Vajinal Doğumun Korkulan Komplikasyonu: Omuz Distosisi

Aytekin Tokmak; Özlem Moraloğlu Tekin; Kadriye Nilay Özcan; Salim Erkaya

Shoulder Dystocia: A Frightening Complication Of Vaginal Delivery

Year 2016, Volume: 13 Issue: 4, 176 - 183, 01.10.2016

Aytekin Tokmak Özlem Moraloğlu Tekin Kadriye Nilay Özcan Salim Erkaya

Abstract

Shoulder dystocia that have an increased risk in maternal and neonatal complications is one of the most feared obstetric emergencies. It appears that the incidence of shoulder dystocia that is most often an unpredictable and unpreventable event increases since last few decades probably due to increased birth weights and records. In this review, our aim is to update our knowledge about the shoulder dystocia that all health care professionals who attend at birth should be aware of and discuss how to manage this complication when it occurs.

Keywords

Complication, vaginal delivery, shoulder dystocia, risk factors

References

Resnick R. Management of shoulder dystocia girdle. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1980;23:559-64.
Sokol R, Blackwell S. ACOG practice bulletin: Shoulder dystocia. Number 40, November 2002.(Replaces practice pattern number 7, October 1997). International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2003;80:87.
Hoffman MK, Bailit JL, Branch DW, Burkman RT, Van Veldhusien P, Lu L, et al. A comparison of obstetric maneuvers for the acute management of shoulder dystocia. Obstetrics and gynecology. 2011;117:1272.
Gherman RB, Chauhan S, Ouzounian JG, Lerner H, Gonik B, Goodwin TM. Shoulder dystocia: the unpreventable obstetric emergency with empiric management guidelines. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2006;195:657-72.
Spong C, Beall M, Rodrigues D, Ross M. An objective definition of shoulder dystocia: prolonged head-to-body delivery intervals and/ or the use of ancillary obstetric maneuvers. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 1995;86:433-6.
Nesbitt TS, Gilbert WM, Herrchen B. Shoulder dystocia and associated risk factors with macrosomic infants born in California. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 1998;179:476-80.
Bahar AM. Risk factors and fetal outcome in cases of shoulder dystocia compared with normal deliveries of a similar birthweight. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 1996;103:868-72.
Ouzounian JG, Gherman RB. Shoulder dystocia: are historic risk factors reliable predictors? American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2005;192:1933-5.
Dildy GA, Clark SL. Shoulder dystocia: risk identification. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology. 2000;43:265-82.
Sandmire H, O’halloin T. Shoulder dystocia: its incidence and associated risk factors. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. 1988;26:65-73.
Boulet SL, Alexander GR, Salihu HM, Pass M. Macrosomic births in the United States: determinants, outcomes, and proposed grades of risk. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2003;188:1372-8.
Zhang X, Decker A, Platt RW, Kramer MS. How big is too big? The perinatal consequences of fetal macrosomia. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2008;198:517.
Langer O, Berkus MD, Huff RW, Samueloff A. Shoulder dystocia: Should the fetus weighing≥ 4000 grams be delivered by cesarean section? American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 1991;165:831-7.
Chauhan SP, Grobman WA, Gherman RA, Chauhan VB, Chang G, Magann EF, et al. Suspicion and treatment of the macrosomic fetus: a review. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2005;193:332-46.
McFarland MB, Trylovich CG, Langer O. Anthropometric differences in macrosomic infants of diabetic and nondiabetic mothers. Journal of Maternal-Fetal Medicine. 1998;7(6):292-5.
Acker DS, Sachs BP, Friedman EA. Risk factors for shoulder dystocia. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 1985;66:762-8.
Chauhan SP, Laye MR, Lutgendorf M, McBurney JW, Keiser SD, Magann EF, et al. A multicenter assessment of 1,177 cases of shoulder dystocia: lessons learned. American journal of perinatology. 2014;31:401-6.
Belfort MA, Dildy GA, Saade GR, Suarez V, Clark SL. Prediction of shoulder dystocia using multivariate analysis. American journal of perinatology. 2007;24:5-10.
Acker DB, Gregory KD, Sachs BP, Frıedman EA. Risk factors for Erb- Duchenne palsy. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 1988;71:389-92.
Gemer O, Bergman M, Segal S. Labor abnormalities as a risk factor for shoulder dystocia. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica. 1999;78:735-6.
Mehta SH, Bujold E, Blackwell SC, Sorokin Y, Sokol RJ. Is abnormal labor associated with shoulder dystocia in nulliparous women? American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2004;190:1604-7.
Lurie S, Levy R, Ben-Arie A, Hagay Z. Shoulder dystocia: could it be deduced from the labor partogram? American journal of perinatology. 1995;12:61-2.
Benedettı TJ, Gabbe SG. Shoulder Dystocia A Complication of Fetal Macrosomia and Prolonged Second Stage of Labor With Midpelvic Delivery. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 1978;52:526-9.
Overland EA, Spydslaug A, Nielsen CS, Eskild A. Risk of shoulder dystocia in second delivery: does a history of shoulder dystocia matter? American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2009;200:506.
Lewis DF, Raymond RC, Perkins MB, Brooks GG, Heymann AR. Recurrence rate of shoulder dystocia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995;172:1369-71.
Baskett T, Allen A. Perinatal implications of shoulder dystocia. Obstet Gynecol. 1995;86:14-7.
Usta IM, Hayek S, Yahya F, Abu Musa A, Nassar AH. Shoulder dystocia: What is the risk of recurrence? Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2008;87:992- 7.
Smith R, Lane C, Pearson J. Shoulder dystocia: what happens at the next delivery? BJOG: Int J Obstet Gynecol. 1994;101:713-5.
Campbell MK, Østbye T, Irgens LM. Post-term birth: risk factors and outcomes in a 10-year cohort of Norwegian births. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 1997;89:543-8.
Geary M, Mc Parland P, Johnson H, Stronge J. Shoulder dystocia—is it predictable? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1995;62:15-8.
Hassan AA. Shoulder dystocia: risk factors and prevention. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1988;2:107-8.
Hope P, Breslin S, Lamont L, Lucas A, Martin D, Moore I, et al. Fatal shoulder dystocia: a review of 56 cases reported to the Confidential Enquiry into Stillbirths and Deaths in Infancy. BJOG: Int J Obstet Gynecol. 1998;105:1256-61.
Kim SY, Sharma AJ, Sappenfield W, Wilson HG, Salihu HM. Association of maternal body mass index, excessive weight gain, and gestational diabetes mellitus with large-for-gestational-age births. Obstet Gynecol. 2014;123:737-44.
Cheng YW, Norwitz ER, Caughey AB. The relationship of fetal position and ethnicity with shoulder dystocia and birth injury. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;195:856-62.
Leung T, Stuart O, Sahota D, Suen S, Lau T, Lao T. Head to body delivery interval and risk of fetal acidosis and hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy in shoulder dystocia: a retrospective review. BJOG: An Int J Obstet Gynecol. 2011;118:474-9.
Wood C, Hing Ng K, Hounslow D, Benning H. Time—an important variable in normal delivery. BJOG: An Int J Obstet Gynecol. 1973;80:295- 300.
Gonik B, Zhang N, Grimm MJ. Defining forces that are associated with shoulder dystocia: the use of a mathematic dynamic computer model. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;188:1068-72.
Hinshaw K. Shoulder dystocia. Managing obstetric emergencies and trauma-the MOET course manual. 2003;1:165-74.
Gurewitsch ED, Donithan M, Stallings SP, Moore PL, Agarwal S, Allen LM, et al. Episiotomy versus fetal manipulation in managing severe shoulder dystocia: a comparison of outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;191:911-6.
Paris AE, Greenberg JA, Ecker JL, McElrath TF. Is an episiotomy necessary with a shoulder dystocia? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011;205:217.
Mollberg M, Wennergren M, Bager B, Ladfors L, Hagberg H. Obstetric brachial plexus palsy: a prospective study on risk factors related to manual assistance during the second stage of labor. Acta Am J Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2007;86:198-204.
Buhimschi CS, Buhimschi IA, Malinow A, Weiner CP. Use of McRoberts’ position during delivery and increase in pushing efficiency. The Lancet. 2001;358:470-1.
Gherman RB, Goodwin TM, Souter I, Neumann K, Ouzounian JG, Paul RH. The McRoberts’ maneuver for the alleviation of shoulder dystocia: How successful is it? American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 1997;176:656-61.
Beall MH, Spong CY, Ross MG. A Randomized Controlled Trial of Prophylactic Maneuvers to Reduce Head to Body Delivery Time in Patients at Risk for Shoulder Dystocia. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;102:31-5.
Poggi SH, Allen RH, Patel CR, Ghidini A, Pezzullo JC, Spong CY. Randomized trial of McRoberts versus lithotomy positioning to decrease the force that is applied to the fetus during delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;191:874-8.
Lurie S, Ben Arie A, Hagay Z. The ABC of shoulder dystocia management. A O J Obstet Gynecol. 1994;20:195-7.
Poggi SH, Spong CY, Allen RH. Prioritizing posterior arm delivery during severe shoulder dystocia. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;101:1068-72.
Leung T, Stuart O, Suen S, Sahota D, Lau T, Lao T. Comparison of perinatal outcomes of shoulder dystocia alleviated by different type and sequence of manoeuvres: a retrospective review. BJOG: Int J Obstet Gynecol. 2011;118:985-90.
Gherman RB, Ouzounian JG, Goodwin TM. Obstetric maneuvers for shoulder dystocia and associated fetal morbidity. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998;178:1126-30.
McFarland M, Langer O, Piper J, Berkus M. Perinatal outcome and the type and number of maneuvers in shoulder dystocia. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 1996;55:219-24.
Cluver C, Hofmeyr G. Posterior axilla sling traction: a technique for intractable shoulder dystocia. Obstet Gynecol. 2009;113:486-8.
Bruner JP, Drummond SB, Meenan AL, Gaskin IM. All-fours maneuver for reducing shoulder dystocia during labor. J Reprod Med. 1998;43:439- 43.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Executive summary: neonatal brachial plexus palsy. Obstet Gynecol 2014; 123:902.
Irion O, Boulvain M. Induction of labour for suspected fetal macrosomia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 1998;2.
Horvath K, Koch K, Jeitler K, Matyas E, Bender R, Bastian H, et al. Effects of treatment in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2010;340:1395.
Hsu T-Y, Hung F-C, Lu Y-J, Ou C-Y, Roan C-J, Kung F-T, et al. Neonatal clavicular fracture: clinical analysis of incidence, predisposing factors, diagnosis, and outcome. Am J Perinat. 2002;19:17-21.
Gherman RB, Ouzounian JG, Goodwin TM. Brachial plexus palsy: an in utero injury? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;180:1303-7.
Foad SL, Mehlman CT, Ying J. The epidemiology of neonatal brachial plexus palsy in the United States. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery. 2008;90:1258-64.
Torki M, Barton L, Miller DA, Ouzounian JG. Severe brachial plexus palsy in women without shoulder dystocia. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;120:539-41.
Carlstedt TP. Spinal nerve root injuries in brachial plexus lesions: basic science and clinical application of new surgical strategies. A review. Microsurgery. 1995;16:13-6.
Alfonso I, Alfonso DT, Papazian O, editors. Focal upper extremity neuropathy in neonates. Seminars in pediatric neurology; 2000: Elsevier.
Dunham EA. Obstetrical brachial plexus palsy. Orthopaedic Nursing. 2003;22:106-16.
Marcus JR, Clarke HM. Management of obstetrical brachial plexus palsy: Evaluation, prognosis, and primary surgical treatment. Clinics in plastic surgery. 2003;30:289-306.
Gherman RB. Shoulder dystocia: prevention and management. Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America. 2005;32:297-305.
Heath T, Gherman R. Symphyseal separation, sacroiliac joint dislocation and transient lateral femoral cutaneous neuropathy associated with McRoberts’ maneuver. A case report. J Reprod Med. 1999;44:902-4.
Draycott TJ, Crofts JF, Ash JP, Wilson LV, Yard E, Sibanda T, et al. Improving neonatal outcome through practical shoulder dystocia training. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;112:14-20.
Youssef A, Salsi G, Ragusa A, Ghi T, Pacella G, Rizzo N, Pilu G.Caregiver’s satisfaction with a video tutorial for shoulder dystocia management algorithm. Obstet Gynaecol. 2014; 30:1-4.
Inglis SR, Feier N, Chetiyaar JB, Naylor MH, Sumersille M, Cervellione KL, et al. Effects of shoulder dystocia training on the incidence of brachial plexus injury. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011;204:322.
Deering S, Poggi S, Hodor J, Macedonia C, Satin AJ. Evaluation of residents’ delivery notes after a simulated shoulder dystocia. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;104:667-70.