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            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>jista</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Journal of Intelligent Systems: Theory and Applications</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2651-3927</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Özer UYGUN</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.38016/jista.1645452</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Semi- and Unsupervised Learning</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Yarı ve Denetimsiz Öğrenme</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>Outlier Detection in CPI Data Using Machine Learning Algorithms</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <article-title>Makine Öğrenmesi Algoritmaları ile TÜFE Verilerinde Aykırı Değer Tespiti</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7851-535X</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Dikbaş</surname>
                                    <given-names>Ünal</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>GAZI UNIVERSITY</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4798-3422</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Ebegil</surname>
                                    <given-names>Meral</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>GAZI UNIVERSITY</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20260330">
                    <day>03</day>
                    <month>30</month>
                    <year>2026</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>9</volume>
                                        <issue>2026</issue>
                                        <fpage>1</fpage>
                                        <lpage>13</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20250223">
                        <day>02</day>
                        <month>23</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20251011">
                        <day>10</day>
                        <month>11</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2018, Journal of Intelligent Systems: Theory and Applications</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2018</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Journal of Intelligent Systems: Theory and Applications</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>Outlier detection in data sets has become an important issue that both researchers and practitioners have focused on intensively in recent years. Detecting unusual situations and observations in data processes is very important for various reasons such as improving and strengthening the processes and obtaining more accurate results from the analyzes and predictions. Although there are statistical methods for detecting outliers, machine learning techniques are also included. The main purpose of the study is to demonstrate that machine learning models can be used in outlier detection as well as traditional methods, and that their prediction performances may differ both with statistical methods and among themselves. The indirect aims of the study are to demonstrate that all these methods can help detect outlier observations in macroeconomic time series and that the relevant periods detected as outliers can be evaluated more comprehensively in economic studies. Within the scope of the study, quarterly data of the 2003Q2-2024Q4 CPI were analyzed. According to the analysis results, statistical methods; The box plot predicted the observations during the inflationary period as outliers, while the QQ plot, histogram and z-score methods predicted the highest observations during the inflationary period as outliers. Among the machine learning methods, Local outlier factor (LOF), One-class support vector machine (OCSVM) and Connectivity-based outlier factor (COF) determined the lowest and highest inflation periods in the data set as outliers. Isolation forest (IF), Angle-based outlier detection (ABOD), Histogram-based outlier score (HBOS) and k nearest neighbor (KNN) predicted observations in the inflationary period as outliers.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <abstract><p>Veri süreçlerindeki olağandışı durum ve gözlemlerin tespit edilmesi süreçlerin iyileştirilmesi, güçlendirilmesi, yapılacak olan analizlerden ve tahminlerden daha doğru sonuç alınabilmesi gibi çeşitli sebeplerden ötürü oldukça önem arz etmektedir. Bu nedenle, verilerde aykırı değerlerin belirlenmesi gerek araştırmacıların gerekse uygulamacıların son yıllarda yoğun bir şekilde üzerinde durduğu önemli bir konu haline gelmiştir. Aykırı değer gözlemlerin tespit edilmesinde istatistiksel yöntemler olmakla birlikte makine öğrenmesi teknikleri de yer almaktadır. Çalışmanın temel amacı aykırı değer tespitinde geleneksel yöntemlerin yanı sıra makine öğrenme modellerinin de kullanabileceğini ve gerek istatistiksel yöntemlerle gerekse kendi aralarında tahmin performanslarının farklı olabileceğini ortaya koymaktır. Çalışmanın dolaylı amaçları ise bütün bu yöntemlerin makroekonomik zaman serilerinde aykırı gözlemleri tespit etmede yardımcı olabileceği ve aykırı olarak tespit edilen ilgili dönemlerin iktisadi çalışmalarda daha kapsamlı değerlendirilebileceğinin ortaya konulmasıdır. Çalışma kapsamında 2003Q2-2024Q4 Tüketici Fiyat Endeksi (TÜFE) çeyreklik verileri analiz edilmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre istatistiksel yöntemlerden; Kutu grafiği enflasyonist dönemin yaşandığı gözlemleri, QQ grafiği, histogram ve z-score yöntemleri enflasyonist dönemdeki en yüksek değere sahip gözlemleri aykırı olarak tahmin etmiştir. Makine öğrenme yöntemlerinden, Yerel aykırı değer faktörü (Local outlier factor-LOF), Tek-sınıf destek vektör makineleri (One-class support vector machine-OCSVM) ve Bağlantıya dayalı aykırı değer faktörü (Connectivity-based outlier factor- COF) veri setindeki en düşük ve en yüksek enflasyon dönemlerini aykırı değer olarak belirlemiştir. İzolasyon ormanı (Isolation forest-IF), Açıya dayalı aykırı değer tespiti (Angle-based outlier detection-ABOD), Histograma dayalı aykırı değer skoru (Histogram-based outlier score-HBOS) ve en yakın komşu (k-nearest neighbor-KNN) gibi yöntemler ise enflasyonist dönemdeki gözlemleri aykırı değer olarak tahmin etmiştir.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Aykırı değer</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Aykırı değer tespiti</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Makine öğrenmesi</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>Outlier</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Outlier detection</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Machine learning</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                                                        </article-meta>
    </front>
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