Smile aesthetics and gender

Abstract

Smile aesthetics is a multidisciplinary field that explores how the concept of beauty affects human memory, emotions, and perception. Intraoral and gingival components are central to soft-tissue aesthetics and key determinants of an aesthetically pleasing smile. A healthy periodontium, along with optimal gingiva color and texture, significantly contributes to aesthetic perception. This review aims to examine the influence of gender on smile aesthetics and to analyze the intraoral, psychological, and environmental factors that shape the perception and evaluation of smiling. The literature indicates that smile aesthetics is influenced by a range of factors, including age, occupation, psychological state, external influences, and biological variables such as gender. Gingival health, soft tissue characteristics, and intraoral harmony are consistently identified as foundational to aesthetic outcomes. Differences between genders in aesthetic perception and preferences are supported by multiple studies, suggesting potential biological and cultural influences. Gender appears to be an important variable in the evaluation of smile aesthetics, interacting with a variety of biological, psychological, and social factors. Further research is needed to clarify the mechanisms underlying these differences and to develop evidence-based guidelines for personalized aesthetic smile design.

Keywords

• Esthetic
• gender
• gingiva

Cinsiyete göre gülüş estetiği

Abstract

Gülüş estetiği, güzellik kavramının insan belleği, duyguları ve algısı üzerindeki etkisini inceleyen multidisipliner bir alandır. İntraoral ve gingival bileşenler, yumuşak doku estetiğinin merkezinde yer almakta olup estetik açıdan hoş bir gülüşün temel belirleyicileridir. Sağlıklı bir periodonsiyum ile optimal gingiva rengi ve dokusu, estetik algıya anlamlı düzeyde katkı sağlamaktadır. Bu derlemenin amacı, cinsiyetin gülüş estetiği üzerindeki etkisini incelemek ve gülüşün algılanmasını ve değerlendirilmesini şekillendiren intraoral, psikolojik ve çevresel faktörleri analiz etmektir. Literatür, gülüş estetiğinin; cinsiyet gibi biyolojik değişkenlere ek olarak yaş, meslek, psikolojik durum ve dışsal etkiler dâhil olmak üzere çeşitli faktörlerden etkilendiğini göstermektedir. Gingival sağlık, yumuşak doku özellikleri ve intraoral uyum, estetik sonuçların temel bileşenleri olarak tutarlı biçimde tanımlanmaktadır. Estetik algı ve tercihler açısından cinsiyetler arası farklılıklar, çok sayıda çalışma tarafından desteklenmekte olup bu durum olası biyolojik ve kültürel etkilerin varlığına işaret etmektedir. Cinsiyetin, gülüş estetiğinin değerlendirilmesinde biyolojik, psikolojik ve sosyal faktörlerin çeşitliliği ile etkileşim hâlinde olan önemli bir değişken olduğu görülmektedir. Bu farklılıkların altında yatan mekanizmaların açıklığa kavuşturulması ve kişiselleştirilmiş estetik gülüş tasarımına yönelik kanıta dayalı rehberlerin geliştirilmesi için ileri araştırmalara ihtiyaç vardır.

Keywords

• Estetik
• cinsiyet
• diş eti

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