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            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>joeep</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>JOEEP: Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2651-5318</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Seyfettin ERDOĞAN</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id/>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Economics</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Ekonomi</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>Ar-Ge Harcaması, Patent ve Ekonomik Büyüme Bağlantısı: ABD ve Japonya Üzerine Karşılaştırmalı Bir Çalışma</article-title>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>R&amp;D Expenditure, Patent and Economic Growth Nexus: A Comperative Study on US and Japan</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7279-1487</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Dayanır</surname>
                                    <given-names>Aziz</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7742-6059</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Durğun</surname>
                                    <given-names>Burhan</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>DİCLE ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7254-227X</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Durgun</surname>
                                    <given-names>Funda</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>DİCLE ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20211230">
                    <day>12</day>
                    <month>30</month>
                    <year>2021</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>6</volume>
                                        <issue>2</issue>
                                        <fpage>72</fpage>
                                        <lpage>80</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20210212">
                        <day>02</day>
                        <month>12</month>
                        <year>2021</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20210823">
                        <day>08</day>
                        <month>23</month>
                        <year>2021</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2016, JOEEP: Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2016</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>JOEEP: Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>Çalışma, 1985-2018 yıllarını kapsayan yıllık zaman serisi verilerini kullanarak araştırma ve geliştirmeye yapılan gayri safi harcamaları, üçlü patent sayıları ve gayri safi yurtiçi hasıla arasındaki ilişkileri incelemektedir. Bu verilerin hepsi nüfus sayısına bölünmüş daha sonra doğal logaritmaları alınmıştır. Çalışmada ABD ve Japonya karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmektedir. Yüksek gelirli ülkeler olması sebebiyle bu iki ülke tercih edilmiştir. Çalışmada ARDL eşbütünleşme testi ve Toda-Yamamoto nedensellik testinden yararlanılmıştır. ARDL test sonuçlarına göre ABD için değişkenler arasında uzun dönem ilişkisi mevcutken Japonya için uzun dönem ilişkisi bulunmamaktadır. Toda-Yamamoto nedensellik testinin sonuçlarına göre ABD için gayri safi yurtiçi hasıladan Ar-Ge harcamalarına ve gayri safi yurtiçi hasıladan patent sayısına nedensellik olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Japonya için ise gayri safi yurtiçi hasıladan Ar-Ge harcamalarına, patent sayısından Ar-Ge harcamalarına ve gayri safi yurtiçi hasıladan patent sayısına nedensellik olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.</p></abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>The study examines the nexus between the gross expenditure for research and development, triadic patents and the gross domestic product covering the annual time series data from 1985 to 2018. All of these data are divided by the number of population and then their natural logarithms are taken. In the study, the USA and Japan are examined comparatively. These two countries are studied due to the fact that they are high income countries. ARDL cointegration test and Toda-Yamamoto causality tests are used in the study. According to the ARDL test results, it is concluded that there is a long-term relationship between the data for the USA, while there is no long-term relationship for Japan. According to the results of the Toda-Yamamoto causality test, it is concluded that there are causalities for the USA from GDP to R&amp;amp;D expenditure and from GDP to the number of patents. It has been concluded that there exist causalities from GDP to R&amp;amp;D expenditures, from the number of patents to R&amp;amp;D expenditures and from GDP to the number of patents for Japan.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Ar-Ge</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Ekonomik Büyüme</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Patent</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  ARDL Sınır Testi</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Toda-Yamamoto Nedensellik Testi</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                        
                                                                            <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>R&amp;D</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Patent</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Economic Growth</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  ARDL Bound Test</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Toda-Yamamoto Causality Test</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                            </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
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