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                <journal-meta>
                                    <journal-id></journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Journal of International Eastern European Studies</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2687-3346</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Yücel ÖZTÜRK</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id/>
                                                                                                                                                                                            <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>Gunboat Diplomacy of the Great Powers on the Ottoman Empire: With Particular Reference to the Salonika Incident (1876) and Armenian Reform Demands (1879-80)</article-title>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <trans-title-group xml:lang="tr">
                                    <trans-title>Selanik Olayı (1876) ve Ermeni Reform Talepleri (1879-80) Örneğinde Düvel-i Muazzama&#039;nın Osmanlı Devleti&#039;ne Yönelik Gambot Diplomasisi</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3161-457X</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Yavuz</surname>
                                    <given-names>Fikrettin</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>SAKARYA ÜNİVERSİTESİ, FEN-EDEBİYAT FAKÜLTESİ, TARİH BÖLÜMÜ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20201229">
                    <day>12</day>
                    <month>29</month>
                    <year>2020</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>2</volume>
                                        <issue>2</issue>
                                        <fpage>574</fpage>
                                        <lpage>593</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20201201">
                        <day>12</day>
                        <month>01</month>
                        <year>2020</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20201208">
                        <day>12</day>
                        <month>08</month>
                        <year>2020</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2019, Journal of International Eastern European Studies</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2019</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Journal of International Eastern European Studies</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>Throughout history, gunboat, a small vessel of a naval force, has been turned into a term of coercive diplomacy. Gunboat diplomacy, associated with chiefly the activities of the Great Powers, means the use of naval power directly or indirectly as an aggressive diplomatic instrument. It seems highly probable to see many examples of this coercive diplomacy in the world history particularly after the French Revolution. Naturally, the Ottoman Empire, always attracted attention of the Great Powers, was exposed to this policy of the Powers. During the nineteen century, the rivalry among the European Powers on the Ottoman territorial integrity became a common characteristic that led them to implement gunboat diplomacy on all occasions. In this context, this article firstly offers a critical analysis of gunboat diplomacy of the Great Powers on the Ottoman Empire within the dimension of two specific examples: The Salonika Incident and Armenian reform demands. In addition, it aims to contribute to the understanding of gunboat diplomacy of the Powers and Ottoman response by evaluating it from native and foreign literature.</p></abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <trans-abstract xml:lang="tr">
                            <p>Donanmanın küçük bir parçası olan gambot, tarih süreç içerisinde devletlerin donanmalarıyla uyguladıkları bir cebri diplomasi enstrümanının ismine ilham olmuştur. Daha ziyade büyük devletlerin faaliyetleriyle ilişkilendirilen gambot diplomasisi donanma gücünün doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak saldırgan bir diplomatik baskı unsuru olarak kullanılması anlamına gelmektedir. Dünya tarihinde özellikle Fransız İhtilali sonrasında yoğunlaşan bu cebri diplomasinin birçok örneğini görmek mümkündür. Her daim büyük devletlerin dikkatlerini yoğunlaştırdığı Osmanlı Devleti de büyük devletlerin bu politikasına muhatap olmuştur. On dokuzuncu yüzyıl boyunca Osmanlı Devleti toprakları üzerindeki rekabet, Avrupalı devletlerin gambot diplomasisini her fırsatta uygulamalarına  neden olmuştur. Bu çerçevede, bu makale öncelikle Düvel-i Muazzama&#039;nın Osmanlı Devleti&#039;ne yönelik gambot diplomasisi uygulamalarının mukayeseli analizini iki örnek (Selanik Olayı ve Ermeni reform talepleri) üzerinden yapmayı hedeflemektedir. Ayrıca çalışma yerli ve yabancı literatür üzerinden yapılan değerlendirmelerle, gambot diplomasisi ve Osmanlı Devleti&#039;nin bu cebri diplomasiye karşı takip ettiği politikaların anlaşılmasına da katkı yapmayı amaçlamaktadır.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>European Powers</kwd>
                                                    <kwd> </kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Ottomans</kwd>
                                                    <kwd> </kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Gunboat Diplomacy</kwd>
                                                    <kwd> </kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Salonika</kwd>
                                                    <kwd> </kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Armenian</kwd>
                                                    <kwd> </kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Reform</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                        
                                                                            <kwd-group xml:lang="tr">
                                                    <kwd>Avrupalı Devletler</kwd>
                                                    <kwd> </kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Osmanlılar</kwd>
                                                    <kwd> </kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Gambot Diplomasisi</kwd>
                                                    <kwd> </kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Selanik</kwd>
                                                    <kwd> </kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Ermeni</kwd>
                                                    <kwd> </kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                            </article-meta>
    </front>
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