Beşeri Sermaye Eşitsizliği ve Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkinin Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2, 423 - 444, 25.11.2024

Barbaros Güneri

https://doi.org/10.54558/jiss.1390053

Öz

Amaç: Üretim sürecinin en önemli girdilerinden biri olan beşeri sermayedeki eşitsizlikler ve beşeri sermayenin dağılımı özellikle son yıllarda ülkelerin makro ekonomik politikaları için önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Bu makalenin amacı beşeri sermaye eşitsizliği ve iktisadi büyüme arasındaki ilişkiyi ampirik olarak analiz etmektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda toplamda 87 ülke için 1980 ve 2010 yılları arasında ve 5 yıllık dönemlerde beşeri sermaye eşitsizliği ve iktisadi büyüme arasındaki ilişki çeşitli kontrol değişkenleri de kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Daha sonra, sadece gelişmekte olan ülkelerde beşeri sermaye eşitsizliği ve büyüme ilişkisini incelemek için, örneklem 64 gelişmekte olan ülkeye indirgenerek sadece bu ülkeler için analiz tekrar edilmiştir.
Yöntem: Çalışmada beşeri sermaye eşitsizliği ve büyüme arasındaki ilişkinin analizi yapılırken, dinamik panel veri tahmincilerinden olan sistem GMM yöntemi kullanılmıştır.
Bulgular: Çalışmanın sonucunda beşeri sermayede artan eşitsizliğin iktisadi büyümeye zarar verdiği ortaya konmuştur. Ayrıca, sadece gelişmekte olan ülkeler örneklemi de göz önüne aldığında bu negatif etki mevcuttur. Bununla birlikte, kontrol değişkenlerinin büyümeye etkilerine bakıldığında ise, doğrudan yabancı yatırımların ve sermaye birikiminin büyümeyi olumlu etkilediği, enflasyon oranının ve de dışa açıklığın ise ülkelerin büyüme performanslarını düşürdüğü gözlemlenmiştir.
Sonuç: Bir ülke içinde artan beşeri sermayedeki eşitsizlik, ülkelerin büyüme potansiyellerini olumsuz olarak etkileyecektir. Beşeri sermaye eşitsizliğinin temel olarak ülkedeki eğitim seviyeleri verileri kullanılarak ölçüldüğü göz önüne alındığında, politika yapıcıların dezavantajlı gruplara gerekli destekleri sağlayarak, eğitim ve dolayısıyla beşeri sermaye eşitsizliğini azaltarak, ülkenin büyüme potansiyelini arttıracağı ortaya konmuştur.
Özgünlük: Beşeri sermaye ve büyüme arasında çokça çalışma bulunmasına karşın, beşeri sermaye eşitsizliği ve büyüme arasındaki ilişkiyi inceleyen çalışmalar nispeten azdır. Ayrıca bu çalışma, iki değişken arasındaki ilişkiyi uzun dönemli incelemesinin yanı sıra, (30 yıl) ve içsellik ve seri korelasyon gibi yöntemsel sorunlara karşı dayanıklı bir model kullanarak da literatüre katkıda bulunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Beşeri Sermaye Eşitsizliği, Büyüme, Dinamik Panel Veri

Kaynakça

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