joeep JOEEP: Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy 2651-5318 Seyfettin ERDOĞAN An Investigation of The Relationship Between Individual Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: The Future Perspective By Using The ANN Method Kişi Başı Enerji Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi: ANN Yöntemiyle Gelecek Perspektifi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4686-4563 Okur Fatih Bayburt Üniversitesi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0852-4119 Yılmaz Hamid BAYBURT ÜNİVERSİTESİ 06 30 2022 7 1 137 148 09 23 2021 02 18 2022 Copyright © 2016, JOEEP: Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy 2016 JOEEP: Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy

In this study, the relationship between economic growth, energy consumption per capita, foreign direct investment per capita and trade volume per capita was examined by utilizing the Granger causality method for the 2000-2019 period for Turkey. According to the causality findings of the first period, there is one-way causality from economic growth to foreign direct investment per capita and from foreign direct investment per capita to energy consumption per capita. The causality results of the second period present a unidirectional relationship from economic growth to foreign direct investments per capita, from foreign direct investments per capita to energy consumption per capita. Additionally, a one-way relationship is from both economic growth and energy consumption per capita to trade volume per capita.

Bu çalışmada Türkiye için 2000-2019 dönemi için ekonomik büyüme, kişi başına enerji tüketimi, kişi başına doğrudan yabancı yatırım ve kişi başına ticaret hacmi arasındaki ilişki Granger nedensellik yöntemi kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Birinci dönem (2000-2019) nedensellik bulgularına göre, ekonomik büyümeden kişi başına doğrudan yabancı yatırıma ve kişi başına doğrudan yabancı yatırımdan kişi başına enerji tüketimine doğru tek yönlü bir nedensellik vardır. İkinci dönemin (2000-2025) nedensellik sonuçları, ekonomik büyümeden kişi başına doğrudan yabancı yatırımlara, kişi başına doğrudan yabancı yatırımlardan kişi başına enerji tüketimine doğru tek yönlü bir ilişki ortaya koymaktadır. Aynı zamanda hem ekonomik büyüme hem de kişi başına düşen enerji tüketiminden kişi başına ticaret hacmine doğru tek yönlü bir ilişki bulunmuştur.

 Economic growth energy consumption Johansen cointegration Granger causality Artificial neural network Ekonomik büyüme enerji tüketimi Johansen eşbütünleşme Granger nedensellik Yapay sinir ağı Abusoglu, A., Tozlu, A., & Anvari-Moghaddam, A. (2021). District heating and electricity production based on biogas produced from municipal WWTPs in Turkey: A comprehensive case study. Energy, 223, 119904. Adhikari, D., & Chen, Y. (2012). Energy consumption and economic growth: A panel cointegration analysis for developing countries. Review of Economics & Finance, 3(2), 68-80. Ahmed, W., Zaman, K., Taj, S., Rustam, R., Waseem, M., & Shabir, M. (2013). Economic growth and energy consumption nexus in Pakistan. South Asian Journal of Global Business Research. Aqeel, A., & Butt, M. S. (2001). The relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in Pakistan. Asia-Pacific Development Journal, 8(2), 101-110. Belke, A., Dobnik, F., & Dreger, C. (2011). Energy consumption and economic growth: New insights into the cointegration relationship. Energy Economics, 33(5), 782-789. Cheng, B. S. (1999). Causality between energy consumption and economic growth in India: an application of cointegration and error-correction modeling. Indian Economic Review, 39-49. Chiou-Wei, S. Z., Chen, C. F., & Zhu, Z. (2008). Economic growth and energy consumption revisited—evidence from linear and nonlinear Granger causality. Energy Economics, 30(6), 3063-3076. Chiu, Y. B., & Lee, C. C. (2020). Effects of financial development on energy consumption: The role of country risks. Energy Economics, 90, 104833. Cooley, T. F., & LeRoy, S. F. (1985). Atheoretical macroeconometrics: a critique. Journal of Monetary Economics, 16(3), 283-308. Doan, T., Litterman, R., & Sims, C. (1984). Forecasting and conditional projection using realistic prior distributions. Econometric Reviews, 3(1), 1-100. Doytch, N., & Narayan, S. (2016). Does FDI influence renewable energy consumption? An analysis of sectoral FDI impact on renewable and non-renewable industrial energy consumption. Energy Economics, 54, 291-301. Durğun, B., & Durğun, F. (2018). Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi İle Ekonomik Büyüme Arasında Nedensellik İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği. International Review of Economics and Management, 6(1), 1-27. Enerji Atlası (2021). (Accessed on February 01, 2021). URL:www.enerjiatlasi.gov.tr Ertek, T. (2000). Ekonometriye Giriş (2. Baskı). İstanbul: Beta Yayınevi. Farhani, S., & Ben Rejeb, J. (2012). Link between economic growth and energy consumption in over 90 countries. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business (IJCRB), 3(11), 282-297. Granger, C. W. (1980). Testing for causality: a personal viewpoint. Journal of Economic Dynamics and control, 2, 329-352. Hayaloğlu, P., Artan, S., & Demirel, S. K. (2019). Enerji Tüketimi Ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Panel Eşanlı Model. Uluslararası Ekonomi Ve Yenilik Dergisi, 5(2), 405-417. Hou, Q. (2009). The relationship between energy consumption growths and economic growth in China. International journal of economics and finance, 1(2), 232-237. Huang, Z., & Huang, L. (2020). Individual new energy consumption and economic growth in China. The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 54, 101010. Hwang, J. H., & Yoo, S. H. (2014). Energy consumption, CO 2 emissions, and economic growth: evidence from Indonesia. Quality & Quantity, 48(1), 63-73. Khoshnevis Yazdi, S., & Shakouri, B. (2017). Renewable energy, nonrenewable energy consumption, and economic growth. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 12(12), 1038-1045. Lau, E., Chye, X. H., & Choong, C. K. (2011). Energy-growth causality: Asian countries revisited. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 1(4), 140. Lee, C. C., & Chang, C. P. (2008). Energy consumption and economic growth in Asian economies: a more comprehensive analysis using panel data. Resource and energy Economics, 30(1), 50-65. Odhiambo, N. M. (2021). Energy consumption and economic growth in Botswana: empirical evidence from a disaggregated data. International Review of Applied Economics, 35(1), 3-24. Ren, S., Hao, Y., Xu, L., Wu, H., & Ba, N. (2021). Digitalization and energy: How does internet development affect China's energy consumption?. Energy Economics, 98, 105220. Rojas, R. (2013). Neural networks: a systematic introduction. Springer Science & Business Media. Sims, C. A. (1980). Macroeconomics and reality. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 1-48. Tarı, R. (2010). Ekonometri, Genişletilmiş 6. Baskı, Kocaeli: Umuttepe Yayınları. TurkStat (2021). (Accessed on February 01, 2021). URL:www.tuik.gov.tr YANIKTEPE, B., Osman, K. A. R. A., & PARLAK, T. K. Enerji Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye. Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 4(3), 452-465. Yıldırım, C. Y. (2019). Türkiye’de Enerji Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Büyüme: Granger Nedensellik Yaklaşimi. İktisadi İdari ve Siyasal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 4(9), 119-145. Zengin, A., & Çaycuma, İ. İ. B. F. (2001). Reel Döviz Kuru Hareketleri Ve Dış Ticaret Fiyatları (Türkiye Ekonomisi Üzerine Ampirik Bulgular). Cumhuriyet Üniv. İktisadi ve İdari Birimler Dergisi, 2(2), 27-41.