The Potential of Aqueous Two-Phase (Ethanol-Salt Based) Systems in the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds: Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) Wastes as a Model Structure

Year 2025, Volume: 15 Issue: 2, 543 - 555, 01.06.2025

Mehmet Şükrü Karakuş

https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.1581092

Abstract

This study investigates the characterization of pistachio waste and evaluates the effectiveness of an alcohol/salt-based aqueous two-phase extraction (ATPS) method for purifying bioactive compounds in this material by comparing with the conventional method. In the initial stage, the physicochemical properties of pistachio wastes (moisture content, total ash, oil content, and color values) were analyzed. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the characteristic structure of pistachio wastes. In addition, the mineral content of the wastes was determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). In the second stage, the composition of ATPS was selected. The ratio of ethanol to ammonium sulfate used in the composition of ATPS was based on the total phenolic content variable. The ATPS-3 point with the highest phenolic content was identified as the optimal point. The ethanol ratio was 28%, while the ammonium sulfate ratio was 18%. The values for the volume ratio (R) and partition coefficient (K) under optimum conditions were determined as 1.56 and 10.00, respectively. Furthermore, the optimum ATPS point was compared with the traditional extraction regarding total phenolic substances, total flavonoids, total hydrolyzed tannins, and antioxidant activity values. ATPS extracts demonstrated greater biological activity compared to traditional extraction methods. In conclusion, this innovative extraction method can serve as a viable alternative to traditional extraction techniques.

Keywords

Pistachio waste, Two phase extraction, FTIR, Flavonoid, Tannin

Biyoaktif Maddelerin Ekstraksiyonunda Sulu İki Fazlı (Etanol-Tuz Bazlı) Sistemlerin Yetenekleri: Model Bir Yapı Olarak Fıstık (Pistacia vera L.) Atıkları

Abstract

Bu çalışma, fıstık posası atıklarının karakterizasyonunu ve bu materyaldeki biyoaktif bileşikleri saflaştırmak amacıyla alkol/tuz bazlı sulu iki fazlı özütleme (ATPS) yönteminin etkinliğini geleneksel yöntemle kıyaslayarak araştırmaktadır. İlk aşamada, fıstık posasının fizikokimyasal özellikleri (nem içeriği, toplam kül, yağ oranı ve renk değerleri) belirlenmiştir. Fıstık atıklarının karakteristik yapısı Fourier dönüşümlü kızılötesi spektroskopisi (FTIR) ile doğrulanmıştır. Ayrıca, atıkların mineral madde içeriği İndüktif Eşleşmiş Plazma-Optik Emisyon Spektrometresi (ICP-OES) ile belirlenmiştir. İkinci aşamada ise ATPS’nin bileşimi belirlenmiştir. ATPS’nin bileşiminde kullanılan etanol ve amonyum sülfat oranı toplam fenolik madde değişkeni baz alınarak tespit edilmiştir. En yüksek fenolik maddeye sahip ATPS-3 noktası en uygun nokta olarak seçilmiştir. Bu noktada kullanılan etanol oranı %28 ve amonyum sülfat oranı ise %18 olarak bulunmuştur. Optimum koşullardaki hacim oranı (R) ve bölüşüm katsayısı (K) değerleri ise 1.56 ve 10.00 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Optimum ATPS noktası ile geleneksel özütleme toplam fenolik madde, toplam flavonoid, toplam hidrolize tanen ve antioksidan aktivite değerleri açısından karşılaştırılmıştır. ATPS özütlerinin biyolojik aktivite değerleri açısından geleneksel özütlemeye göre daha üstün olduğu bulunmuştur. Çalışma sonunda, bu yenilikçi özütleme yönteminin geleneksel özütleme yöntemlerine bir alternatif olabileceği sonucuna varılabilir.

Keywords

Fıstık atığı, İki fazlı özütleme, FTIR, Flavonoid, Tanen

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