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Anemi alt tipleri ile safra taşı hastalığı arasındaki klinik ilişki: kırsal kohort verileri

Year 2026, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 126 - 132, 05.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.1805444
https://izlik.org/JA53JC44UB

Abstract

Hedef: Safra taşı hastalığı, dünya genelinde en sık karşılaşılan patolojilerden biri olmayı sürdürmektedir. Hemolitik anemilerin pigment taşlarının gelişiminde köklü ve iyi tanımlanmış bir risk faktörü olduğu bilinmekle birlikte, diğer anemi alt tiplerinin erişkin popülasyondaki safra taşı sıklığı ile olan ilişkisi hâlen yeterince açıklığa kavuşmamıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, dispeptik yakınmalarla başvuran, geniş ve seçilmemiş bir erişkin kohortu temel alarak anemi alt tipleri ile safra taşı hastalığı arasındaki bağlantıyı daha ayrıntılı biçimde değerlendirmektir.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Ocak 2020 ile Temmuz 2025 tarihleri arasında hem abdominal ultrasonografi hem de laboratuvar incelemelerinden geçmiş erişkin hastalar bu retrospektif, gözlemsel çalışmaya dahil edildi. Demografik, hematolojik ve biyokimyasal veriler hastane kayıt sisteminden elde edildi. Anemi, standart hemoglobin eşik değerlerine göre tanımlanarak ortalama eritrosit hacmi esas alınmak suretiyle mikrositik, normositik ve makrositik alt tiplere ayrıldı. Gruplar arasındaki karşılaştırmalar χ² ve parametrik varsayımları karşılamayan veriler için non-parametrik yöntemlerle gerçekleştirildi. Hemoglobinin safra taşı saptanmasındaki öngörü gücü ise lojistik regresyon analizleri ve ROC eğrisi değerlendirmeleri ile ortaya konuldu.
Bulgular: Toplam 1.660 hasta analiz edildi; bunların 311’inde (%18,7) safra taşı saptandı. Kohortun %21,9’unda anemi mevcut olup, anemi safra taşı olanlarda olmayanlara göre daha sıktı (%27,0’a karşı %20,8; p = 0,016). Anemik hastalar arasında, makrositik anemide safra taşı prevalansı (%70), mikrositik (%19,6) ve normositik (%23,2) anemilere kıyasla belirgin olarak daha yüksekti (p = 0,001). Safra taşı olan hastalarda ayrıca hemoglobin düzeyi daha düşük (13,2’ye karşı 13,4 g/dL; p = 0,012), serum demiri daha az, RDW daha yüksek, ALP ve GGT daha yükselmiş, albümin düzeyi ise daha düşüktü. Lojistik regresyon analizi ile hemoglobin ile safra taşı varlığı arasında bağımsız ve ters yönde bir ilişki gözlemlendi (OR = 0,90; %95 GA: 0,84–0,97; p = 0,003). Ancak hemoglobinin safra kesesi taşı ayrımında gücü sınırlı olarak değerlendirildi (AUC erkeklerde 0,572; kadınlarda 0,533).
Sonuç: Kırsal bir hasta grubunu kapsayan bu çalışmada, özellikle makrositik anemi başta olmak üzere anemi ile safra taşı hastalığı arasında dikkate değer bir ilişki saptanmıştır. Bu bulgu, hematolojik bozukluklarla safra yolu patolojileri arasındaki bağın yalnızca klasik hemolitik durumlarla sınırlı olmadığını, daha geniş bir yelpazeye uzandığını ortaya koymaktadır. Safra yolu semptomlarıyla başvuran hastalarda anemi alt tiplerinin ayırt edilmesi, risk sınıflandırmasının daha rafine biçimde yapılmasına olanak tanıyabilir ve aynı zamanda metabolik ile beslenme temelli değerlendirmelere ışık tutabilir. Bununla birlikte, altta yatan mekanizmaların tam anlamıyla aydınlatılabilmesi için ayrıntılı hematolojik incelemeler ve taş kompozisyonuna yönelik analizleri içeren çok merkezli prospektif çalışmalara duyulan gereksinim devam etmektedir.

References

  • Shaffer EA. Epidemiology and risk factors for gallstone disease: has the paradigm changed in the 21st century? Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2005;7 (2):132-140. doi:10.1007/s11894-005-0051-8
  • Stinton LM, Shaffer EA. Epidemiology of gallbladder disease: cholelithiasis and cancer. Gut Liver. 2012;6(2):172-187. doi:10.5009/gnl. 2012.6.2.172
  • Everhart JE, Khare M, Hill M, Maurer KR. Prevalence and ethnic differences in gallbladder disease in the United States. Gastroenterology. 1999;117(3):632-639. doi:10.1016/s0016-5085(99)70456-7
  • Karayalcin R, Genc V, Karaca AS, Ozaksit G. Prevalence of cholelithiasis in a Turkish population sample of postmenopausal women. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2010;21(4):416-420.
  • Trotman BW, Soloway RD. Pigment gallstone disease: summary of the National Institutes of Health--international workshop. Hepatology. 1982;2(6):879-884. doi:10.1002/hep.1840020624
  • Vitek L, Carey MC. Enterohepatic cycling of bilirubin as a cause of 'black' pigment gallstones in adult life. Eur J Clin Invest. 2003;33(9):799-810. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2362.2003.01214.x
  • Aydogdu I, Sari R, Ulu R, Sevinc A. The frequency of gallbladder stones in patients with pernicious anemia. J Surg Res. 2001;101(2):120-123. doi: 10.1006/jsre.2001.6269
  • Pamuk GE, Umit H, Harmandar F, Yesil N. Patients with iron deficiency anemia have an increased prevalence of gallstones. Ann Hematol. 2009; 88(1):17-20. doi: 10.1007/s00277-008-0557-x
  • Cikim G, Hatipoglu HS, Susam S. Evaluation of homocysteine, vitamin, and trace element levels in women with gallstones. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2023;78:127177. doi:10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127177
  • Chen P, Yang C, Ding J, Li Y, Hu W, Zhang Q. Association of dietary vitamin intake with gallstone risk in US adults: a cross-sectional NHANES study. Eur J Med Res. 2025;30(1):535. doi:10.1186/s40001-025-02841-8
  • Liu CM, Hsu CT, Li CY, Chen CC, Liu ML, Liu JH. A population-based cohort study of symptomatic gallstone disease in diabetic patients. World J Gastroenterol. 2012;18(14):1652-1659. doi:10.3748/wjg.v18.i14.1652
  • Liu CM, Tung TH, Chou P, et al. Clinical correlation of gallstone disease in a Chinese population in Taiwan: experience at Cheng Hsin General Hospital. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12(8):1281-1286. doi:10.3748/wjg.v12.i8.1281
  • Loria P, Lonardo A, Lombardini S, et al. Gallstone disease in non-alcoholic fatty liver: prevalence and associated factors. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;20(8):1176-1184. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2005.03924.x
  • Mendez-Sanchez N, Chavez-Tapia NC, Motola-Kuba D, et al. Metabolic syndrome as a risk factor for gallstone disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11(11):1653-1657. doi:10.3748/wjg.v11.i11.1653
  • Zhuo H, Fan J, Zhang B, et al. Association of gallstone and polymorphisms of UGT1A1*27 and UGT1A1*28 in patients with hepatitis B virus-related liver failure. Open Med (Wars). 2022;17(1):1455-1465. doi:10.1515/med-2022-0549
  • Beutler E, Waalen J. The definition of anemia: what is the lower limit of normal of the blood hemoglobin concentration? Blood. 2006;107(5):1747-1750. doi:10.1182/blood-2005-07-3046
  • Adeniyi OF, Akinsete AM, Odeghe EA, et al. Cholelithiasis in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease: experience in a resource-limited setting. Ann Afr Med. 2022;21(1):58-64. doi:10.4103/aam.aam_81_20
  • Aguado A, Moratalla-Navarro F, Lopez-Simarro F, Moreno V. MorbiNet: multimorbidity networks in adult general population. Analysis of type 2 diabetes mellitus comorbidity. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):2416. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-59336-1
  • Alkindi S, Almufargi SS, Pathare A. Clinical and laboratory parameters, risk factors predisposing to the development of priapism in sickle cell patients. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2020;245(1):79-83. doi:10.1177/15353 70219892846
  • Al Talhi Y, Shirah BH, Altowairqi M, Yousef Y. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis in children with sickle cell disease. Clin J Gastroenterol. 2017;10(4):320-326. doi:10.1007/s12328-017-0750-3
  • Cuciureanu T, Singeap AM, Chiriac S, Girleanu I, Trifan A, Stanciu C. An unusual case of cholecystoduodenal fistula in a nonagenarian patient. Medical-Surgical Journal-Revista Medico-Chirurgicala. 2017; 121(2):360-365.
  • Mohammed S, Addae S, Suleiman S, et al. Serum calcium, parathyroid hormone, and vitamin D status in children and young adults with sickle cell disease. Ann Clin Biochem. 1993;30(1):45-51. doi:10.1177/0004563293 03000108
  • Ariandi I, Saleh S, Benyamin AF, Harjianti T, Minhajat R, Bayu D. β-thalassemia intermedia with autoimmune hemolytic anemia and multiple cholelithiasis complications. Gazzetta Medica Italiana Archivio per le Scienze Mediche. 2023;182(4):240-243. doi:10.23736/s03 93-3660.22.04881-1
  • Gardner K, Suddle A, Kane P, et al. How we treat sickle hepatopathy and liver transplantation in adults. Blood. 2014;123(15):2302-2307. doi:10. 1182/blood-2013-12-542076
  • AlSaleh N, Alaa Adeen AM, Hetta OE, et al. Emergency cholecystectomy: risk factors and impact of delay on electively booked patients, a 5-year experience of a tertiary care center. BMC Surg. 2024;24(1):396. doi:10.1186/s12893-024-02694-8
  • Rege RV. Biliary stones. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology. 1992;8(5): 749-755. doi:10.1097/00001574-199210000-00004
  • Rosenbaum H, Sidransky E. Cholelithiasis in patients with Gaucher disease. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2002;28(1):21-27. doi:10.1006/bcmd.2001.0480
  • Lotfi M, Keramati P, Assdsangabi R, Nabavizadeh SA, Karimi M. Ultrasonographic assessment of the prevalence of cholelithiasis and biliary sludge in beta-thalassemia patients in Iran. Med Sci Monit. 2009;15(8):CR398-402.
  • Siregar DR, Muhar AM, Pohan DP. The role of cholelithiasis risk factors in stone types in cholelithiasis patients at Universitas Sumatera Utara Hospital. Bali Medical Journal. 2021;10(1):63-65. doi:10.15562/bmj.v10 i1.2139

Clinical association of anemia subtypes with gallstone disease: evidence from a rural cohort study

Year 2026, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 126 - 132, 05.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.1805444
https://izlik.org/JA53JC44UB

Abstract

Aims: Gallstone disease is common worldwide, and while hemolytic anemias are well-established risk factors for pigment stone formation, the relationship between other anemia subtypes and gallstone prevalence in the general adult population remains insufficiently characterized. This study aims to evaluate the association between anemia subtypes and gallstone disease in a large unselected cohort of adults presenting with dyspeptic symptoms.
Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study including adult patients who underwent both abdominal ultrasonography and laboratory testing between January 2020 and July 2025. Demographic, hematologic, and biochemical parameters were collected. Anemia was defined by standard hemoglobin thresholds and classified into microcytic, normocytic, and macrocytic subtypes by mean corpuscular volume. Comparisons between groups were performed using χ² and non parametric tests. Logistic regression and ROC analysis assessed the predictive value of hemoglobin for gallstone detection.
Results: A total of 1.660 patients were analyzed, of whom 311 (18.7%) had gallstones. Anemia was present in 21.9% of the cohort and was more frequent in patients with gallstones compared to those without (27.0% vs. 20.8%, p=0.016). Among anemic patients, macrocytic anemia showed a markedly higher prevalence of gallstones (70%) compared to microcytic (19.6%) and normocytic (23.2%) anemia (p=0.001). Patients with gallstones also had lower hemoglobin (13.2 vs. 13.4 g/dl, p=0.012), reduced serum iron, higher RDW, and elevated ALP and GGT, with lower albumin levels. Logistic regression confirmed an independent inverse association between hemoglobin and gallstones (OR=0.90, 95% CI: 0.84-0.97, p=0.003). However, hemoglobin had limited discriminatory power (AUC 0.572 in men, 0.533 in women).
Conclusion: In this large rural cohort, anemia-particularly macrocytic anemia-was significantly associated with gallstone disease, extending the link between hematologic disorders and biliary pathology beyond classic hemolytic conditions. Recognition of anemia subtypes in patients with biliary symptoms may improve risk stratification and guide metabolic and nutritional assessment. Prospective multicenter studies with detailed hematologic profiling and stone composition analysis are warranted to further clarify underlying mechanisms.

Ethical Statement

This retrospective study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent revisions. Ethical approval was obtained from the Hitit University Clinical Research Ethics Committee (Decision Date: 14 May 2025, Decision Number: 2024-129). As the study involved the analysis of anonymized, previously collected data, individual informed consent was not required.

References

  • Shaffer EA. Epidemiology and risk factors for gallstone disease: has the paradigm changed in the 21st century? Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2005;7 (2):132-140. doi:10.1007/s11894-005-0051-8
  • Stinton LM, Shaffer EA. Epidemiology of gallbladder disease: cholelithiasis and cancer. Gut Liver. 2012;6(2):172-187. doi:10.5009/gnl. 2012.6.2.172
  • Everhart JE, Khare M, Hill M, Maurer KR. Prevalence and ethnic differences in gallbladder disease in the United States. Gastroenterology. 1999;117(3):632-639. doi:10.1016/s0016-5085(99)70456-7
  • Karayalcin R, Genc V, Karaca AS, Ozaksit G. Prevalence of cholelithiasis in a Turkish population sample of postmenopausal women. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2010;21(4):416-420.
  • Trotman BW, Soloway RD. Pigment gallstone disease: summary of the National Institutes of Health--international workshop. Hepatology. 1982;2(6):879-884. doi:10.1002/hep.1840020624
  • Vitek L, Carey MC. Enterohepatic cycling of bilirubin as a cause of 'black' pigment gallstones in adult life. Eur J Clin Invest. 2003;33(9):799-810. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2362.2003.01214.x
  • Aydogdu I, Sari R, Ulu R, Sevinc A. The frequency of gallbladder stones in patients with pernicious anemia. J Surg Res. 2001;101(2):120-123. doi: 10.1006/jsre.2001.6269
  • Pamuk GE, Umit H, Harmandar F, Yesil N. Patients with iron deficiency anemia have an increased prevalence of gallstones. Ann Hematol. 2009; 88(1):17-20. doi: 10.1007/s00277-008-0557-x
  • Cikim G, Hatipoglu HS, Susam S. Evaluation of homocysteine, vitamin, and trace element levels in women with gallstones. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2023;78:127177. doi:10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127177
  • Chen P, Yang C, Ding J, Li Y, Hu W, Zhang Q. Association of dietary vitamin intake with gallstone risk in US adults: a cross-sectional NHANES study. Eur J Med Res. 2025;30(1):535. doi:10.1186/s40001-025-02841-8
  • Liu CM, Hsu CT, Li CY, Chen CC, Liu ML, Liu JH. A population-based cohort study of symptomatic gallstone disease in diabetic patients. World J Gastroenterol. 2012;18(14):1652-1659. doi:10.3748/wjg.v18.i14.1652
  • Liu CM, Tung TH, Chou P, et al. Clinical correlation of gallstone disease in a Chinese population in Taiwan: experience at Cheng Hsin General Hospital. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12(8):1281-1286. doi:10.3748/wjg.v12.i8.1281
  • Loria P, Lonardo A, Lombardini S, et al. Gallstone disease in non-alcoholic fatty liver: prevalence and associated factors. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;20(8):1176-1184. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2005.03924.x
  • Mendez-Sanchez N, Chavez-Tapia NC, Motola-Kuba D, et al. Metabolic syndrome as a risk factor for gallstone disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11(11):1653-1657. doi:10.3748/wjg.v11.i11.1653
  • Zhuo H, Fan J, Zhang B, et al. Association of gallstone and polymorphisms of UGT1A1*27 and UGT1A1*28 in patients with hepatitis B virus-related liver failure. Open Med (Wars). 2022;17(1):1455-1465. doi:10.1515/med-2022-0549
  • Beutler E, Waalen J. The definition of anemia: what is the lower limit of normal of the blood hemoglobin concentration? Blood. 2006;107(5):1747-1750. doi:10.1182/blood-2005-07-3046
  • Adeniyi OF, Akinsete AM, Odeghe EA, et al. Cholelithiasis in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease: experience in a resource-limited setting. Ann Afr Med. 2022;21(1):58-64. doi:10.4103/aam.aam_81_20
  • Aguado A, Moratalla-Navarro F, Lopez-Simarro F, Moreno V. MorbiNet: multimorbidity networks in adult general population. Analysis of type 2 diabetes mellitus comorbidity. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):2416. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-59336-1
  • Alkindi S, Almufargi SS, Pathare A. Clinical and laboratory parameters, risk factors predisposing to the development of priapism in sickle cell patients. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2020;245(1):79-83. doi:10.1177/15353 70219892846
  • Al Talhi Y, Shirah BH, Altowairqi M, Yousef Y. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis in children with sickle cell disease. Clin J Gastroenterol. 2017;10(4):320-326. doi:10.1007/s12328-017-0750-3
  • Cuciureanu T, Singeap AM, Chiriac S, Girleanu I, Trifan A, Stanciu C. An unusual case of cholecystoduodenal fistula in a nonagenarian patient. Medical-Surgical Journal-Revista Medico-Chirurgicala. 2017; 121(2):360-365.
  • Mohammed S, Addae S, Suleiman S, et al. Serum calcium, parathyroid hormone, and vitamin D status in children and young adults with sickle cell disease. Ann Clin Biochem. 1993;30(1):45-51. doi:10.1177/0004563293 03000108
  • Ariandi I, Saleh S, Benyamin AF, Harjianti T, Minhajat R, Bayu D. β-thalassemia intermedia with autoimmune hemolytic anemia and multiple cholelithiasis complications. Gazzetta Medica Italiana Archivio per le Scienze Mediche. 2023;182(4):240-243. doi:10.23736/s03 93-3660.22.04881-1
  • Gardner K, Suddle A, Kane P, et al. How we treat sickle hepatopathy and liver transplantation in adults. Blood. 2014;123(15):2302-2307. doi:10. 1182/blood-2013-12-542076
  • AlSaleh N, Alaa Adeen AM, Hetta OE, et al. Emergency cholecystectomy: risk factors and impact of delay on electively booked patients, a 5-year experience of a tertiary care center. BMC Surg. 2024;24(1):396. doi:10.1186/s12893-024-02694-8
  • Rege RV. Biliary stones. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology. 1992;8(5): 749-755. doi:10.1097/00001574-199210000-00004
  • Rosenbaum H, Sidransky E. Cholelithiasis in patients with Gaucher disease. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2002;28(1):21-27. doi:10.1006/bcmd.2001.0480
  • Lotfi M, Keramati P, Assdsangabi R, Nabavizadeh SA, Karimi M. Ultrasonographic assessment of the prevalence of cholelithiasis and biliary sludge in beta-thalassemia patients in Iran. Med Sci Monit. 2009;15(8):CR398-402.
  • Siregar DR, Muhar AM, Pohan DP. The role of cholelithiasis risk factors in stone types in cholelithiasis patients at Universitas Sumatera Utara Hospital. Bali Medical Journal. 2021;10(1):63-65. doi:10.15562/bmj.v10 i1.2139
There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects General Surgery, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, ​Internal Diseases
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Mehmet Berksun Tutan 0000-0003-1834-7355

Duygu Tutan 0000-0003-0440-1146

Osman Nuri Koyun 0000-0002-0583-3656

Submission Date October 17, 2025
Acceptance Date December 8, 2025
Publication Date January 5, 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.1805444
IZ https://izlik.org/JA53JC44UB
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 9 Issue: 1

Cite

AMA 1.Tutan MB, Tutan D, Koyun ON. Clinical association of anemia subtypes with gallstone disease: evidence from a rural cohort study. J Health Sci Med / JHSM. 2026;9(1):126-132. doi:10.32322/jhsm.1805444

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