Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Altın Madenciliğinde Siyanür Kullanımı

Year 2000, Volume: 24 Issue: 1, 111 - 127, 15.12.2000

Abstract

Altın madenciliğinde uygulanan teknikler, diğer metal madenlerde uygulananlardan farklı değildir. Madenden kazı işlemleriyle çıkarılan cevher, serbestleştirmeden sonra içindeki altın metalinin alınması işlemlerine tabi tutulur. Bu aşamada, altının mineralojik özelliklerine göre siyanürleme, flotasyon veya gravitasyon uygulanır. Siyanürleme yöntemi, günümüzde, dünya altın üretiminde % 83’lük bir paya sahiptir. Sanayileşmiş batı ülkeleri, dünya altın üretiminin % 70'ini karşılamaktadır. Siyanür (CN), günlük hayatta sürekli olarak karşılaştığımız karbon ve azotun basit bir bileşiğidir. Çeşitli bitkiler tarafından üretilen siyanür doğal ortamda da bulunmaktadır. Siyanür, çevre açısından tehlike arz eden diğer pek çok kimyasallara benzemeyen bir biçimde canlı organizmalarda birikmeyen, mutajen ya da kanserojen olmadığı bilinen bir maddedir. Güneş ışığı, bakteriler ve bitkiler tarafından doğal olarak bozundurulur ve bileşenlerine ayrılır. Çeşitli siyanür bileşikleri metal işleme ve kaplama, galvaniz, madencilik, plastik, boya, elektronik, tarım kimyasalları ve ilaç imalinde kullanılmaktadır. Madencilik sektöründe kullanılan sodyum siyanür miktarı toplam siyanür talebinin % 20'sinden daha azdır. Ülkemizde, sanayi sektörlerinde kullanılmak üzere son yıllarda 2500 ton siyanür ithal edilmektedir. Madencilik faaliyetleri sırasında ve sonrasında alınan önlemlerle siyanürün çevreye zarar vermesi başarıyla önlenmekledir. Kimyasal bozundurma yöntemiyle çözeltideki siyanür derişimi, atık depolama standartlarına uygun olarak 1 ppm (1 mg/l) seviyesine düşürülmektedir. Bu malzeme daha sonra, atık havuzlarına yayılarak güneş ışınlarının etkisiyle tümüyle bozundurulmaktadır. Atık havuzu, taban ve yanlardan çevreye sızmayı önleyecek biçimde kil ve jeomembran (özel plastik örtü) ile takviye edilmektedir. Pratikte, bu iki malzemenin üst üste serilmesi halinde "sıfır geçirimlilik” sağlandığı kabul edilmektedir. Yapılan araştırmalarda, atık havuzuna verilen proses suyunun, siyanür derişimine bağlı olarak 5 ile 12 ay arasında tümüyle bozunduğu görülmüştür. Çeşitli yayınlarda, altın madenciliğinde siyanür kullanımına bağlı olarak ölümle sonuçlanan bir kaza olmadığı açıkça belirtilmektedir.

References

  • Anadolu Üniversitesi Tip Fakültesi, 1993, Dulkadir Köyü sağlık taraması sonuçları; Göğüs Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı, Rapor No 93-59.
  • ATSDR, 1997, Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs), Cyanide, CAS 000143-33-9, US Delph of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Release.
  • Bayraktar, 1., 1.996, Çevre ve altın liretimi; 21, Yüzyıla Girerken Türkiye Madenciliği., TMMOB Maden Mühendisleri Odası, s.63-79.
  • Bear, L.M., 1963, The mineral resources and mining industry of Cyprus; Rep., of Cyprus, Geol Surv. Dept. Bull. No 1.
  • Boisson, P., 1987, Rôle croissant de For sur le marché des matières premières minérales ; Chron. Rech., Mio., No 488, s.,75-79.
  • Çiçek., F.., 1994, Gümüşköy'de siyanür liçi ile gümüş üretimi; Altın Madenciliği Semineri., Yurt Madenciliğini Geliştirme Vakfı., s.60-65.
  • Encyclopedia of Chemical technology (Kirk-Othmer), 1992, v.7, s. 765, 773,776, 779, 4, Baskı, Wiley, New York.
  • Eveleth, R.W., 1978., New methods of working an old mine; The Future of Small-Scale Mining, UNITAR, Mexico, s.333-339.
  • Fide, E., 1.995., Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti’nde maden işletmeciliğinin yarattığı çevre sorunları; Türkçe Konuşan Ülkeler 2. Yerbilimleri ve Madencilik Konferansı., MTA Gen. Müd., Ankara, s.264-268.
  • Fuller, W., 1988., Cyanides, and the environment with particular attention to the soil; D. van Zyl (ed.), Cyanide and. The Environment,2. Baskı, v. l, s. 19-44.
  • Fuller, W., Caster., A.B. ve McGeorge, W.T, 1950, Behavior of nitrogeneous fertilizers in alkaline calcareous soils; Univ., Arizona Tech. Bull., no 120; s.451-467.
  • Gönen., N., Demir, E. ve Özdü, G., 1996., Altın üretim prosesi artıklarında siyanürün doğal bozunma, kimyasal bozundurma ve geri kazanını süreçlerinin incelenmesi; MTA Gen., Müd. Derleme Rapor No 9875, Ankara.
  • Gray, J.E., Cool Baugh, M.F., Plumlee, G.S. ve Atkinson, W. W., 1994., Environmental geology of the Summitville mine, Colorado; Econ. geol., v.89, S..2006-2014.
  • Heinen, HJ., Peterson, D.G., ve Lindstrom, R. E., 1978, Processing gold ores using heap lech- carbon adsorption methods; U.S. Bureau of Mines, Information. Circular 8770.
  • Higgs, T., 199,5, Technical Guide for the Environmental Management of Cyanide in Mining, British Columbia Technical, and Research Committee on Reclamation -Cyanide Sub- Committee, s. II1-17.
  • Hocker., P.M., 1989, Heaps of gold, pools of poison -Cyanide Spring; Clementine, Autumn, s.6-11.
  • Huiatt, J, L., Kerriga, E., Olson., F.A. ve Potter., G.L., 1983, Cyanide from mineral process sing; Proceed... of Cyanide Workshop., U.S.National Science Foundation and U.S. Bureau of Mines,, Salt Lake City, Utah.
  • İpekoğlu, G., 1995, Omai altın madeni baraj kazası üzerine görüşler; Madencilik Bült, Mo 44, s., 14-15.
  • İpekoğlu, G. Çelik., H. ve Tükel, Ç., 1996, Ovacık altın cevherinin karşılaştırmalı siyanür ve tiyoüre liçi; Madencilik., v. XXXV, no 4, s.43-51.
  • Kilborn Inc., 1991. Best available pollution control technology; Ontario Ministry of The Environment, Metal Mining Sector.
  • Korte, F., ve Collision, F., 1995, From single-substance to ecological process concept: The dilemma of processing gold with cyanide; Ecotoxicology and Environmental Sanity, v.32, s.96-101.
  • Madencilik Bülteni, 1997, Dünyada altın madenciliği, No 53, s3-2L.
  • Marsden, J. ve House, L., 1993., The Chemistry of Gold extraction, Ellis Horward, London.
  • Metals Economics Group, 1995, Analysis of worldwide exploration expenditures; Strategic Report, v.8, no 5, 8,1-5.
  • Metals Economics Group, 1996, Overview of worldwide exploration, expenditures; Strategic Report, V..9, no 5., s.1-5.
  • Mining Environmental. Management, 1996, Omai reopens., March 1996, s.26.
  • Mining: Journal, 1990, Ok Tedi monitoring; Mining Jour. Special Supplement, v..315, no 8085, s.23-24.
  • Mining Journal, 1995, Dam failure at Omai; v.325, no8311, s.129.
  • Mining Journal, 1997a, Sardinian gold pour; September 26., v.329, no 8448.
  • Mining- Journal Research Service, 1994, The use of cyanide technology in processing gold ores., European operations and regulations.
  • Mining' Magazine, 1996, Refractory gold, technology, April, s. 213-234.
  • Mudder, T. ve Smith., A., 1994, An environmental, perspective on cyanide.; Mining World News, v. 6, no 9.
  • Özdemir, 1,1994, Toksikoloji- Akut Zehirlenmelerde Tanı ve Tedavi; Nobel Tıp Kitapları, 2. Baskı, 357 s.
  • Plumlee, G.S., 1995., The Summitville mine and its downstream effects; U.S. Geological Survey, Open File Report 95-23.
  • Rouse, J.V., 1990, Cyanide and The Environment; Mining Jour., Special, Supplement, v.315, no 8085, s. 18-19.
  • Smith, A., Dehrnann, A, ve Puilen, R., 198.5, The effects of cyanide-bearing gold tailings on water quality in the Witwatersrand, S. Africa; Cyanide- and The Environment, D. van Zyl (ed.). Proceed, of Conference, Tucson, Arizona., Publ. Colorado State Univ., s.221-229.
  • Smith, A. ve Mudder, T., 1991, The Chemistry and Treatment of Cyanidation Wastes., Mining Journal Books Ltd., London, 345 s.
  • Smith, A. ve Mudder, T., 1995, Cyanide – Dispelling the myths; Mining Environmental. Management, June 1,995, s.4-5.
  • Sparrow, G., ve Woodcock, XX, 1988, Cyanide concentrations., degradation., and destruction in. mineral processing plants and effluents; CSIRO, Division of Mineral Products, Australia, MPC/M-035.
  • Stanton, MB., Colbert, T.A., ve Trenholme, R.B., 1985, Environmental handbook for cyanide leaching projects; U.S. Dept. of Interior, National Park Service.
  • Stewart., A.L., 1.984, Gold ore processing today – Part I; Intern. Mining, April, s.21-31.
  • Stewart, A.L., 1989, Developments in gold processing; Intern. Mining, July, s.8-11...
  • Sturm, W., ve Hanssen, E., 1967, Über Cyanwasserstoff in Paranoideren Samen und. Einigen anderen Lebensmittel; Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und. -Forschung, v,.135, no6, s.2498-259.
  • Tilton, J.E., 1996, Exhaustible resources and sustainable development; Res. Policy, v.22, s.91-97.
  • US Environmental Protection Agency, 1976, The manufacture and use of selected inorganic cyanides; EPA/5 60/6-76-012.
  • US Environmental Protection Agency, 1990, Summary review of health effects associated with hydrogen cyanide; EPA/600/8-90-002F.
  • Vick, S.G., 1990, Planning, Design, and Analysis of Tailings Dams; BiTech Pub. Ltd., Vancouver, 369s.
  • Vick, S.G., 1996., Tailings darn failure at Oniai in Guyana; Mining Engng., v.,48, no 11, S.34- 37.
  • Wellmer, F.-W., 1995, Why gold? Natural Resources and Development, v,41, s36-49.
  • World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987, Our Common Future; Oxford Univ., Press., Oxford.
  • World Metal Statistics, 1999, World Mine Production: Gold, July, s. 79.
  • Zadra, J.B., 1950, A process for the recovery of gold from, activated carbon by leaching and electrolysis; IX.8., Bureau of Mines., Rept. Investigation 4672.

Cyanide Usage at Gold Mining

Year 2000, Volume: 24 Issue: 1, 111 - 127, 15.12.2000

Abstract

The techniques used in the gold mining are not different from the ones used in the other metallic ores. Follo wing the liberalization, the ore excavated from the mine is subjected to the extraction process for the gold. According to the mineralogy of the ore. cyanidation, floatation or gravitation is applied at this stage. Cyanidation has a share of S3 % in the world gold production at present. Developed countries provide 70 % of the world gold production. Cyanide (CN), is a simple compound of carbon and nitrogen continuously met through the daily life. Cyanide produced by the different plants is present in the natural environment as well. Cyanide, not resembling to the other chemicals dangerous for the environment, is known as a material not accumulating in the living organisms and non-carcinogenic or -mutagenic. It is naturally degraded and decomposes to its elements by sunlight, bacteria and plants. Various cyanide complexes are used in the metal processing and electroplating, mining, plastics, paint, electronics, agricultural chemicals and medicines. Sodium cyanide used in the mining sector is less than 20 % of the total demand for cyanide. The cyanide import of Turkey is 2500 tons in the previous year to use in the industry. Sodium cyanide has been used safely and effectively in the gold mining for 100 years. But it is a dangerous chemical that must always be used with caution. The adverse effect of cyanide to the environment is successfully prevented by the measures taken during and after the mining activities. Cyanide concentration of the solution is lowered by the chemical destruction method to 1 ppm (1 mg/l) level fitting with the standards for the waste deposition. Then, this material spreading at the tailings pond is destructed completely by the effect of sunlight. Tailings pond is reinforced from the bottom and the flanks with clay and geomembrane in order to prevent the leakage into the environment. Practically, it is accepted that lining these two materials in succession provides the "zero permeability”. It is known from the researches that the process water discharged to the tailings pond is completely destructed between 5 and 12 mouths according to the cyanide concentration. It is clearly indicated in the various publications that due to the cyanide use in the gold mining there has been any accident resulted in death till today.

References

  • Anadolu Üniversitesi Tip Fakültesi, 1993, Dulkadir Köyü sağlık taraması sonuçları; Göğüs Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı, Rapor No 93-59.
  • ATSDR, 1997, Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs), Cyanide, CAS 000143-33-9, US Delph of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Release.
  • Bayraktar, 1., 1.996, Çevre ve altın liretimi; 21, Yüzyıla Girerken Türkiye Madenciliği., TMMOB Maden Mühendisleri Odası, s.63-79.
  • Bear, L.M., 1963, The mineral resources and mining industry of Cyprus; Rep., of Cyprus, Geol Surv. Dept. Bull. No 1.
  • Boisson, P., 1987, Rôle croissant de For sur le marché des matières premières minérales ; Chron. Rech., Mio., No 488, s.,75-79.
  • Çiçek., F.., 1994, Gümüşköy'de siyanür liçi ile gümüş üretimi; Altın Madenciliği Semineri., Yurt Madenciliğini Geliştirme Vakfı., s.60-65.
  • Encyclopedia of Chemical technology (Kirk-Othmer), 1992, v.7, s. 765, 773,776, 779, 4, Baskı, Wiley, New York.
  • Eveleth, R.W., 1978., New methods of working an old mine; The Future of Small-Scale Mining, UNITAR, Mexico, s.333-339.
  • Fide, E., 1.995., Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti’nde maden işletmeciliğinin yarattığı çevre sorunları; Türkçe Konuşan Ülkeler 2. Yerbilimleri ve Madencilik Konferansı., MTA Gen. Müd., Ankara, s.264-268.
  • Fuller, W., 1988., Cyanides, and the environment with particular attention to the soil; D. van Zyl (ed.), Cyanide and. The Environment,2. Baskı, v. l, s. 19-44.
  • Fuller, W., Caster., A.B. ve McGeorge, W.T, 1950, Behavior of nitrogeneous fertilizers in alkaline calcareous soils; Univ., Arizona Tech. Bull., no 120; s.451-467.
  • Gönen., N., Demir, E. ve Özdü, G., 1996., Altın üretim prosesi artıklarında siyanürün doğal bozunma, kimyasal bozundurma ve geri kazanını süreçlerinin incelenmesi; MTA Gen., Müd. Derleme Rapor No 9875, Ankara.
  • Gray, J.E., Cool Baugh, M.F., Plumlee, G.S. ve Atkinson, W. W., 1994., Environmental geology of the Summitville mine, Colorado; Econ. geol., v.89, S..2006-2014.
  • Heinen, HJ., Peterson, D.G., ve Lindstrom, R. E., 1978, Processing gold ores using heap lech- carbon adsorption methods; U.S. Bureau of Mines, Information. Circular 8770.
  • Higgs, T., 199,5, Technical Guide for the Environmental Management of Cyanide in Mining, British Columbia Technical, and Research Committee on Reclamation -Cyanide Sub- Committee, s. II1-17.
  • Hocker., P.M., 1989, Heaps of gold, pools of poison -Cyanide Spring; Clementine, Autumn, s.6-11.
  • Huiatt, J, L., Kerriga, E., Olson., F.A. ve Potter., G.L., 1983, Cyanide from mineral process sing; Proceed... of Cyanide Workshop., U.S.National Science Foundation and U.S. Bureau of Mines,, Salt Lake City, Utah.
  • İpekoğlu, G., 1995, Omai altın madeni baraj kazası üzerine görüşler; Madencilik Bült, Mo 44, s., 14-15.
  • İpekoğlu, G. Çelik., H. ve Tükel, Ç., 1996, Ovacık altın cevherinin karşılaştırmalı siyanür ve tiyoüre liçi; Madencilik., v. XXXV, no 4, s.43-51.
  • Kilborn Inc., 1991. Best available pollution control technology; Ontario Ministry of The Environment, Metal Mining Sector.
  • Korte, F., ve Collision, F., 1995, From single-substance to ecological process concept: The dilemma of processing gold with cyanide; Ecotoxicology and Environmental Sanity, v.32, s.96-101.
  • Madencilik Bülteni, 1997, Dünyada altın madenciliği, No 53, s3-2L.
  • Marsden, J. ve House, L., 1993., The Chemistry of Gold extraction, Ellis Horward, London.
  • Metals Economics Group, 1995, Analysis of worldwide exploration expenditures; Strategic Report, v.8, no 5, 8,1-5.
  • Metals Economics Group, 1996, Overview of worldwide exploration, expenditures; Strategic Report, V..9, no 5., s.1-5.
  • Mining Environmental. Management, 1996, Omai reopens., March 1996, s.26.
  • Mining: Journal, 1990, Ok Tedi monitoring; Mining Jour. Special Supplement, v..315, no 8085, s.23-24.
  • Mining Journal, 1995, Dam failure at Omai; v.325, no8311, s.129.
  • Mining Journal, 1997a, Sardinian gold pour; September 26., v.329, no 8448.
  • Mining- Journal Research Service, 1994, The use of cyanide technology in processing gold ores., European operations and regulations.
  • Mining' Magazine, 1996, Refractory gold, technology, April, s. 213-234.
  • Mudder, T. ve Smith., A., 1994, An environmental, perspective on cyanide.; Mining World News, v. 6, no 9.
  • Özdemir, 1,1994, Toksikoloji- Akut Zehirlenmelerde Tanı ve Tedavi; Nobel Tıp Kitapları, 2. Baskı, 357 s.
  • Plumlee, G.S., 1995., The Summitville mine and its downstream effects; U.S. Geological Survey, Open File Report 95-23.
  • Rouse, J.V., 1990, Cyanide and The Environment; Mining Jour., Special, Supplement, v.315, no 8085, s. 18-19.
  • Smith, A., Dehrnann, A, ve Puilen, R., 198.5, The effects of cyanide-bearing gold tailings on water quality in the Witwatersrand, S. Africa; Cyanide- and The Environment, D. van Zyl (ed.). Proceed, of Conference, Tucson, Arizona., Publ. Colorado State Univ., s.221-229.
  • Smith, A. ve Mudder, T., 1991, The Chemistry and Treatment of Cyanidation Wastes., Mining Journal Books Ltd., London, 345 s.
  • Smith, A. ve Mudder, T., 1995, Cyanide – Dispelling the myths; Mining Environmental. Management, June 1,995, s.4-5.
  • Sparrow, G., ve Woodcock, XX, 1988, Cyanide concentrations., degradation., and destruction in. mineral processing plants and effluents; CSIRO, Division of Mineral Products, Australia, MPC/M-035.
  • Stanton, MB., Colbert, T.A., ve Trenholme, R.B., 1985, Environmental handbook for cyanide leaching projects; U.S. Dept. of Interior, National Park Service.
  • Stewart., A.L., 1.984, Gold ore processing today – Part I; Intern. Mining, April, s.21-31.
  • Stewart, A.L., 1989, Developments in gold processing; Intern. Mining, July, s.8-11...
  • Sturm, W., ve Hanssen, E., 1967, Über Cyanwasserstoff in Paranoideren Samen und. Einigen anderen Lebensmittel; Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und. -Forschung, v,.135, no6, s.2498-259.
  • Tilton, J.E., 1996, Exhaustible resources and sustainable development; Res. Policy, v.22, s.91-97.
  • US Environmental Protection Agency, 1976, The manufacture and use of selected inorganic cyanides; EPA/5 60/6-76-012.
  • US Environmental Protection Agency, 1990, Summary review of health effects associated with hydrogen cyanide; EPA/600/8-90-002F.
  • Vick, S.G., 1990, Planning, Design, and Analysis of Tailings Dams; BiTech Pub. Ltd., Vancouver, 369s.
  • Vick, S.G., 1996., Tailings darn failure at Oniai in Guyana; Mining Engng., v.,48, no 11, S.34- 37.
  • Wellmer, F.-W., 1995, Why gold? Natural Resources and Development, v,41, s36-49.
  • World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987, Our Common Future; Oxford Univ., Press., Oxford.
  • World Metal Statistics, 1999, World Mine Production: Gold, July, s. 79.
  • Zadra, J.B., 1950, A process for the recovery of gold from, activated carbon by leaching and electrolysis; IX.8., Bureau of Mines., Rept. Investigation 4672.
There are 52 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Geological Sciences and Engineering (Other)
Journal Section Makaleler - Articles
Authors

Vedat Oygür This is me

Publication Date December 15, 2000
Submission Date January 1, 2000
Published in Issue Year 2000 Volume: 24 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Oygür, V. (2000). Altın Madenciliğinde Siyanür Kullanımı. Jeoloji Mühendisliği Dergisi, 24(1), 111-127.