv.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Dijitalles%CC%A7me-Yolunda-Tu%CC%88rkiye-Raporu-v9.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 07.02.2022).
  • Laing, R., Leon, M., Isaacs, J., ve Georgiev, D., (2015). “Scan To BIM: The Development of a Clear Workflow For The Incorporation Of Point Clouds Within A BIM Environment”. WIT Transactions on The Built Environment, 149, 279-288.
  • Lee, J. H., Song, J. H., Oh, K. S., ve Gu, N. (2013). “Information Lifecycle Management with RFID for Material Control on Construction Sites”. Advanced Engineering Informatics, 27(1), 108-119.
  • Lindgren, R., ve Johnson-Glenberg, M. (2013). “Emboldened by Embodiment: Six Precepts for Research on Embodied Learning and Mixed Reality”, Educational Researcher, 42(8), 445-452.
  • Maskuriy, R., Selamat, A., Maresova, P., Krejcar, O., ve David, O.O. (2019a). “Industry 4.0 for the Construction Industry: Review of Management Perspective”, Economies, 7(68), 1-14.
  • Maskuriy, R., Selamat, A., Ali, K.N., Maresova, P., ve Krejcar, O. (2019b). “Industry 4.0 For the Construction Industry—How Ready Is the Industry?”. Applied Sciences, 9(14), 2819.
  • Morgan, B. (2019). “Organizing For Digitalization Through Mutual Constitution: The Case of a Design Firm”. Construction Management and Economics, 37(7), 400-417.
  • Mueller B. ve Renken U. (2017). “Helping Employees Become Digital Transformers – The Olympus.connect Case.”, 38th International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS 2017) - Seoul, Kore.
  • Osmundsen, K., Iden, J., ve Bygstad, B. (2018). “Digital Transformation: Drivers, Success Factors, and Implications”. The 12th Mediterranean Conference on Information Systems (MCIS), Korfu, Yunanistan.
  • Ozorhon, B., Caglayan, S., Erturk, F. O., ve Arisoy, M. B. (2018). “BIM Transition Process in Construction Companies”. TAMAP Journal of Engineering, 2018(1), 1-8.
  • Patel, V., Chesmore, A., Legner, C.M., ve Pandey, S. (2021). “Trends in Workplace Wearable Technologies and Connected‐Worker Solutions for Next‐Generation Occupational Safety, Health, and Productivity”. Advanced Intelligent Systems, 2100099.
  • Qi, Q. ve Tao, F., (2018). “Digital Twin and Big Data Towards Smart Manufacturing and Industry 4.0: 360 Degree Comparison”. IEEE Access 6, 3585–3593
  • Reis, J., Amorim, M., Melão, N., ve Matos, P. (2018). “Digital transformation: A Literature Review and Guidelines for Future Research”. World Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (pp. 411-421).
  • Şen, G.E. (2021). “AR/VR Destekli BIM Teknolojileri ile Tesis Yönetimi”, Yapı Bilgi Modelleme Dergisi, 3(1), 12-22.
  • Tanyer, A. M., ve Pekeriçli, M. K. (2008). “İnşaat Sektörü İçin Bilgi Teknolojilerindeki Son Gelişmeler”, Türkiye Mühendislik Haberleri, 451.
  • TBM (Türk Müteahhitler Birliği) (2021). “İnşaat Sektörü Analizi”. https://www.tmb.org.tr/uploads/publications/61764df3f9c4d65243f22e68/1635143124770-tmb-bulten-ekim-2021.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 26.01.2022).
  • Tesch, J.F., Brillinger, A.S., ve Bilgeri, D. (2017). “Internet of things business model innovation and the stage-gate process: An exploratory analysis”. International Journal of Innovation Management, 21(05), 1740002.
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There are 50 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Civil Engineering
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Hande Aladağ 0000-0001-7627-8699

Publication Date September 30, 2022
Submission Date March 10, 2022
Acceptance Date May 15, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 10 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Aladağ, H. (2022). TÜRK İNŞAAT SEKTÖRÜNDE DİJİTAL DÖNÜŞÜM UYGULAMALARI ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA. Mühendislik Bilimleri Ve Tasarım Dergisi, 10(3), 973-986. https://doi.org/10.21923/jesd.1085516