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Ruminantlarda Karayolu Nakliyesinde Oluşan Stresin Nedenleri, Belirteçleri ve Sonuçları

Year 2021, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 1643 - 1652, 01.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.879567

Abstract

Hayvanların zihinsel ve fiziksel olarak iyi olma durumu olarak tanımlanan hayvan refahı, sağlık, hastalık, yetiştirme, davranış ve sürü yönetimi gibi objektif ve subjektif ölçütlerin bir bileşkesi olarak tanımlanabilir. Günümüzde, hayvancılık faaliyetleri içerisinde kurallara uygun olarak yapılmayan canlı hayvan nakliye uygulamalarının, çiftlik hayvanları için önemli bir stres unsuru olduğu kabul edilmektedir. Söz konusu strese yol açan faktörler, stresin sonuçları ve belirteçleri ile nakliye stresinin hayvan refahı üzerine etkileri, bu çalışmada ayrıntılı bir şekilde ele alınarak değerlendirilmiştir.

References

  • Aktaş MS, Ozkanlar S, Karakoç A, Akçay F, Ozkanlar Y, 2011. Efficacy of Vitamin E+ Selenium and Vitamin A+ D+ E Combinations on Oxidative Stress Induced by Long-Term Transportation in Holstein Dairy Cows. Livestock Science, 141: 76-79.
  • Albright J, 2000. Dairy Cattle Behaviour, Facilities, Handling and Husbandry. CABI Publishing, pp. 127-150, Fort Collins-Colorado-USA.
  • Altınçekiç ŞÖ, Koyuncu M, 2010. Nakil Koşullarının Hayvan Refahı Üzerine Etkileri. Hayvansal Üretim, 51: 48-56.
  • Anonymous. 2005. Council Regulation 1/2005/EC on the Protection of Animals During Transport and Related Operations. (https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2018/621853/ PRS_STU(2018)621853_EN.pdf), (Erişim tarihi: 27.11.2020).
  • Anonymous. 2020. EU trade and transport of live animals. (https://www. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2020/646170/EPRS_ATA(2020)646170_EN.pdf), (Erişim tarihi: 23.02.2021).
  • Averos X, Martin S, Riu M, Serratosa J, Gosálvez LF, 2008. Stress Response of Extensively Reared Young Bulls Being Transported to Growing-Finishing Farms Under Spanish Summer Commercial Conditions. Livestock Science, 119: 174-182.
  • Bobic T, Mijic P, Knezevic I, Speranda M, Antunovic B, Baban M, Sakac M, Frizon E, Koturic T, 2011. The Impact of Environmental Factors on the Milk Ejection and Stress of Dairy Cows. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry, 27: 919-927.
  • Bozkurt Z, 2016. Çiftlik Düzeyinde Hayvan Refahı Değerlendirmesi İçin Bilimsel Yaklaşımlar. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, 9: 236-246.
  • Brogden KA, Lehmkuhl HD, Cutlip RC, 1998. Pasteurella Haemolytica Complicated Respiratory Infections in Sheep and Goats. Veterinary Research, 29: 233-254.
  • Broom DM, Goode JA, Hall S, Lloyd DM, Parrott R, 1996. Hormonal and Physiological Effects of a15 Hour Road Journey in Sheep: Comparison With the Responses to Loading, Handling and Penning in the Absence of Transport. British Veterinary Journal, 152: 593-604.
  • Broom DM, Johnson KG, 2000. Stress and Animal Welfare. Springer Netherlands Publishers, p. 211, London-United Kingdom.
  • Broom DM, 2003. Transport Stress in Cattle and Sheep with Details of Physiological, Ethological and Other Indicators. Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift, 110: 83-88.
  • Chambers F, Grandin T, 2001. Guidelines for Humane Handling, Transport and Slaughter of Livestock. RAP publication, pp. 3-4, Bangkok-Thailand.
  • Deng L, He C, Zhou Y, Xu L, Xiong H, 2017. Ground Transport Stress Affects Bacteria in the Rumen of Beef Cattle: A Real-Time PCR Analysis. Animal Science Journal, 88: 790-797.
  • Earley B, Murray M, Prendiville DJ, Pintado B, Borque C, Canali E, 2012. The Effect of Transport by Road and Sea on Physiology, Immunity and Behaviour of Beef Cattle. Research in Veterinary Science, 92: 531-541.
  • Eniolorunda O, Fashina O, Aro O, 2009. Adaptive Physiological Response to Load Time Stress During Transportation of Cattle in Nigeria. Archivos de Zootecnia, 58: 223-230.
  • Erzurum O, Yılmaz A, 2016. Sığır Nakillerinde Refah ve Davranış İlişkisi. Kocatepe Veteriner Dergisi, 9: 357-362.
  • Fazio E, Ferlazzo A, 2003. Evaluation of Stress During Transport. Veterinary Research Communications, 27: 519-524.
  • Fazio E, Medica P, Cravana C, Cavaleri S, Ferlazzo A, 2012. Effect of Temperament and Prolonged Transportation on Endocrine and Functional Variables in Young Beef Bulls. Veterinary Record, 171: 644-644.
  • Fisher AD, Niemeyer DO, Lea JM, Lee C, Paull DR, Reed MT, Ferguson DM, 2010. The Effects of 12, 30, or 48 Hours of Road Transport on the Physiological and Behavioral Responses of Sheep. Journal of Animal Science, 88: 2144-2152.
  • Guardia M, Estany J, Balasch S, Oliver MA, Gispert M, Diestre A, 2009. Risk Assessment of Skin Damage due to Pre-Slaughter Conditions and RYR1 Gene in Pigs. Meat Science, 81: 745-751.
  • Hall SJ, Bradshaw RH, 1998. Welfare Aspects of the Transport by Road of Sheep and Pigs. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 1: 235-254.
  • Hutchings D, Martin S, 1983. A Mail Survey of Factors Associated with Morbidity and Mortality in Feedlot Calves in Southwestern Ontario. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine, 47: 101.
  • Kannan G, Terrill T, Kouakou B, Gazal O, Gelaye S, Amoah EA, Samake S, 2000. Transportation of Goats: Effects on Physiological Stress Responses and Live Weight Loss. Journal of Animal Science, 78: 1450-1457.
  • Kannan G, Saker KE, Terrill TH, Kouakou B, Galipalli S, Gelaye S, 2007. Effect of Seaweed Extract Supplementation in Goats Exposed to Simulated Preslaughter Stress. Small Ruminant Research, 73: 221-227.
  • Kara NK, Koyuncu M, 2011. Sığırlarda Taşıma Sırasında Hayvan Refahına Etki Eden Faktörler. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 17: 511-516.
  • Kettlewell P, Hoxey R, Mitchell M, 2000. Heat Produced by Broiler Chickens in a Commercial Transport Vehicle. Journal of agricultural engineering research, 75: 315-326.
  • Knowles G, 1999. A Review of the Road Transport of Cattle. Veterinary Record, 144: 197-201.
  • Knowles TG, Brown SN, Edwards JE, Phillips JE, Warriss PD, 1999a. Effect on Young Calves of a One-Hour Feeding Stop During a 19-Hour Road Journey. Veterinary Record, 144: 687-692.
  • Knowles TG, Warriss PD, Brown SN, Edwards JE, 1999b. Effects on Cattle of Transportation by Road for up to 31 Hours. Veterinary Record, 145: 575-582.
  • Krizanova O, Babula P, Pacak K, 2016. Stress, Catecholaminergic System and Cancer. Stress, 19: 419-428.
  • Li F, Shah AM, Wang Z, Peng Q, Hu R, Zou H, Tan C, Zhang X, Liao Y, Wang Y, Wang X, Zeng L, Xue B, Wang L, 2019. Effects of Land Transport Stress on Variations in Ruminal Microbe Diversity and Immune Functions in Different Breeds of Cattle. Animals (Basel), 9: 599.
  • McGregor BA, Murphy KM, Albano DL, Ceballos RM, 2016. Stress, Cortisol, and B Lymphocytes: a Novel Approach to Understanding Academic Stress and Immune Function. Stress, 19: 185-191.
  • Minka NS, Ayo J, 2007. Road Transportation Effect on Rectal Temperature, Respiration and Heart Rates of Ostrich (Struthio Camelus) Chicks. The journal Veterinarski arhiv, 77: 39-46.
  • Minka N, Ayo J, 2009. Physiological Responses of Food Animals to Road Transportation Stress. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8: 7415-7427.
  • Minton JE, 1994. Function of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis and The Sympathetic Nervous System in Models of Acute Stress in Domestic Farm Animals. Journal of Animal Science, 72: 1891-1898.
  • Murata H, Takahashi H, Matsumoto H, 1987. The Effects of Road Transportation on Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte Subpopulations, Lymphocyte Blastogenesis and Neutrophil Function in Calves. British Veterinary Journal, 143. 166-174.
  • Nwe TM, Hori E, Manda M, Watanabe S, 1996. Significance of Catecholamines and Cortisol Levels in Blood During Transportation Stress in Goats. Small Ruminant Research, 20: 129-135.
  • Parker AJ, Hamlin GP, Coleman CJ, Fitzpatrick LA, 2003. Quantitative Analysis of Acid-Base Balance in Bos Indicus Steers Subjected to Transportation of Long Duration. Journal of Animal Science, 81: 1434-1439.
  • Parker A, Dobson G, Fitzpatrick L, 2007. Physiological and Metabolic Effects of Prophylactic Treatment with the Osmolytes Glycerol and Betaine on Bos Indicus Steers During Long Duration Transportation. Journal of Animal Science, 85: 2916-2923.
  • Pehlivan E, Dellal G, 2014. Memeli Çiftlik Hayvanlarında Stres, Fizyoloji ve Üretim İlişkileri. Hayvansal Üretim, 55: 25-34.
  • Simova V, Večerek V, Passantino A, Voslarova E, Pre-Transport Factors Affecting the Welfare of Cattle During Road Transport for Slaughter–A Review. Acta Veterinaria Brno, 85: 303-318, 2016.
  • Squires E, 2010. Effects on Animal Behaviour, Health and Welfare. Applied Animal Endocrinology, 2: 235-272.
  • Swanson J, Morrow-Tesch J, 2001. Cattle Transport: Historical, Research, and Future Perspectives. Journal of Animal Science, 79: E102-E109.
  • Tadich N, Gallo C, Bustamante H, Schwerter M, Schaik GV, 2005. Effects of Transport and Lairage Time on Some Blood Constituents of Friesian-Cross Steers in Chile. Livestock Production Science, 93: 223-233.
  • Trunkfield H, Broom D, 1991. The Effects of the Social Environment on Calf Responses to Handling and Transport. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 30: 177.
  • Tsigos C, Chrousos GP, 2002. Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis, Neuroendocrine Factors and Stress. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 53: 865-871.
  • Wade LC, 2002. Chicago's Pride: The stockyards, packingtown, and environs in the nineteenth century, University of Illinois Press, p. 47, Chicago-USA.
  • Werner M, Gallo C, 2008. Effects of Transport, Lairage and Stunning on the Concentrations of Some Blood Constituents in Horses Destined for Slaughter. Livestock Science, 115: 94-98.
  • Wickham SL, Collins T, Barnes AL, Miller DW, Beatty DT, Stockman C, Blache D, Wemelsfelder F, Fleming PA, 2012. Qualitative Behavioral Assessment of Transport-Naïve and Transport-Habituated Sheep. Journal of Animal Science, 90: 4523-4535.
  • Yanar KE, 2020. Morkaraman Irkı Koyunlarda Uzun Süreli Transportta Oluşan Stresin Neden Olduğu Immun Supresyon Üzerine Parapoxvirus Ovis, Corynebacterium Cutis Lizatı ve C Vitamininin Etkisinin Araştırılması. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, (Basılmamış).
  • Yıldız Ü, Saatcı M, 2009. An Evaluation of the Welfare in the Large and Small Animal Transportations Made From Sarıkamış. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 15: 363-368.

Causes, Indicators and Consequences of Stress Caused by Road Transport in Ruminants

Year 2021, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 1643 - 1652, 01.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.879567

Abstract

Animal welfare which is defined as mental and physical well-being state of the animal is combination of objective and subjective criteria such as health, disease, rearing, behavior and herd management. Today, it is accepted that livestock transportation practices that are not carried out in accordance with the rules are an important stress factor for farm animals. In this review, effects of transport stress on animal welfare, consequences and indicators of the stress as well as factors causing the stress were evaluated in detail.

References

  • Aktaş MS, Ozkanlar S, Karakoç A, Akçay F, Ozkanlar Y, 2011. Efficacy of Vitamin E+ Selenium and Vitamin A+ D+ E Combinations on Oxidative Stress Induced by Long-Term Transportation in Holstein Dairy Cows. Livestock Science, 141: 76-79.
  • Albright J, 2000. Dairy Cattle Behaviour, Facilities, Handling and Husbandry. CABI Publishing, pp. 127-150, Fort Collins-Colorado-USA.
  • Altınçekiç ŞÖ, Koyuncu M, 2010. Nakil Koşullarının Hayvan Refahı Üzerine Etkileri. Hayvansal Üretim, 51: 48-56.
  • Anonymous. 2005. Council Regulation 1/2005/EC on the Protection of Animals During Transport and Related Operations. (https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2018/621853/ PRS_STU(2018)621853_EN.pdf), (Erişim tarihi: 27.11.2020).
  • Anonymous. 2020. EU trade and transport of live animals. (https://www. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2020/646170/EPRS_ATA(2020)646170_EN.pdf), (Erişim tarihi: 23.02.2021).
  • Averos X, Martin S, Riu M, Serratosa J, Gosálvez LF, 2008. Stress Response of Extensively Reared Young Bulls Being Transported to Growing-Finishing Farms Under Spanish Summer Commercial Conditions. Livestock Science, 119: 174-182.
  • Bobic T, Mijic P, Knezevic I, Speranda M, Antunovic B, Baban M, Sakac M, Frizon E, Koturic T, 2011. The Impact of Environmental Factors on the Milk Ejection and Stress of Dairy Cows. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry, 27: 919-927.
  • Bozkurt Z, 2016. Çiftlik Düzeyinde Hayvan Refahı Değerlendirmesi İçin Bilimsel Yaklaşımlar. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, 9: 236-246.
  • Brogden KA, Lehmkuhl HD, Cutlip RC, 1998. Pasteurella Haemolytica Complicated Respiratory Infections in Sheep and Goats. Veterinary Research, 29: 233-254.
  • Broom DM, Goode JA, Hall S, Lloyd DM, Parrott R, 1996. Hormonal and Physiological Effects of a15 Hour Road Journey in Sheep: Comparison With the Responses to Loading, Handling and Penning in the Absence of Transport. British Veterinary Journal, 152: 593-604.
  • Broom DM, Johnson KG, 2000. Stress and Animal Welfare. Springer Netherlands Publishers, p. 211, London-United Kingdom.
  • Broom DM, 2003. Transport Stress in Cattle and Sheep with Details of Physiological, Ethological and Other Indicators. Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift, 110: 83-88.
  • Chambers F, Grandin T, 2001. Guidelines for Humane Handling, Transport and Slaughter of Livestock. RAP publication, pp. 3-4, Bangkok-Thailand.
  • Deng L, He C, Zhou Y, Xu L, Xiong H, 2017. Ground Transport Stress Affects Bacteria in the Rumen of Beef Cattle: A Real-Time PCR Analysis. Animal Science Journal, 88: 790-797.
  • Earley B, Murray M, Prendiville DJ, Pintado B, Borque C, Canali E, 2012. The Effect of Transport by Road and Sea on Physiology, Immunity and Behaviour of Beef Cattle. Research in Veterinary Science, 92: 531-541.
  • Eniolorunda O, Fashina O, Aro O, 2009. Adaptive Physiological Response to Load Time Stress During Transportation of Cattle in Nigeria. Archivos de Zootecnia, 58: 223-230.
  • Erzurum O, Yılmaz A, 2016. Sığır Nakillerinde Refah ve Davranış İlişkisi. Kocatepe Veteriner Dergisi, 9: 357-362.
  • Fazio E, Ferlazzo A, 2003. Evaluation of Stress During Transport. Veterinary Research Communications, 27: 519-524.
  • Fazio E, Medica P, Cravana C, Cavaleri S, Ferlazzo A, 2012. Effect of Temperament and Prolonged Transportation on Endocrine and Functional Variables in Young Beef Bulls. Veterinary Record, 171: 644-644.
  • Fisher AD, Niemeyer DO, Lea JM, Lee C, Paull DR, Reed MT, Ferguson DM, 2010. The Effects of 12, 30, or 48 Hours of Road Transport on the Physiological and Behavioral Responses of Sheep. Journal of Animal Science, 88: 2144-2152.
  • Guardia M, Estany J, Balasch S, Oliver MA, Gispert M, Diestre A, 2009. Risk Assessment of Skin Damage due to Pre-Slaughter Conditions and RYR1 Gene in Pigs. Meat Science, 81: 745-751.
  • Hall SJ, Bradshaw RH, 1998. Welfare Aspects of the Transport by Road of Sheep and Pigs. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 1: 235-254.
  • Hutchings D, Martin S, 1983. A Mail Survey of Factors Associated with Morbidity and Mortality in Feedlot Calves in Southwestern Ontario. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine, 47: 101.
  • Kannan G, Terrill T, Kouakou B, Gazal O, Gelaye S, Amoah EA, Samake S, 2000. Transportation of Goats: Effects on Physiological Stress Responses and Live Weight Loss. Journal of Animal Science, 78: 1450-1457.
  • Kannan G, Saker KE, Terrill TH, Kouakou B, Galipalli S, Gelaye S, 2007. Effect of Seaweed Extract Supplementation in Goats Exposed to Simulated Preslaughter Stress. Small Ruminant Research, 73: 221-227.
  • Kara NK, Koyuncu M, 2011. Sığırlarda Taşıma Sırasında Hayvan Refahına Etki Eden Faktörler. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 17: 511-516.
  • Kettlewell P, Hoxey R, Mitchell M, 2000. Heat Produced by Broiler Chickens in a Commercial Transport Vehicle. Journal of agricultural engineering research, 75: 315-326.
  • Knowles G, 1999. A Review of the Road Transport of Cattle. Veterinary Record, 144: 197-201.
  • Knowles TG, Brown SN, Edwards JE, Phillips JE, Warriss PD, 1999a. Effect on Young Calves of a One-Hour Feeding Stop During a 19-Hour Road Journey. Veterinary Record, 144: 687-692.
  • Knowles TG, Warriss PD, Brown SN, Edwards JE, 1999b. Effects on Cattle of Transportation by Road for up to 31 Hours. Veterinary Record, 145: 575-582.
  • Krizanova O, Babula P, Pacak K, 2016. Stress, Catecholaminergic System and Cancer. Stress, 19: 419-428.
  • Li F, Shah AM, Wang Z, Peng Q, Hu R, Zou H, Tan C, Zhang X, Liao Y, Wang Y, Wang X, Zeng L, Xue B, Wang L, 2019. Effects of Land Transport Stress on Variations in Ruminal Microbe Diversity and Immune Functions in Different Breeds of Cattle. Animals (Basel), 9: 599.
  • McGregor BA, Murphy KM, Albano DL, Ceballos RM, 2016. Stress, Cortisol, and B Lymphocytes: a Novel Approach to Understanding Academic Stress and Immune Function. Stress, 19: 185-191.
  • Minka NS, Ayo J, 2007. Road Transportation Effect on Rectal Temperature, Respiration and Heart Rates of Ostrich (Struthio Camelus) Chicks. The journal Veterinarski arhiv, 77: 39-46.
  • Minka N, Ayo J, 2009. Physiological Responses of Food Animals to Road Transportation Stress. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8: 7415-7427.
  • Minton JE, 1994. Function of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis and The Sympathetic Nervous System in Models of Acute Stress in Domestic Farm Animals. Journal of Animal Science, 72: 1891-1898.
  • Murata H, Takahashi H, Matsumoto H, 1987. The Effects of Road Transportation on Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte Subpopulations, Lymphocyte Blastogenesis and Neutrophil Function in Calves. British Veterinary Journal, 143. 166-174.
  • Nwe TM, Hori E, Manda M, Watanabe S, 1996. Significance of Catecholamines and Cortisol Levels in Blood During Transportation Stress in Goats. Small Ruminant Research, 20: 129-135.
  • Parker AJ, Hamlin GP, Coleman CJ, Fitzpatrick LA, 2003. Quantitative Analysis of Acid-Base Balance in Bos Indicus Steers Subjected to Transportation of Long Duration. Journal of Animal Science, 81: 1434-1439.
  • Parker A, Dobson G, Fitzpatrick L, 2007. Physiological and Metabolic Effects of Prophylactic Treatment with the Osmolytes Glycerol and Betaine on Bos Indicus Steers During Long Duration Transportation. Journal of Animal Science, 85: 2916-2923.
  • Pehlivan E, Dellal G, 2014. Memeli Çiftlik Hayvanlarında Stres, Fizyoloji ve Üretim İlişkileri. Hayvansal Üretim, 55: 25-34.
  • Simova V, Večerek V, Passantino A, Voslarova E, Pre-Transport Factors Affecting the Welfare of Cattle During Road Transport for Slaughter–A Review. Acta Veterinaria Brno, 85: 303-318, 2016.
  • Squires E, 2010. Effects on Animal Behaviour, Health and Welfare. Applied Animal Endocrinology, 2: 235-272.
  • Swanson J, Morrow-Tesch J, 2001. Cattle Transport: Historical, Research, and Future Perspectives. Journal of Animal Science, 79: E102-E109.
  • Tadich N, Gallo C, Bustamante H, Schwerter M, Schaik GV, 2005. Effects of Transport and Lairage Time on Some Blood Constituents of Friesian-Cross Steers in Chile. Livestock Production Science, 93: 223-233.
  • Trunkfield H, Broom D, 1991. The Effects of the Social Environment on Calf Responses to Handling and Transport. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 30: 177.
  • Tsigos C, Chrousos GP, 2002. Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis, Neuroendocrine Factors and Stress. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 53: 865-871.
  • Wade LC, 2002. Chicago's Pride: The stockyards, packingtown, and environs in the nineteenth century, University of Illinois Press, p. 47, Chicago-USA.
  • Werner M, Gallo C, 2008. Effects of Transport, Lairage and Stunning on the Concentrations of Some Blood Constituents in Horses Destined for Slaughter. Livestock Science, 115: 94-98.
  • Wickham SL, Collins T, Barnes AL, Miller DW, Beatty DT, Stockman C, Blache D, Wemelsfelder F, Fleming PA, 2012. Qualitative Behavioral Assessment of Transport-Naïve and Transport-Habituated Sheep. Journal of Animal Science, 90: 4523-4535.
  • Yanar KE, 2020. Morkaraman Irkı Koyunlarda Uzun Süreli Transportta Oluşan Stresin Neden Olduğu Immun Supresyon Üzerine Parapoxvirus Ovis, Corynebacterium Cutis Lizatı ve C Vitamininin Etkisinin Araştırılması. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, (Basılmamış).
  • Yıldız Ü, Saatcı M, 2009. An Evaluation of the Welfare in the Large and Small Animal Transportations Made From Sarıkamış. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 15: 363-368.
There are 52 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Zootechny (Other)
Journal Section Zootekni / Animal Science
Authors

Kerim Emre Yanar 0000-0001-7302-7077

M. Sinan Aktaş 0000-0002-7206-5757

Publication Date June 1, 2021
Submission Date February 13, 2021
Acceptance Date February 26, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 11 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Yanar, K. E., & Aktaş, M. S. (2021). Ruminantlarda Karayolu Nakliyesinde Oluşan Stresin Nedenleri, Belirteçleri ve Sonuçları. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 11(2), 1643-1652. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.879567
AMA Yanar KE, Aktaş MS. Ruminantlarda Karayolu Nakliyesinde Oluşan Stresin Nedenleri, Belirteçleri ve Sonuçları. J. Inst. Sci. and Tech. June 2021;11(2):1643-1652. doi:10.21597/jist.879567
Chicago Yanar, Kerim Emre, and M. Sinan Aktaş. “Ruminantlarda Karayolu Nakliyesinde Oluşan Stresin Nedenleri, Belirteçleri Ve Sonuçları”. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 11, no. 2 (June 2021): 1643-52. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.879567.
EndNote Yanar KE, Aktaş MS (June 1, 2021) Ruminantlarda Karayolu Nakliyesinde Oluşan Stresin Nedenleri, Belirteçleri ve Sonuçları. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 11 2 1643–1652.
IEEE K. E. Yanar and M. S. Aktaş, “Ruminantlarda Karayolu Nakliyesinde Oluşan Stresin Nedenleri, Belirteçleri ve Sonuçları”, J. Inst. Sci. and Tech., vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 1643–1652, 2021, doi: 10.21597/jist.879567.
ISNAD Yanar, Kerim Emre - Aktaş, M. Sinan. “Ruminantlarda Karayolu Nakliyesinde Oluşan Stresin Nedenleri, Belirteçleri Ve Sonuçları”. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 11/2 (June 2021), 1643-1652. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.879567.
JAMA Yanar KE, Aktaş MS. Ruminantlarda Karayolu Nakliyesinde Oluşan Stresin Nedenleri, Belirteçleri ve Sonuçları. J. Inst. Sci. and Tech. 2021;11:1643–1652.
MLA Yanar, Kerim Emre and M. Sinan Aktaş. “Ruminantlarda Karayolu Nakliyesinde Oluşan Stresin Nedenleri, Belirteçleri Ve Sonuçları”. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, vol. 11, no. 2, 2021, pp. 1643-52, doi:10.21597/jist.879567.
Vancouver Yanar KE, Aktaş MS. Ruminantlarda Karayolu Nakliyesinde Oluşan Stresin Nedenleri, Belirteçleri ve Sonuçları. J. Inst. Sci. and Tech. 2021;11(2):1643-52.