Bangladeş için Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi (EKC): Tam Modifiye Edilmiş OLS Yaklaşımından Kanıtlar

Year 2021, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 5 - 14, 30.12.2021

Mohammad Mahbubur Rahman Abu Ansar Md Enayet Karim , Zobayer Ahmed , Hakan Acet

Abstract

Bu çalışma, birçok araştırmacının çevresel bozulma ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkiye ilişkin ampirik kanıt ve ilişkiye ilişkin kanıtlar sunmasına rağmen, metodolojik ve kapsam yönlerinden benzersizdir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Bangladeş için Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi (EKC) hipotezini tahmin etmektir. 1972'den 2013'e kadar mevcut veriler kullanılarak, uzun dönem için FMOLS (Tam Değiştirilmiş Sıradan En Küçük Kareler) yaklaşımı, Engle-Granger ve Phillips-Ouliaris eşbütünleşme testi ve kısa dönemli ilişkinin araştırılması için Granger nedensellik testi kapsamında EKC hipotezinii tahmin ettik. Çalışma, ekonomik büyümenin artmasıyla enerji tüketiminin arttığını ve dolayısıyla kirliliğin arttığını göstermektedir. Ayrıca Bangladeş'te yenilenemeyen enerji tüketiminin, kirliliğin (sera gazı emisyonu) başlıca nedeni olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Çalışma ayrıca Bangladeş için ters U şeklinde bir EKC'yi doğrulamaktadır. Başlıca politika önerisi, kirliliği azaltmak ve daha yüksek ekonomik büyümeyi teşvik etmek için yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının kullanımını teşvik etmektir.

Keywords

Çevresek Kuznet Eğrisi, FMOLS, Bangladesh, Kirlilik, Sürdürülebilirlik

Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) for Bangladesh: Evidence from Fully Modified OLS Approach

Abstract

This study is unique from methodological and contextual aspects despite many researchers show the empirical evidence and nexus between environmental degradation and economic growth. The goal of this study is to estimate Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis for Bangladesh. Using the data available from 1972 to 2013, we estimated EKC under FMOLS (Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square) approach, Engle-Granger, and Phillips-Ouliaris cointegration test for the long run, and Granger causality test for a short-run relationship. The study shows that energy consumption increases with the increase in economic growth, thereby pollution increases Moreover, it reveals that non-renewable energy consumption is the primary cause of pollution (greenhouse gas emission) in Bangladesh. The study also confirms an inverted U-shaped EKC for Bangladesh. The major policy recommendation is to stimulate the use of renewable energy sources to reduce pollution and to promote higher economic growth.

Keywords

Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC), FMOLS, Bangladesh, Pollution, Sustainability

References

• Acaravci, A., & Ozturk, I. (2010). On The Relationship Between Energy Consumption, Co2 Emissions And Economic Growth In Europe. Energy, 35(12), 5412-5420. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2010.07.009
• Al-Mulali, U., Solarin, S. A., & Ozturk, I. (2016). investigating the presence of the environmental kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in Kenya: an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach. Natural Hazards, 80(3), 1729-1747. doi: 10.1007/s11069-015-2050-x
• Amin, S. B., Morshed, A. M., & Porna, A. K. (2016). Energy consumption, economic growth & environmental quality: a causal relationship revisited for the bangladesh economy. International Review of Business Research Papers, 12(2).
• Balaguer, J., & Cantavella, M. (2016). Estimating the environmental kuznets curve for Spain by considering fuel oil prices (1874–2011). Ecological Indicators, 60, 853-859. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.08.006
• Brown, R. L., Durbin, J., & Evans, J. M. (1975). Techniques for testing the constancy of regression relationships over time. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological), 149-192.
• Cappuccio, N., & Lubian, D. (1992). The relationships among some estimators of the cointegrating coefficient. Mimeographed, Universita di Padova.
• Cole, M. A., & Elliott, R. J. R. (2003). Determining the trade–environment composition effect: the role of capital, labor and environmental regulations. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 46(3), 363-383. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/S0095-0696(03)00021-4
• Dogan, E., & Inglesi-Lotz, R. (2020). The impact of economic structure to the environmental kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis: evidence from European countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(11), 12717-12724. doi:10.1007/s11356-020-07878-2
• Dogan, E., Ulucak, R., Kocak, E., & Isik, C. (2020). The use of ecological footprint in estimating the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis for BRICST by considering cross-section dependence and heterogeneity. Science of the Total Environment, 723, 138063.doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138063
• Engle, R. F., & Granger, C. W. (1987). Co-integration and error correction: representation, estimation, and testing. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 251-276.
• Erdoğan, S. (2019). Investigation of causality analysis between economic growth and CO2 emissions: The case of BRICS-T countries. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 9(6).
• Erdoğan, S., Yıldırım, D. Ç., & Gedikli, A. (2019). The relationship between CO2 emissions and health indicators: the case of Turkey. Econ Lett, 6(1), 28-39.
• Erdoğan, S., Yıldırım, S., Yıldırım, D. Ç., & Gedikli, A. (2020). The effects of innovation on sectoral carbon emissions: Evidence from G20 countries. Journal of Environmental Management, 267, 110637. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110637
• Farhani, S., Chaibi, A., & Rault, C. (2014). CO2 emissions, output, energy consumption, and trade in Tunisia. Economic Modelling, 38, 426-434. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2014.01.025
• Fodha, M., & Zaghdoud, O. (2010). Economic growth and pollutant emissions in Tunisia: an empirical analysis of the environmental kuznets curve. Energy Policy, 38(2), 1150-1156. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.11.002
• Granger, C. W. (1969). Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods. Econometrica: journal of the Econometric Society, 424-438.
• Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1991). Environmental impacts of a North American free trade agreement (No. w3914). National Bureau of economic research. doi: 10.3386/w3914
• Halicioglu, F. (2009). An econometric study of CO2 emissions, energy consumption, income and foreign trade in Turkey. Energy Policy, 37(3), 1156-1164. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.11.012
• Hanif, I., & Gago-de-Santos, P. (2017). The importance of population control and macroeconomic stability to reducing environmental degradation: an empirical test of the environmental kuznets curve for developing countries. Environmental Development. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2016.12.003
• Hargreaves, C. (1994). A review of methods of estimating cointegrating relationships. Nonstationary time series analysis and cointegration, 87-131.
• Holtz-Eakin, D., & Selden, T. M. (1995). Stoking the fires? CO2 emissions and economic growth. Journal of Public Economics, 57(1), 85-101. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0047-2727(94)01449-X
• Hong, S. H., & Wagner, M. (2011). Cointegrating polynomial regressions: fully modified OLS estimation and inference: Reihe Ökonomie, Institut für Höhere Studien. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.01.025
• Islam, F., & Shahbaz, M. (2012). Is There an Environmental Kuznets Curve for Bangladesh?: University Library of Munich: Germany.
• Kohler, M. (2013). CO2 emissions, energy consumption, income and foreign trade: A South African perspective. Energy Policy, 63, 1042-1050. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.09.022 Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic Growth and Income Inequality. The American Economic Review, 45(1), 1-28.
• Miah, M. D., Masum, M. F. H., Koike, M., Akther, S., & Muhammed, N. (2011). Environmental Kuznets Curve: the case of Bangladesh for waste emission and suspended particulate matter. The Environmentalist, 31(1), 59-66. doi: 10.1007/s10669-010-9303-8
• Nasir, M., & Ur Rehman, F. (2011). Environmental kuznets curve for carbon emissions in Pakistan: An empirical investigation. Energy Policy, 39(3), 1857-1864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.01.025
• Nasreen, S., Anwar, S., & Ozturk, I. (2017). Financial stability, energy consumption and environmental quality: Evidence from South Asian economies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 67, 1105-1122. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.021
• Özokcu, S., & Özdemir, Ö. (2017). Economic growth, energy, and environmental Kuznets curve. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 72, 639-647. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.059
• Pal, D., & Mitra, S. K. (2017). The environmental Kuznets curve for carbon dioxide in India and China: Growth and pollution at crossroad. Journal of Policy Modeling. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2017.03.005
• Panayotou, T. (1993). Empirical tests and policy analysis of environmental degradation at different stages of economic development, International Labour Organization.
• Panayotou, T. (1997). Demystifying the environmental kuznets curve: turning a black box into a policy tool. Environment and development economics, 2(04), 465-484.
• Phillips, P. C. B., & Hansen, B. E. (1990). Statistical Inference in Instrumental Variables Regression with I(1) Processes. The Review of Economic Studies, 57(1), 99-125. doi: 10.2307/2297545
• Phillips, P. C. B., & Ouliaris, S. (1990). Asymptotic Properties of Residual Based Tests for Cointegration. Econometrica, 58(1), 165-193. doi: 10.2307/2938339
• Phillips, P. C., & Loretan, M. (1991). Estimating long-run economic equilibria. The Review of Economic Studies, 58(3), 407-436.
• Rehman, M. U., & Rashid, M. (2017). Energy consumption to environmental degradation, the growth appetite in SAARC nations. Renewable Energy. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.03.100
• Roca, J., & Alcántara, V. (2001). Energy intensity, CO2 emissions and the environmental kuznets curve. The Spanish case. Energy Policy, 29(7), 553-556. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0301-4215(00)00154-3
• Saboori, B., Sulaiman, J., & Mohd, S. (2012). Economic growth and CO2 emissions in Malaysia: a cointegration analysis of the environmental kuznets curve. Energy Policy, 51, 184-191. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.08.065
• Sarkodie, S. A., & Ozturk, I. (2020). Investigating the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis in Kenya: a multivariate analysis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 117, 109481. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109481
• Selden, T. M., & Song, D. (1994). Environmental quality and development: is there a kuznets curve for air pollution emissions? Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 27(2), 147-162. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jeem.1994.1031
• Shahbaz, M., Lean, H. H., & Shabbir, M. S. (2012). Environmental kuznets curve hypothesis in Pakistan: Cointegration and Granger causality. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(5), 2947-2953. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.02.015
• Shahbaz, M., Mahalik, M. K., Shah, S. H., & Sato, J. R. (2016). Time-varying analysis of CO2 emissions, energy consumption, and economic growth nexus: Statistical experience in next 11 countries. Energy Policy, 98, 33-48. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.08.011
• Shahbaz, M., Salah Uddin, G., Ur Rehman, I., & Imran, K. (2014). Industrialization, electricity consumption and CO2 emissions in Bangladesh. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 31, 575-586. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.12.028
• Sharif Hossain, M. (2011). Panel estimation for CO2 emissions, energy consumption, economic growth, trade openness and urbanization of newly industrialized countries. Energy Policy, 39(11), 6991-6999. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.07.042
• Sharma, S. S. (2011). Determinants of carbon dioxide emissions: empirical evidence from 69 countries. Applied Energy, 88(1), 376-382. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.07.022
• Suki, N. M., Sharif, A., Afshan, S., & Suki, N. M. (2020). Revisiting the environmental kuznets curve in Malaysia: the role of globalization in sustainable environment. Journal of Cleaner Production, 264, 121669. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121669
• Yıldırım D.Ç., Yıldırım, S., & Demirtas, I. (2019). Investigating energy consumption and economic growth for BRICS-T countries. World Journal of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development, 16(4), 184-195. doi:10.1108/WJSTSD-12-2018-0063