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Kafein ve Sportif Performans

Year 2023, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 1 - 13, 28.06.2023

Abstract

Kahve, çay ve kakao gibi doğada bulunan bazı bitkilerin tohumlarında, yapraklarında ve meyvelerinde doğal olarak bulunan bir uyarıcı olan kafein, günümüzde bazı yiyecek ve içeceklerde ve bazı ilaçların içeriğine de eklenerek tüketiciye sunulmaktadır. Doğrudan veya dolaylı bir biçimde dünya genelinde her gün milyarlarca insan tarafından tüketilen kafein, merkezi sinir sistemi ve diğer sistemler üzerinde uyarıcı etkilere neden olmaktadır. Kafeinin birincil etki mekanizması adenozin reseptörlerini bloke etme yeteneğidir. Yapı olarak adenozine çok benzemesi sebebi ile organizmayı kandırarak adenozin reseptörlerinde antagonist bir etki yaratmaktadır. Ağrı ve yorgunluk hissi ile alakalı olan bu reseptörler g proteinleri ile gerekli bağlantıyı kuramadığından dolayı metabolizma ağrıyı ve yorgunluğu inhibe eder, böylece ağrı ve yorgunluğun ortaya çıkışı gecikebilmektdir. Diğer bir etkisi ise hormonal sisteme olmaktadır. Kafeinin alımı epinefrin ve norepinefrin gibi nörotransmitterlerin salınımında artışa yol açar. Bu nörotransmitterler, bilişsel işlevi ve uyanıklığı artırmada çok önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Ayrıca organizmanın ağrı kesicisi olarak da bilinen Beta Endorfin hormonunun salınımında da kafein alımı ile artış ortaya çıktığı düşünülmektedir. Dahası, glikoz ve yağ asitleri gibi enerji substratlarının mevcudiyetini artırdığı da bilinmektektedir. Bunların yanısıra dolaşım ve solunum sistemleri gibi diğer fizyolojik sistemleri etkileyebilir ve doğru dozda tüketildiğinde bazı potansiyel sağlık faydaları olabilir. Ayrıca ışırı tüketim ve tolerasyon seviyesine bağlı olarak elektroansefalografi (EEG) düzenini, duygulanımı ve uyku düzenini de değiştirdiği, ayrıca yine alım miktarına bağlı olarak anksiyeteyi artırabildiği saptanmıştır. Bahsi geçen mekanizmalar sayesinde kafeinin sportif performans üzerinde de çeşitli etkileri olmaktadır. Araştırmalar, kafeinin glikojenin mobilizasyonunu ve yağların utilizasyonunu artırarak vücudun sınırlı glikojen depolarını koruduğu, böylece yorgunluğun başlangıcını geciktirerek, egzersizin süresini artırdığını, güç ve kuvvet gibi performans parametrelerini etkilediği söylemektedir. Sonuç olarak, kafein, birçok biyomotor özelliği geliştirerek, sportif performans üzerinde olumlu etkiler ortaya koyabilir. Bu literatür incelemesi kafeine genel bir bakışın yanında, farklı parametreler üzerinde ne gibi etkileri meydana getirdiğini tespit ederek sonuçları okuyucular ile aktarmayı amaçlamıştır.

References

  • Abian-Vicen, J., Puente, C., Salinero, J. J., González-Millán, C., Areces, F., Muñoz, G., Muñoz-Guerra, J., & Del Coso, J. (2014). A caffeinated energy drink improves jump performance in adolescent basketball players. Amino acids, 46(5), 1333-1341.
  • Ali, A., O’Donnell, J., Foskett, A., & Rutherfurd-Markwick, K. (2016). The influence of caffeine ingestion on strength and power performance in female team-sport players. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 13(1), 46.
  • Andre, T., Green, M., Gann, J., O'Neal, E., & Coates, T. (2015). Effects of caffeine on repeated upper/lower body Wingates and handgrip performance. International Journal of Exercise Science, 8(3), 5.
  • Arazi, H., Dehlavinejad, N., & Gholizadeh, R. (2016). The acute effect of caffeine supplementation on strength, repetition sustainability and work volume of novice bodybuilders. Turkish Journal of Kinesiology, 2(3), 43-48.
  • Astorino, T., Martin, B., Wong, K., & Schachtsiek, L. (2011). Effect of acute caffeine ingestion on EPOC after intense resistance training. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 51(1), 11-17.
  • Astorino, T. A., Rohmann, R. L., & Firth, K. (2008). Effect of caffeine ingestion on one-repetition maximum muscular strength. European journal of applied physiology, 102(2), 127-132. Carpenter, M. (2015). Caffeinated: How our daily habit helps, hurts, and hooks us. Penguin.
  • Castillo, D., Domínguez, R., Rodríguez-Fernández, A., & Raya-González, J. (2019). Effects of caffeine supplementation on power performance in a flywheel device: A randomised, double-blind cross-over study. Nutrients, 11(2), 255.
  • Williams, J. H., Signorile, J. F., Barnes, W. S., & Henrich, T. W. (1988). Caffeine, maximal power output and fatigue. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 22(4), 132-134..
  • Chambers, K. P. (2009). Caffeine And Health Research. Nova Science.
  • Collomp, K., Ahmaidi, S., Chatard, J., Audran, M., & Prefaut, C. (1992). Benefits of caffeine ingestion on sprint performance in trained and untrained swimmers. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology, 64(4), 377-380.
  • Collomp, K., Anselme, F., Audran, M., Gay, J., Chanal, J., & Prefaut, C. (1991). Effects of moderate exercise on the pharmacokinetics of caffeine. European journal of clinical pharmacology, 40(3), 279-282.
  • Collomp, K., Caillaud, C., Audran, M., Chanal, J., & Prefaut, C. (1990). Effect of acute or chronic administration of caffeine on performance and on catecholamines during maximal cycle ergometer exercise. Comptes rendus des seances de la societe de biologie et de ses filiales, 184(1), 87-92.
  • Costill, D., Dalsky, G. P., & Fink, W. (1978). Effects of caffeine ingestion on metabolism and exercise performance. Medicine and science in sports, 10(3), 155-158.
  • Çıldır, B., Altın, B., & Aksoy, S. (2021). Caffeine Enhances the Balance System and Postural Balance in Short Time in Healthy Individuals. Turkish archives of otorhinolaryngology, 59(4), 253.
  • Del Coso, J., Portillo, J., Muñoz, G., Abián-Vicén, J., Gonzalez-Millán, C., & Muñoz-Guerra, J. (2013). Caffeine-containing energy drink improves sprint performance during an international rugby sevens competition. Amino acids, 44, 1511-1519.
  • Dodd, S. L., Herb, R. A., & Powers, S. K. (1993). Caffeine and exercise performance. Sports Medicine, 15(1), 14-23.
  • Duncan, M. J., Smith, M., Cook, K., & James, R. S. (2012). The acute effect of a caffeine-containing energy drink on mood state, readiness to invest effort, and resistance exercise to failure. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 26(10), 2858-2865.
  • Ganio, M. S., Klau, J. F., Casa, D. J., Armstrong, L. E., & Maresh, C. M. (2009). Effect of caffeine on sport-specific endurance performance: a systematic review. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(1), 315-324.
  • Glaister, M., Howatson, G., Abraham, C. S., Lockey, R. A., Goodwin, J. E., Foley, P., & McInnes, G. (2008). Caffeine supplementation and multiple sprint running performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 40(10), 1835-1840.
  • Goldstein, E. R., Ziegenfuss, T., Kalman, D., Kreider, R., Campbell, B., Wilborn, C., Taylor, L., Willoughby, D., Stout, J., & Graves, B. S. (2010). International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and performance. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 7(1), 5.
  • Green, J. M., Wickwire, P. J., McLester, J. R., Gendle, S., Hudson, G., Pritchett, R. C., & Laurent, C. M. (2007). Effects of caffeine on repetitions to failure and ratings of perceived exertion during resistance training. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 2(3), 250-259.
  • Greer, F., McLean, C., & Graham, T. (1998). Caffeine, performance, and metabolism during repeated Wingate exercise tests. Journal of applied physiology, 85(4), 1502-1508.
  • Grgic, J., & Mikulic, P. (2017). Caffeine ingestion acutely enhances muscular strength and power but not muscular endurance in resistance-trained men. European journal of sport science, 17(8), 1029-1036.
  • Ivy, J., Costill, D., Fink, W., & Lower, R. (1979). Influence of caffeine and carbohydrate feedings on endurance performance. Pulse, 1620(16.18), 1693.
  • Landolt, H.-P. (2008). Sleep homeostasis: a role for adenosine in humans? Biochemical pharmacology, 75(11), 2070-2079.
  • Laurent, D., Schneider, K. E., Prusaczyk, W. K., Franklin, C., Vogel, S. M., Krssak, M., Petersen, K. F., Goforth, H. W., & Shulman, G. I. (2000). Effects of caffeine on muscle glycogen utilization and the neuroendocrine axis during exercise. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 85(6), 2170-2175.
  • Lippi, D. (2013). Chocolate in history: food, medicine, medi-food. In (Vol. 5, pp. 1573-1584): MDPI.
  • Marriott, M., Krustrup, P., & Mohr, M. (2015). Ergogenic effects of caffeine and sodium bicarbonate supplementation on intermittent exercise performance preceded by intense arm cranking exercise. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 12(1), 1-8.
  • McCormack, W. P., & Hoffman, J. R. (2012). Caffeine, energy drinks, and strength-power performance. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 34(4), 11-16.
  • McLellan, T. M., Caldwell, J. A., & Lieberman, H. R. (2016). A review of caffeine's effects on cognitive, physical and occupational performance. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 71, 294-312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.001
  • Mohr, M., Nielsen, J. J., & Bangsbo, J. (2011). Caffeine intake improves intense intermittent exercise performance and reduces muscle interstitial potassium accumulation. Journal of applied physiology, 111(5), 1372-1379.
  • Nehlig, A. (2016). Effects of coffee/caffeine on brain health and disease: What should I tell my patients? Pract Neurol, 16(2), 89-95. https://doi.org/10.1136/practneurol-2015-001162
  • Norum, M., Risvang, L. C., Bjørnsen, T., Dimitriou, L., Rønning, P. O., Bjørgen, M., & Raastad, T. (2020). Caffeine increases strength and power performance in resistance‐trained females during early follicular phase. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 30(11), 2116-2129.
  • Sabblah, S., Dixon, D., & Bottoms, L. (2015). Sex differences on the acute effects of caffeine on maximal strength and muscular endurance. Comparative Exercise Physiology, 11(2), 89-94.
  • Sainbayar, E. (2016). Effects Of Caffeıne Capsules On Dynamıc And Statıc Balance.
  • Spriet, L. L. (2014). Exercise and sport performance with low doses of caffeine. Sports Medicine, 44, 175-184. Tallis, J., Bradford, C., Duncan, M. J., Leddington-Wright, S., Higgins, M. F., & Hill, M. (2020). The effect of acute caffeine ingestion on cognitive dual task performance during assessment of static and dynamic balance in older adults. Nutrients, 12(12), 3653.
  • Trexler, E. T., Smith-Ryan, A. E., Roelofs, E. J., Hirsch, K. R., & Mock, M. G. (2016). Effects of coffee and caffeine anhydrous on strength and sprint performance. European journal of sport science, 16(6), 702-710.
  • WADA. (2022). Prohibited List International Standard. World Anti-Doping Agency. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/2022_wada_prohibited_list_en.pdf.
  • Wikoff, D., Welsh, B. T., Henderson, R., Brorby, G. P., Britt, J., Myers, E., Goldberger, J., Lieberman, H. R., O'Brien, C., & Peck, J. (2017). Systematic review of the potential adverse effects of caffeine consumption in healthy adults, pregnant women, adolescents, and children. Food and chemical toxicology, 109, 585-648.
  • Williams, A. D., Cribb, P. J., Cooke, M. B., & Hayes, A. (2008). The effect of ephedra and caffeine on maximal strength and power in resistance-trained athletes. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 22(2), 464-470.
  • Yildirim, U. C. (2022). Kafein Alımının 3x3 Basketbolcuların Fiziksel Performansına Akut Etkisi. Efe Akademi Yayınları.

Caffeine and Sportive Performance

Year 2023, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 1 - 13, 28.06.2023

Abstract

Caffeine, which is a stimulant naturally found in the seeds, leaves and fruits of some plants found in nature, such as coffee, tea and cocoa, is now offered to consumers by being added to some foods and beverages and to the content of some medicines. Caffeine, which is directly or indirectly consumed by billions of people around the world every day, causes stimulant effects on the central nervous system and other systems. Caffeine's primary mechanism of action is its ability to block adenosine receptors. Since it is very similar to adenosine in structure, it creates an antagonistic effect on adenosine receptors by deceiving the organism. Since these receptors, which are related to the feeling of pain and fatigue, cannot establish the necessary connection with the g proteins, metabolism inhibits pain and fatigue, so the emergence of pain and fatigue can be delayed. Another effect is on the hormonal system. Caffeine intake increases the release of neurotransmitters such as epinephrine and norepinephrine. These neurotransmitters play a crucial role in boosting cognitive function and alertness. In addition, it is thought that the release of Beta Endorphin hormone, also known as the body's pain reliever, increases with caffeine intake. Moreover, it is known to increase the availability of energy substrates such as glucose and fatty acids. In addition, it can affect other physiological systems such as the circulatory and respiratory systems and may have some potential health benefits when consumed in the right dose. In addition, it has been found that it changes the electroencephalography (EEG) pattern, affect and sleep pattern depending on the excessive consumption and tolerance level, and it can also increase anxiety depending on the amount of intake. Thanks to the aforementioned mechanisms, caffeine also has various effects on sportive performance. Studies show that caffeine protects the body's limited glycogen stores by increasing the mobilization of glycogen and the utilization of fats, thus delaying the onset of fatigue, increasing the duration of the exercise, and affecting performance parameters such as power and strength. As a result, caffeine can have positive effects on sportive performance by improving many biomotor properties. In addition to an overview of caffeine, this literature review aimed to determine what effects it has on different parameters and to convey the results with the readers.

References

  • Abian-Vicen, J., Puente, C., Salinero, J. J., González-Millán, C., Areces, F., Muñoz, G., Muñoz-Guerra, J., & Del Coso, J. (2014). A caffeinated energy drink improves jump performance in adolescent basketball players. Amino acids, 46(5), 1333-1341.
  • Ali, A., O’Donnell, J., Foskett, A., & Rutherfurd-Markwick, K. (2016). The influence of caffeine ingestion on strength and power performance in female team-sport players. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 13(1), 46.
  • Andre, T., Green, M., Gann, J., O'Neal, E., & Coates, T. (2015). Effects of caffeine on repeated upper/lower body Wingates and handgrip performance. International Journal of Exercise Science, 8(3), 5.
  • Arazi, H., Dehlavinejad, N., & Gholizadeh, R. (2016). The acute effect of caffeine supplementation on strength, repetition sustainability and work volume of novice bodybuilders. Turkish Journal of Kinesiology, 2(3), 43-48.
  • Astorino, T., Martin, B., Wong, K., & Schachtsiek, L. (2011). Effect of acute caffeine ingestion on EPOC after intense resistance training. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 51(1), 11-17.
  • Astorino, T. A., Rohmann, R. L., & Firth, K. (2008). Effect of caffeine ingestion on one-repetition maximum muscular strength. European journal of applied physiology, 102(2), 127-132. Carpenter, M. (2015). Caffeinated: How our daily habit helps, hurts, and hooks us. Penguin.
  • Castillo, D., Domínguez, R., Rodríguez-Fernández, A., & Raya-González, J. (2019). Effects of caffeine supplementation on power performance in a flywheel device: A randomised, double-blind cross-over study. Nutrients, 11(2), 255.
  • Williams, J. H., Signorile, J. F., Barnes, W. S., & Henrich, T. W. (1988). Caffeine, maximal power output and fatigue. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 22(4), 132-134..
  • Chambers, K. P. (2009). Caffeine And Health Research. Nova Science.
  • Collomp, K., Ahmaidi, S., Chatard, J., Audran, M., & Prefaut, C. (1992). Benefits of caffeine ingestion on sprint performance in trained and untrained swimmers. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology, 64(4), 377-380.
  • Collomp, K., Anselme, F., Audran, M., Gay, J., Chanal, J., & Prefaut, C. (1991). Effects of moderate exercise on the pharmacokinetics of caffeine. European journal of clinical pharmacology, 40(3), 279-282.
  • Collomp, K., Caillaud, C., Audran, M., Chanal, J., & Prefaut, C. (1990). Effect of acute or chronic administration of caffeine on performance and on catecholamines during maximal cycle ergometer exercise. Comptes rendus des seances de la societe de biologie et de ses filiales, 184(1), 87-92.
  • Costill, D., Dalsky, G. P., & Fink, W. (1978). Effects of caffeine ingestion on metabolism and exercise performance. Medicine and science in sports, 10(3), 155-158.
  • Çıldır, B., Altın, B., & Aksoy, S. (2021). Caffeine Enhances the Balance System and Postural Balance in Short Time in Healthy Individuals. Turkish archives of otorhinolaryngology, 59(4), 253.
  • Del Coso, J., Portillo, J., Muñoz, G., Abián-Vicén, J., Gonzalez-Millán, C., & Muñoz-Guerra, J. (2013). Caffeine-containing energy drink improves sprint performance during an international rugby sevens competition. Amino acids, 44, 1511-1519.
  • Dodd, S. L., Herb, R. A., & Powers, S. K. (1993). Caffeine and exercise performance. Sports Medicine, 15(1), 14-23.
  • Duncan, M. J., Smith, M., Cook, K., & James, R. S. (2012). The acute effect of a caffeine-containing energy drink on mood state, readiness to invest effort, and resistance exercise to failure. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 26(10), 2858-2865.
  • Ganio, M. S., Klau, J. F., Casa, D. J., Armstrong, L. E., & Maresh, C. M. (2009). Effect of caffeine on sport-specific endurance performance: a systematic review. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(1), 315-324.
  • Glaister, M., Howatson, G., Abraham, C. S., Lockey, R. A., Goodwin, J. E., Foley, P., & McInnes, G. (2008). Caffeine supplementation and multiple sprint running performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 40(10), 1835-1840.
  • Goldstein, E. R., Ziegenfuss, T., Kalman, D., Kreider, R., Campbell, B., Wilborn, C., Taylor, L., Willoughby, D., Stout, J., & Graves, B. S. (2010). International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and performance. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 7(1), 5.
  • Green, J. M., Wickwire, P. J., McLester, J. R., Gendle, S., Hudson, G., Pritchett, R. C., & Laurent, C. M. (2007). Effects of caffeine on repetitions to failure and ratings of perceived exertion during resistance training. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 2(3), 250-259.
  • Greer, F., McLean, C., & Graham, T. (1998). Caffeine, performance, and metabolism during repeated Wingate exercise tests. Journal of applied physiology, 85(4), 1502-1508.
  • Grgic, J., & Mikulic, P. (2017). Caffeine ingestion acutely enhances muscular strength and power but not muscular endurance in resistance-trained men. European journal of sport science, 17(8), 1029-1036.
  • Ivy, J., Costill, D., Fink, W., & Lower, R. (1979). Influence of caffeine and carbohydrate feedings on endurance performance. Pulse, 1620(16.18), 1693.
  • Landolt, H.-P. (2008). Sleep homeostasis: a role for adenosine in humans? Biochemical pharmacology, 75(11), 2070-2079.
  • Laurent, D., Schneider, K. E., Prusaczyk, W. K., Franklin, C., Vogel, S. M., Krssak, M., Petersen, K. F., Goforth, H. W., & Shulman, G. I. (2000). Effects of caffeine on muscle glycogen utilization and the neuroendocrine axis during exercise. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 85(6), 2170-2175.
  • Lippi, D. (2013). Chocolate in history: food, medicine, medi-food. In (Vol. 5, pp. 1573-1584): MDPI.
  • Marriott, M., Krustrup, P., & Mohr, M. (2015). Ergogenic effects of caffeine and sodium bicarbonate supplementation on intermittent exercise performance preceded by intense arm cranking exercise. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 12(1), 1-8.
  • McCormack, W. P., & Hoffman, J. R. (2012). Caffeine, energy drinks, and strength-power performance. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 34(4), 11-16.
  • McLellan, T. M., Caldwell, J. A., & Lieberman, H. R. (2016). A review of caffeine's effects on cognitive, physical and occupational performance. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 71, 294-312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.001
  • Mohr, M., Nielsen, J. J., & Bangsbo, J. (2011). Caffeine intake improves intense intermittent exercise performance and reduces muscle interstitial potassium accumulation. Journal of applied physiology, 111(5), 1372-1379.
  • Nehlig, A. (2016). Effects of coffee/caffeine on brain health and disease: What should I tell my patients? Pract Neurol, 16(2), 89-95. https://doi.org/10.1136/practneurol-2015-001162
  • Norum, M., Risvang, L. C., Bjørnsen, T., Dimitriou, L., Rønning, P. O., Bjørgen, M., & Raastad, T. (2020). Caffeine increases strength and power performance in resistance‐trained females during early follicular phase. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 30(11), 2116-2129.
  • Sabblah, S., Dixon, D., & Bottoms, L. (2015). Sex differences on the acute effects of caffeine on maximal strength and muscular endurance. Comparative Exercise Physiology, 11(2), 89-94.
  • Sainbayar, E. (2016). Effects Of Caffeıne Capsules On Dynamıc And Statıc Balance.
  • Spriet, L. L. (2014). Exercise and sport performance with low doses of caffeine. Sports Medicine, 44, 175-184. Tallis, J., Bradford, C., Duncan, M. J., Leddington-Wright, S., Higgins, M. F., & Hill, M. (2020). The effect of acute caffeine ingestion on cognitive dual task performance during assessment of static and dynamic balance in older adults. Nutrients, 12(12), 3653.
  • Trexler, E. T., Smith-Ryan, A. E., Roelofs, E. J., Hirsch, K. R., & Mock, M. G. (2016). Effects of coffee and caffeine anhydrous on strength and sprint performance. European journal of sport science, 16(6), 702-710.
  • WADA. (2022). Prohibited List International Standard. World Anti-Doping Agency. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/2022_wada_prohibited_list_en.pdf.
  • Wikoff, D., Welsh, B. T., Henderson, R., Brorby, G. P., Britt, J., Myers, E., Goldberger, J., Lieberman, H. R., O'Brien, C., & Peck, J. (2017). Systematic review of the potential adverse effects of caffeine consumption in healthy adults, pregnant women, adolescents, and children. Food and chemical toxicology, 109, 585-648.
  • Williams, A. D., Cribb, P. J., Cooke, M. B., & Hayes, A. (2008). The effect of ephedra and caffeine on maximal strength and power in resistance-trained athletes. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 22(2), 464-470.
  • Yildirim, U. C. (2022). Kafein Alımının 3x3 Basketbolcuların Fiziksel Performansına Akut Etkisi. Efe Akademi Yayınları.
There are 41 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sports Medicine
Journal Section Reviews
Authors

Ulaş Can Yıldırım

Early Pub Date June 25, 2023
Publication Date June 28, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 3 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Yıldırım, U. C. (2023). Kafein ve Sportif Performans. Egzersiz Ve Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 1-13.