j immunol clin microbiol Journal of Immunology and Clinical Microbiology 2528-9470 Erkan YULA 10.58854/jicm.1634565 Immunology (Other) Medical Virology İmmünoloji (Diğer) Tıbbi Viroloji COVID-19 and the city: Statistical analyses indicated COVID-19 epidemiology is influenced by population size, GDP, and conflict rates COVID-19 ve şehir: İstatistiksel analizler COVID-19 epidemiyolojisinin nüfus büyüklüğü, GSYİH ve çatışma oranlarından etkilendiğini gösterdi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3396-399X Nehri Leman Nur ORTA DOĞU TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6896-2922 Koçoğlu Seher Elif GAZI UNIVERSITY, INSTITUTE OF HEALTH SCIENCES, DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY 10 15 2025 10 3 32 50 02 06 2025 10 07 2025 Copyright © 2016, Journal of Immunology and Clinical Microbiology 2016 Journal of Immunology and Clinical Microbiology

Objectives: Numerous host and geographical factors have been discussed in the literature regarding their impact on COVID-19 spread and mortality. This study aims to evaluate which of these factors are more influential from an urban ecological perspective.Methods: Data on host factors reported to be associated with COVID-19, or potentially related, were collected for 56 countries. These factors were grouped as diet, micronutrient deficiencies, diseases, environmental factors, population structure, and economic parameters. Regression analyses were performed to assess their relationships with the early spread and mortality of COVID-19.Results: The analyses revealed that population-related parameters were the most influential on COVID-19 spread, while economic factors played the most significant role in mortality. Specifically, population size was correlated with the spread rate, whereas GDP, Gini index, and conflict rates were correlated with death rates.Conclusion: The findings highlight the critical roles of demographic and economic parameters in shaping the course of COVID-19 and demonstrate that an urban ecological perspective provides a strong framework to interpret these relationships.

Giriş: COVID-19’un yayılımı ve ölümcüllüğü üzerinde etkili olabilecek birçok konak ve coğrafi faktör literatürde tartışılmıştır. Bu faktörler arasında özellikle kentsel ekolojik ilişkiler dikkat çekmektedir.Amaç: Bu çalışma, COVID-19’un yayılımı ve ölüm oranları üzerinde hangi konak ve çevresel faktörlerin daha etkili olduğunu kentsel ekoloji bakış açısıyla incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır.Yöntem: COVID-19 ile ilişkili olduğu bildirilen ya da ilişkili olma potansiyeli bulunan çeşitli konak faktörlerine ait veriler 56 ülke için toplanmış ve diyet, mikro besin eksiklikleri, hastalıklar, çevresel faktörler, nüfus yapısı ve ekonomik faktörler olarak gruplandırılmıştır. Bu gruplar üzerinden regresyon analizleri yapılarak COVID-19’un erken yayılımı ve ölüm oranlarıyla ilişkileri değerlendirilmiştir.Bulgular: Analizler sonucunda, COVID-19’un yayılımında en etkili grubun nüfusla ilgili parametreler olduğu, ölüm oranlarında ise ekonomik faktörlerin belirleyici olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca nüfus büyüklüğü COVID-19’un yayılma hızıyla, ülkenin GSYİH’sı, Gini indeksi ve çatışma oranları ise ölüm oranlarıyla pozitif yönde ilişkilendirilmiştir.Sonuç: Bulgular, COVID-19’un seyrinde ekonomik ve demografik faktörlerin kritik rol oynadığını ve kentsel ekoloji perspektifinin bu ilişkilerin değerlendirilmesinde güçlü bir araç sunduğunu göstermektedir.

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