OECD Ülkelerinde Ekonomik Büyüme ve Çevre İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Araştırma

Year 2024, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 140 - 149, 30.06.2024

Demet Eroğlu Sevinç

Abstract

Ekonomik büyüme ve kalkınma sürecinin önemli bir çıktısı konumundaki çevreye duyarlı büyüme anlayışı ilk olarak “ne pahasına olursa olsun büyüme” anlayışının oluşturduğu çevresel tahribatlar dolayısıyla kendinden söz ettirmeye başlamıştır. Özellikle büyümenin çevresel etkilerini araştıran Kuznets’in 1950’lerdeki çalışması bu alanda birçok çalışmaya referans olmuştur. Bu bağlamda sanayileşmiş veya sanayileşmekte olan ülkelerin yürüttüğü çoğunlukla acımasız şekilde yürütülen ekonomik faaliyetlerin önemli bir kısmının çevreye sunduğu olumsuz dışsallıklar çevrsel Kuznets hipotezinin temel önermesini oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmada da, Çevresel Kuznets Hipotezi’nin geçerliliği OECD üyesi ülkeler kapsamında araştırılmaktadır. 1965-2020 dönemini baz alan çalışmada panel eşik modeli kullanılmıştır. Analiz sonuçları Çevresel Kuznets Hipotezi’nin geçerli olduğunu ortaya koymakla birlikte, ekonomik büyümenin belirlenen eşik gelir düzeyine kadar çevresel tahribat üzerinde önemli derecede etkili olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Bununla birlikte belirlenen gelir eşik düzeyinin aşılmasından sonra ekonomik büyümenin çevresel tahribat üzerindeki etkisi giderek yavaşlamaktadır. Bu yönüyle ekonomik büyüme ve çevre ilişkilerinin ters-U şeklinde hipotezle uyum içerisinde olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.

Keywords

Ekonomik Büyüme, Çevresel Kuznets Hipotezi, Panel Eşik Model

A Study on the Relationship between Economic Growth and the Environment in OECD Countries

Abstract

The concept of environmentally sensitive growth, which constitutes a significant output of the process of economic growth and development, first emerged due to the environmental degradation caused by the notion of “growth at any cost.” Particularly, Kuznets’ study in the 1950s, investigating the environmental impacts of growth, has served as a reference for many studies in this field. In this context, the significant negative externalities posed by economic activities, often ruthlessly carried out by industrialized or industrializing countries, form the basic proposition of the environmental Kuznets hypothesis. This study also examines the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Hypothesis within the scope of OECD member countries. Using panel threshold model covering the period 1965-2020, the analysis demonstrates the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Hypothesis, indicating that economic growth significantly influences environmental degradation up to a certain identified income threshold level. However, beyond this threshold level, the impact of economic growth on environmental degradation gradually diminishes. In this regard, the study reveals the concordance of the relationship between economic growth and the environment with the hypothesis in a reverse-U shape.

Keywords

Economic Growth, Environmental Kuznets Hypothesis, Panel Threshold Model.

References

• Acar Y., Gürdal T. ve Ekeryılmaz, Ş. (2018). Environmental Kuznets Curve for CO2 Emissions: An Analysis for Developing, Middle East, OECD And OPEC Countries. Environ Socio-econ Stud, 6(4):48-58.
• Acaroğlu, H., Kartal, H.M. and Marquez, F.P.G. (2023). Testing The Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis İn Terms of Ecological Footprint and CO2 Emissions Through Energy Diversifcation for Turkey, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30, 63289–63304.
• Akbulut, H. (2022). Effectiveness of Environmental Policies On Carbon Emissions: A Panel Threshold Analysis, Economics and Business Review, 8(22), 82-108.
• Akıncı, M., Sevinç, H. and Yılmaz, Ö. (2018). A Switching Regression Analysis on the Validity of Rebound Effect and Energy Efficiency in Turkish Economy. Wirth, E., Şimşek, O. and Apaydın, Ş. (Eds.). In Economic & Management Issues in Retrospect & Prospect (pp. 193-208). London: IJOPEC Publication.
• Alshehry A. S. and Belloumi, M. (2017). Study of The Environmental Kuznets Curve for Transport Carbon Dioxide Emissions İn Saudi Arabia. Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 75, 1339-1347.
• Amin, A., Altinoz, B. and Dogan, E. (2020). Analyzing The Determinants of Carbon Emissions from Transportation İn European Countries: The Role of Renewable Energy and Urbanization. Clean Technol Environ Policy, 22, 1725-1734.
• Aminata, J., Nugroho, S.B.M., Atmanti, H.D., Agustin, E.S.A.S., Wibowo, A., Smida, A. (2022). Economic Growth, Population, And Policy Strategies: Its Effects On CO2 Emissions. Int. J. Energy Econ. Policy, 12, 67–71.
• Apergis, N. and Payne, J. E. (2010). The Emissions, Energy Consumption, And Growth Nexus: Evidence from The Commonwealth of Independent States. Energy Policy, 38(1), 650-655.
• Arellano, M. and Bover, O. (1995). Another Look at the Instrumental Variable Estimation of Error-Components Models. Journal of Econometrics, 68(1), 29-51.
• Arouri, M.E.H., Youssef, A.B., Mhenni, H. and Rault, C. (2012). Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and CO2 Emissions İn Middle East and North African Countries, Energy Policy, 45, 342-349.
• Awan, A., Alnour, M., Jahanger, A. and Onwe, J.C. (2022). Do Technological İnnovation And Urbanization Mitigate Carbon Dioxide Emissions From The Transport Sector?, Technol Soc, 71.
• Balaguer, J. and Cantavella, M. (2016). Estimating The Environmental Kuznets Curve for Spain by Considering Fuel Oil Prices (1874–2011). Ecol. Indic., 60, 853-859.
• Balsalobre-Lorente, D., Shahbaz, M., Roubaud, D. and Fahrani, S. (2018). How Economic Growth, Renewable Electricity and Natural Resources Contribute to CO2 Emissions? Energy Pol., 113, 356-367.
• Bao, Z. and Lu, W. (2023). Applicability of The Environmental Kuznets Curve to Construction Waste Management: A Panel Analysis of 27 European Economies, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 188.
• Beck, K.A. ve Joshi, P. (2015). An Analysis of the Environmental Kuznets Curve for Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Evidence for OECD and Non-OECD Countries. Eur J Sustain Dev, 4(3), 33-45.
• Bilgili, F., Koçak, E. ve Bulut, Ü. (2016). The Dynamic İmpact of Renewable Energy Consumption On CO2 Emissions: A Revisited Environmental Kuznets Curve Approach, Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 54, 838-845.
• Bresuch, T. and Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange Multiplier Test and Its Applications to Model Specification Tests in Econometrics. Review of Economic Studies, 47, 239-253.
• Caner, M. and Hansen, B. E. (2004). Instrumental Variable Estimation of a Threshold Model. Econometric Theory, 20(5), 813-843.
• Chen, H., Rehman, M.A., Luo, J., Ali, M. (2022). Dynamic İnfluence of Natural Resources, Financial İntegration and Eco-İnnovation On Ecological Sustainability İn EKC Framework: Fresh İnsights from China, Resour. Policy, 79.
• Chen, C., Pinar, M. and Stengos, T. (2022). Renewable Energy and CO2 Emissions: New Evidence with The Panel Threshold Model. Renewable Energy, 194, 117-128.
• Cheng C., Ren, X. and Wang, Z. (2019). The İmpact of Renewable Energy and İnnovation On Carbon Emission: An Empirical Analysis for OECD Countries. Energy Procedia, 158, 3506-3512.
• Cho, C.H., Chu, Y.P. and Yang, H.Y., (2014). An Environment Kuznets Curve for GHG Emissions: A Panel Cointegration Analysis. Energy Sourc. Part B: Econ. Plann. Policy, 9(2), 120-129.
• Çatık, A.N., İlhan, A. and Akdeniz, C. (2023). Testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis İn The Transport Sector for OECD Countries: Evidence from A Panel Threshold Model. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3333424/v1.
• Danish, Baloch, M.A. and Suad, S. (2018). Modeling the İmpact of Transport Energy Consumption On CO2 Emission İn Pakistan: Evidence from ARDL Approach. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 25, 9461-9473.
• Danish, Baloch, M.A., Mahmood, N. and Zhang, J.W. (2019). Effect of Natural Resources, Renewable Energy and Economic Development On CO2 Emissions in BRICS Countries. Sci. Total Environ, 678, 632-638.
• Dijkgraaf, E. and Vollebergh, H.R.J. (2001). A Note on Testing for Environmental Kuznets Curves with Panel Data. Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei Nota Di Lavoro, 63.
• Dinda, S. (2004). Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: A Survey. Ecological Economics, 49(4), 431-55.
• Dong, K., Sun, R. and Dong, X. (2018). CO2 Emissions, Natural Gas and Renewables, Economic Growth: Assessing The Evidence from China, Sci Total Environ, 293-302.
• Egli, H. (2001). The Environmental Kuznets Curve Evidence from Time Series Data For Germany. ETH Institute of Economic Research Working paper, 03-28.
• Farhani, S. and Ben Rejeb, J. (2012). Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and CO2 Emissions: Evidence from Panel Data For MENA Region. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 2(2), 71-81.
• Fosten, J., Morley, B. and Taylor, T. (2012). Dynamic Misspecification İn The Environmental Kuznets Curve: Evidence from CO2 and SO2 Emissions in The United Kingdom, Ecol. Econ. 76, 25-33.
• Friedl, B. and Getzner, M. (2003). Determinants of CO2 Emissions İn A Small Open Economy. Ecological Economics, 45, 133-148.
• Galeotti, M., Lanza, A. and Pauli, F. (2006). Reassessing the Environmental Kuznets Curve for CO2 Emissions: A Robustness Exercise, Ecol Econ, 57, 152-163.
• Galeotti, M., Manera, M. and Lanza, A. (2009). On the Robustness of Robustness Checks of the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis, Environ Resour, 42, 551-574.
• Georgiev, E. and Mihaylov, E. (2015) Economic Growth and The Environment: Reassessing The Environmental Kuznets Curve for Air Pollution Emissions İn OECD Countries, Lett Spat Resour Sci, 8, 29-47.
• Göçer, İ. (2013). Seçilmiş OECD Ülkelerinde Bütçe Açıklarının Sürdürülebildiği: Yatay Kesit Bağımlılığı Altında Panel Eş-Bütünleşme Analizi. Journal of Yasar University, 30(8), 5086-5104.
• Grossman, G.M. ve Krueger, A.B. (1991). Environmental İmpacts of A North American Free Trade Agreement. National Bureau of Economic Research.
• Guo, M. Chen, S., Zhang, J. and Meng, J. (2022). Environment Kuznets Curve in Transport Sector’s Carbon Emission: Evidence from China. J Clean Prod. 371.
• Hansen, B. E. (1999). Threshold Effects in Non-Dynamic Panels: Estimation, Testing, and Inference. Journal of Econometrics, 93(2), 345-368.
• Hansen, B. E. (2000). Sample Splitting and Threshold Estimation. Econometrica, 68(3), 575-603.
• Heidari, H., Katircioğlu, S.T. ve Saeidpour, L. (2015). Economic growth, CO2 Emissions, And Energy Consumption in The Five ASEAN Countries. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 64, 785-791.
• Heil, M.T. and Selden, T.M. (2001). Carbon Emissions and Economic Development: Future Trajectories Based On Historical Experience, Environ. Dev. Econ. 6(1), 63-68.
• Htike, M.M., Shrestha, A. and Kakinaka, M. (2022). Investigating Whether the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis Holds for Sectoral CO2 Emissions: Evidence from Developed and Developing Countries. Environ Dev Sustain, 24, 12712-12739.
• Jalil, A. and Mahmud. S.F. (2009). Environment Kuznets Curve for CO2 Emissions: A Cointegration Analysis for China. Energy Policy, 37, 5167-5172.
• Jaunky, V.C. (2011). The CO2 Emissions-İncome Nexus: Evidence from Rich Countries. Energy Policy, 39(3), 1228-1240.
• Jebli, M.B., Youssef, S.B. ve Ozturk, I. (2016). Testing Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: The Role of Renewable And Non-Renewable Energy Consumption And Trade İn OECD Countries, Ecol. Indic. 60, 824-831.
• Kharbach M. and Chfadi, T. (2017). CO2 Emissions İn Moroccan Road Transport Sector: Divisia, Cointegration and EKC Analyses. Sustain Cities Soc, 35, 396-401.
• Komen, M.H., Gerking, S. and Folmer, H. (1997). Income and Environmental R&D: Empirical Evidence From OECD Countries. Environ. Develop. Econ., 2(4), 505-515.
• Kremer, S., Bick, A. and Nautz, D. (2013). Inflation and Growth: New Evidence from a Dynamic Panel Threshold Analysis. Empirical Economics, 44(2), 861-878.
• Lau, L.S., Choong, C.K., Eng, Y.K. (2014). Investigation of the Environmental Kuznets Curve For Carbon Emissions İn Malaysia: Do Foreign Direct İnvestment And Trade Matter?, Energy Policy, 68, 490-497.
• Mikayilov, J., Galeotti, M. and Hasanov, F.J. (2018). The İmpact Of Economic Growth On CO2 Emissions İn Azerbaijan. J. Clean. Prod., 197, 1558-1572.
• Nawaz, M.A., Hussain, M.S., Kamran, H.W., Ehsanullah, S., Maheen, R. and Shair, F. (2021). Trilemma Association of Energy Consumption, Carbon Emission And Economic Growth of BRICS and OECD Regions: Quantile Regression Estimation. Environ Sci Pollut Res., 28(1), 6014-6028.
• Ouyang, X., Shao, Q., Zhu, X., He, H., Xiang, C., and Wei, G. (2019). Environmental Reg-Ulation, Economic Growth And Air Pollution: Panel Threshold Analysis For OECD Countries. Science of the Total Environment, 657, 234-241.
• Örnek, İ. ve Türkmen, S. (2019). Gelişmiş ve Yükselen Piyasa Ekonomilerinde Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezi’nin Analizi. Ç.Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 28(3), 109-129.
• Özkan, T., Yanginlar, G. and Kalayci, S. (2019). Testing the Transportation-induced Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: Evidence from Eight Developed and Developing Countries. Int. J. Energy Econ. Policy, 9(1), 174-183.
• Panayotou, T. (1997). Demystifying the Environmental Kuznets Curve: Turning A Black Box İnto A Policy Tool. Environ. Dev. Econ., 2(4), 465-484.
• Pao, H.T. and Tsai, C.M. (2010). CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption And Economic Growth İn BRIC Countries. Energy Policy, 38(12), 7850-7860.
• Perman, R. and Stern, D.I. (2003). Evidence from Panel Unit Root And Cointegration Tests That The Environmental Kuznets Curve Does Not Exist. Aust J Agric Resour Econ, 47, 325-347.
• Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels. IZA Discussion Paper Series, No. 1240.
• Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross-Section Dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265-312.
• Phiri, A., Mhaka, S. and Taonevzi, L. (2023). Too Poor To Be Clean? A Quantile ARDL Assessment of The Environmental Kuznets Curve in SADC Countries. Environment, Development and Sustainability, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-03760-6.
• Roberts, J.T. and Grimes, P.E. (1997). Carbon İntensity And Economic Development 1962/91: A Brief Exploration Of The Environmental Kuznets Curve. World Dev. 25(2), 191-198.
• Roodman, D. (2009). A Note on the Theme of too Many Instruments. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 71(1), 135-158.
• Selden, T.M. and Song, D. (1994). Environmental Quality And Development: İs There A Kuznets Curve For Air Pollution Emissions? Journal Of Environmental Economics And Management, 27(2), 147-162.
• Selden, T.M. and Song, D. (1995). Neoclassical Growth, The J Curve For Abatement, And The İnverted U Curve For Pollution. J. Environ. Econ. Manage, 29(2), 162-168.
• Sevinç, H., Akıncı, M. ve Kırıkkaleli, D. (2022). Kentleşme ve Çevresel Gelişim: BRICS-T Ülkeleri Üzerine Dinamik Panel Eşik Modeli Analizi. Journal of Yasar University, 17(66), 351-366.
• Shafik, N. (1994). Economic Development And Environmental Quality: An Econometric Analysis. Oxford Econ. Pap., 46, 757-773.
• Shafik, N. and Bandyopadhyay, S. (1992). Economic Growth And Environmental Quality. Background Paper For The 1992 World Development Report, The World Bank, Washington, DC.
• Shabani, Z.D. and Shahnazi, R. (2019). Energy Consumption, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, İnformation And Communications Technology, And Gross Domestic Product İn Iranian Economic Sectors: A Panel Causality Analysis. Energy 169, 1064-1078.
• Shahbaz, M., Shafiullah, M., Khalid, U. and Song, M. (2020). A Nonparametric Analysis Of Energy Environmental Kuznets Curve İn Chinese Provinces. Energy Econ., 89, 104-114.
• Sinha, A. and Shahbaz, M. (2018). Estimation of Environmental Kuznets Curve For CO2 Emission: Role Of Renewable Energy Generation in India. Renew. Energy, 119, 703-711.
• Sohag, K., Kalugina, O. and Samargandi, N. (2019). Re-Visiting Environmental Kuznets Curve: Role Of Scale, Composite And Technology Factors İn OECD Countries, Environ Sci. Pollut. Res., 26, 27726-27737.
• Stern, D.I., Common, M.S. and Barbier, E.B. (1996). Economic Growth And Environmental Degradation: The Environmental Kuznets Curve And Sustainable Development. World Dev. 24(7), 1151-1160.
• Stern, D.I. and Common, M.S. (2001). Is There an Environmental Kuznets Curve for Sulphur? Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 14, 162-178.
• Tucker, M. (1995). Carbon Dioxide Emissions And Global GDP. Ecological Economics, 15, 215-223.
• Uche, E., Das, N. and Bera P. (2023). Re‑Examining The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) For India Via The Multiple Threshold NARDL Procedure, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30, 11913-11925.
• Wang, Q., Yang, T. and Li, R. (2023). Does İncome Inequality Reshape The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) Hypothesis? A Nonlinear Panel Data Analysis. Environmental Research, 216(2), 114575.
• Vincent, J. R. (1997). Testing for Environmental Kuznets Curves within a Developing Country. Environ. Dev. Econ. 2(4), 417-431.
• Zambrano-Monserrate, M.A., Carvajal-Lara, C. and Urgiles-Sanchez, R. (2018). Is There an Inverted U-Shaped Curve? Empirical Analysis of The Environmental Kuznets Curve in Singapore. Asia-Pacific J. Account. Econ. 25(1-2), 145-162.