Abstract
Eşek (Equus asinus), Ekideler (Equidae) Ailesinin, Equus (At) cinsine bağlı bir türdür. Eşek türü, Afrika’da yaşayan eşekler ve Asya’da yaşayan yarı eşekler olmak üzere iki gruba ayrılır. Afrika’da yaşayan eşekler, Somali Eşeği (Equus Asinus Somaliensis) ve Nubya Eşeği (Equus Asinus Africanus) olmak üzere iki çeşittir. Asya yarı eşekleri ise Kulan (Equus hemionus) ve Onager (Equus onager) dir. Eşek aynı cins içinde olmakla birlikte, attan bazı yönlerden ayrılır. Eşekte baş, ata göre daha uzundur. Eşeğin kulakları ata göre daha uzun, yele ve kuyruk kılları daha kısadır. Eşeklerde bel omurları daima 5 adet ama atlarda 6 adettir. Sadece Arap Atı gibi bazı ırklarda 5 bel omuru bulunur. Ayak bileklerindeki kestaneler yalnız ön bacaklarda bulunur. Eşeğin sesi yani anırması da sadece kendine has olup, diğer bütün türlerden ayrılır. Eşekler ortalama 25-35 yıl yaşar. 4-5 yaşında iken vücut büyümesi tamamlanır. Gebelik müddeti ortalama 12 aydır. Genellikle 1 yavru doğurmakla birlikte, ikiz yavrulamaya da rastlanır. Eşekler zor çalışma ve yaşama şartlarına karşı dayanıklı bir hayvandır
Keywords
References
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- Hassan, F., 1993. in The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns, Sinclair BA , Okpoko A, pp 551–569.
- Hemmer, H., 1990. Domestication. Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, UK.
- Kimura, B., Fiona B.M., Chen, S., Rosenbaum, S., Moehlman, P.D., Tuross, N., Sabin, R.C., Peters, J., Barich, B., Yohannes, H., Kebede, F., Teclai, R., Beja-Pereira, A., Mulligan, C. J., 2010. Ancient DNA from Nubian and Somali wild ass porovides insights into donkey ancestry and domestication. Proceedings of British Royal Society. London, UK.
- Marshall, F., 2007. in Rethinking Agriculture: Archaeological and Ethnoarchaeological Perspectives, eds Denham TP, Iriarte , J, (Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek, CA), pp 371–407.
- Neer van, W., Linseele, V., Friedman, R., 2004. in Egypt at Its Origins, eds Hendrick S, Friedman RF, Cialowicz K, Chlodnicki M (Peeters, Leuven, Belgium), pp 67–130.
- Olsen, S.L., 2006. In Documenting Domestication, (Zeder M , Bradley D, Smith BD), pp245–369.
- Peters, J., Driesch von den, A., Helmer, D., 2005. In The First Steps of Animal Domestication, eds Vigne JD , Peters J , Helmer D (Oxbow Books,Oxford), pp 96–124.
- Rossel, S., Marshall, F., Peters, J., Pilgram, T., Adams, M.D., O’Connor, D., 2008. Domestication of the donkey: Timing, Processes and Indicators. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105, 3715-3720.
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- Tanno, K., Willcox, G., 2006. How Fast Was Wild Wheat Domesticated. Science 311:1886.
- Vila, E., 2006. in Equids in Time and Space, Mashkour M (Oxbow Books, Oxford), pp 101–123.
- Wing, .E.S., 1986. in High Altitude Tropical Biogeography, eds Vuilleumier F, (Oxford Univ Press, Oxford), pp 246–264.
- Zeder, M.A., Emshwiller, E., Smith , B.D., Bradley, D.G., 2006. Trends Genet 22:139–155.
Abstract
Domestic donkey is a species in Equus Genus of Equidae Family. They divide into two groups as
African Donkey and Asian Donkeys. African Donkeys consist from Somali Donkeys (Equus Asinus Somaliensis)
and Nubian Donkeys (Equus Asinus Africanus). Asian Donkeys which are also called as Asian Semi-Donkeys are
Kulan (Equus hemionus) and Onager (Equus onager). Although domestic donkeys and horses are into same genus
there are some major differences as morphologically. Head and ears of donkey are proportionally longer than horse
are, but mane and tail hair are shorter than horse are. Donkey has 5 loin vertebras but horse has 6 loin vertebras.
Into horse species only Arabians have 5 loin vertebras. Even though horse has chestnuts (epidermal callosities)
on inner surfaces of fore and hind legs; donkey has chestnuts only on forelegs. Horses neigh but donkeys have a
very characteristic bray sound. Life span is about 25-35 years in donkeys. They reach up to adult body size around
4-5 years of age. Gestation of donkey is about 12 months or 365-370 days. Litter size of donkeys is one colt but
sometimes twin colts are possible. Donkeys can resist to hard working and life conditions.
References
- Beja-Pereira, A., England, P.R., Jordan, S., Bakhiet, A., Abdal, M., Mashkour, M., Luikart, G., 2004. African Origins of the Domestic Donkey. Science: 304:1781.
- Blench, R.M., 2000. The history and spread of donkeys in Africa. www.atnesa.org (downloaded on 02.02.2011).
- Driesch von den, A., Helmer, D., 2005. In The First Steps of Animal Domestication, eds Vigne, J. D., Peters, J. and Helmer, D. (Oxbow Books,Oxford), pp 96–124.
- Hassan, F., 1993. in The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns, Sinclair BA , Okpoko A, pp 551–569.
- Hemmer, H., 1990. Domestication. Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, UK.
- Kimura, B., Fiona B.M., Chen, S., Rosenbaum, S., Moehlman, P.D., Tuross, N., Sabin, R.C., Peters, J., Barich, B., Yohannes, H., Kebede, F., Teclai, R., Beja-Pereira, A., Mulligan, C. J., 2010. Ancient DNA from Nubian and Somali wild ass porovides insights into donkey ancestry and domestication. Proceedings of British Royal Society. London, UK.
- Marshall, F., 2007. in Rethinking Agriculture: Archaeological and Ethnoarchaeological Perspectives, eds Denham TP, Iriarte , J, (Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek, CA), pp 371–407.
- Neer van, W., Linseele, V., Friedman, R., 2004. in Egypt at Its Origins, eds Hendrick S, Friedman RF, Cialowicz K, Chlodnicki M (Peeters, Leuven, Belgium), pp 67–130.
- Olsen, S.L., 2006. In Documenting Domestication, (Zeder M , Bradley D, Smith BD), pp245–369.
- Peters, J., Driesch von den, A., Helmer, D., 2005. In The First Steps of Animal Domestication, eds Vigne JD , Peters J , Helmer D (Oxbow Books,Oxford), pp 96–124.
- Rossel, S., Marshall, F., Peters, J., Pilgram, T., Adams, M.D., O’Connor, D., 2008. Domestication of the donkey: Timing, Processes and Indicators. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105, 3715-3720.
- Starkey, P., 2000. in The Origins and Development of African Livestock: Archaeology, Genetics, Linguistics and Ethnography, (Univ College London Press, London), pp 478– 502.
- Tanno, K., Willcox, G., 2006. How Fast Was Wild Wheat Domesticated. Science 311:1886.
- Vila, E., 2006. in Equids in Time and Space, Mashkour M (Oxbow Books, Oxford), pp 101–123.
- Wing, .E.S., 1986. in High Altitude Tropical Biogeography, eds Vuilleumier F, (Oxford Univ Press, Oxford), pp 246–264.
- Zeder, M.A., Emshwiller, E., Smith , B.D., Bradley, D.G., 2006. Trends Genet 22:139–155.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Engineering |
| Journal Section | Zootekni / Animal Science |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | September 30, 2011 |
| Submission Date | April 20, 2011 |
| Acceptance Date | May 15, 2011 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2011 Volume: 1 Issue: 3 |