Microbiological Quality and Antibiotic Resistance of Home-made and Commercial Complementary Foods: A Comparative Pilot Study

Year 2024, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 45 - 55

Derya Doğanay Batuhan Cenk Özkan

https://doi.org/10.58854/jicm.1404147

Abstract

Aim: This study aims to perform microbiological analyses of commercial and homemade infant formulas used in complementary infant feeding and to determine the antibiotic resistance profiles of pathogenic bacteria isolated from these formulas.
Materials and Methods: Samples were taken from various homemade and commercially available infant formulas. The microbial content and antibiotic resistance profiles of the isolated pathogenic strains were analyzed using standard microbiological methods.
Results: The study found that the microbiological quality of homemade infant formulas was lower compared to commercial formulas. It was observed that the microbiological quality of infant formulas was significantly affected by prolonged storage. Notably, the presence of pathogenic bacteria with multiple antibiotic resistances was detected in some samples, indicating potential health risks for infants.
Conclusion: The study highlights the importance of microbiological safety in the preparation and selection of infant formulas. Additionally, the emergence of multi-antibiotic resistant bacteria underscores the necessity for increased awareness and the establishment of stringent standards.

Keywords

Home-made İnfant foods, Microbiological quality, Antibiotic resistance

Ethical Statement

For this study, ethics committee approval was not required.

Ev Yapım Ve Ticari Bebek Gıdalarının Mikrobiyolojik Kalitesi Ve Antibiyotik Direnci: Karşılaştırmalı Bir Ön Çalışma

Abstract

Giriş: Bu çalışmada tamamlayıcı bebek beslenmesinde kullanılan, ticari ve ev koşullarında hazırlanmış bebek mamalarının mikrobiyolojik analizlerinin yapılması ve mamalardan izole edilen patojen bakterilerin antibiyotik direnç profillerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Gereç Ve Yöntem: Hem ev yapımı hem de ticari olarak mevcut olan çeşitli bebek mamalarından örnekler alınmış ve standart mikrobiyolojik yöntemler kullanılarak mikrobiyal içerik ve elde edilen patojen izolatların antibiyotik direnç profilleri analiz edilmiştir.
Bulgular: Çalışmada, ev yapımı bebek mamalarının ticari mamalara göre mikrobiyolojik kalitesinin daha düşük olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bebek mamalarının mikrobiyolojik kalitesinin uzun süreli depolamanın sonunda önemli ölçüde etkilendiği gözlemlenmiştir. Özellikle, bazı örneklerde çoklu antibiyotik direncine sahip patojen bakterilerin varlığı tespit edilmiştir, bu da bebekler için potansiyel sağlık risklerini göstermektedir.
Sonuç: Çalışma, bebek mamalarının hazırlanması ve seçiminde mikrobiyolojik güvenliğin önemini ayrıca ortaya çıkan çoklu antibiyotik direnç verileri göz önüne alınarak daha iyi bir farkındalık ile standartların gerekliliğini vurgulamaktadır.

Keywords

Ev yapımı bebek gıdaları, Mikrobiyolojik kalite, Antibiyotik direnci

References

• Mosha TCE, Laswai HS, Tetens I. Nutritional composition and micronutrient status of ho-me-made and commercial weaning foods consumed in Tanzania. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 2000;55(3):185–205.
• Bourke CD, Berkley JA, Prendergast AJ. Immune dysfunction as a cause and consequence of malnutrition. Trends Immunol. 2016;37(6):386–98.
• UNICEF. Malnutrition rates remain alarming: stunting is declining too slowly while wasting still impacts the lives of far too many young children. UNICEF, New York, NY, USA; 2018.
• Spitzmueller C, Wang Z, Zhang J, Thomas CL, Fisher GG, Matthews RA, et al. Got milk? Workplace factors related to breastfeeding among working mothers. J Organ Behav. 2016;37(5):692–718.
• Hilbig A, Foterek K, Kersting M, Alexy U. Home‐made and commercial complementary meals in German infants: results of the DONALD study. Journal of human nutrition and di-etetics. 2015;28(6):613–22.
• Shamim S, Naz F, Jamalvi SW, Ali SS. Effect of weaning period on nutritional status of children. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2006;16(8):529–31.
• Rodriguez-Urrego J, Herrera-Leon S, Echeita-Sarriondia A, Soler P, Simon F, Mateo S, et al. Nationwide outbreak of Salmonella serotype Kedougou associated with infant formula, Spain, 2008. Eurosurveillance. 2010;15 (22).
• Abbasi Bafetrat S, Goli M, Momtaz H. The Study on antibiotic resistance pattern of Crono-bacter sakazakii strains isolated from infant formula and baby food types. Journal of Food Microbiology. 2017;3(4):39–50.
• Mossel DAA, Elzebroek BJM. Recommended Routine Monitoring Procedures for the Micro-biological Examination of Infant Foods and Drinking Water. Unicef; 1973.
• Turkish Food Codex Regulation. Regulation on Turkish Food Codex microbiological criteria. Law of Authorization: 5996. Official Gazette of Publication. 2011;
• Estuningsih S, Kress C, Hassan AA, Akineden Ö, Schneider E, Usleber E. Enterobacteria-ceae in dehydrated powdered infant formula manufactured in Indonesia and Malaysia. J Food Prot. 2006;69(12):3013–7.
• Hotz C, Gibson RS. Complementary feeding practices and dietary intakes from complemen-tary foods amongst weanlings in rural Malawi. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2001;55(10):841–9.
• Motarjemi Y, Käferstein F, Moy G, Quevedo F. Contaminated weaning food: a major risk factor for diarrhoea and associated malnutrition. Bull World Health Organ. 1993;71(1):79.
• Sheth M, Dwivedi R. Complementary foods associated diarrhea. The Indian Journal of Pedi-atrics. 2006;73(1):61–4.
• Silano M, Paganin P, Davanzo R. Time for the 70 C water precautionary option in the home dilution of powdered infant formula. Ital J Pediatr. 2016;42(1):1–3.
• Rashwan O, Mohamady M. Nutritional value and microbiological profile of some locally prepared weaning-food mixtures. Egyptian Journal of Nutrition and Health. 2015;10(1):1–14.
• Islam MA, Ahmed T, Faruque ASG, Rahman S, Das SK, Ahmed D, et al. Microbiological quality of complementary foods and its association with diarrhoeal morbidity and nutritional status of Bangladeshi children. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2012;66(11):1242–6.
• Aarts H, Margolles A. Antibiotic resistance genes in food and gut (non-pathogenic) bacteria. Bad genes in good bugs. Vol. 5, Frontiers in Microbiology. Frontiers Media SA; 2015. p. 754.
• Curtis V, Cairncross S. Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhoea risk in the commu-nity: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2003;3(5):275–81.
• Temiz A. Genel mikrobiyoloji uygulama teknikleri. Hatiboğlu Yayınevi; 2010.
• Buchanan RL, Oni R. Use of microbiological indicators for assessing hygiene controls for the manufacture of powdered infant formula. J Food Prot. 2012;75(5):989–97.
• Abdelreda SM, Ajmi RN. Microbial quality of infant formula milk powder in Baghdad City. Int J Sci Eng Res. 2016;7(4):214–8.
• Comission-CAC CA. Codex Alimentarius: code of hygienic practice for foods for powdered formulae for infants and young children. CAC/RCP. 2008;66.
• Kung’u JK, Boor KJ, Ame SM, Ali NS, Jackson AE, Stoltzfus RJ. Bacterial populations in complementary foods and drinking-water in households with children aged 10-15 months in Zanzibar, Tanzania. J Health Popul Nutr. 2009;27(1):41.
• Müller-Hauser AA, Sobhan S, Huda TMN, Waid JL, Wendt AS, Islam MA, et al. Key food hygiene behaviors to reduce microbial contamination of complementary foods in rural Bang-ladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2022;107(3):709.
• Marege A, Regassa B, Seid M, Tadesse D, Siraj M, Manilal A. Bacteriological quality and sa-fety of bottle food and associated factors among bottle-fed babies attending pediatric outpa-tient clinics of Government Health Institutions in Arba Minch, southern Ethiopia. J Health Popul Nutr. 2023;42(1):1–18.
• Pekcan A, Şanlıer N,, Baş M. Türkiye Besin ve Beslenme Rehberi (TÜBER). TC Sağlık Ba-kanlığı. 2015.
• Kübra E, Toğay SÖ. Toz bebek mamalarının mikrobiyolojik kalitelerinin ve mama hazırlama önerilerine uygunluğunun araştırılması. Food and Health. 2023;9(1):27–36.
• Vural A, Genç E. Hygienic Quality Features in Baby Formulas, Follow-On Formulas, and Some Supplementary Foods. Acta Veterinaria Eurasia. 2022;48(2).
• Farmer JJ, Boatwright KD, Janda JM. Enterobacteriaceae: Introduction and Identification. In: Murray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH, Landry LM, Pfaller A, editors. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 9TH ed. Washington, D.C.: American Society for Microbiology; 2009. p. 649