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THE EXTENT OF HOUSEHOLD POVERTY IN AFGHANISTAN: A CASE STUDY OF MAZAR-I-SHARIF CITY, BALKH PROVINCE (2019/20 AND 2020/21)

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 22 - 40, 30.03.2023

Abstract

There is limited literature review and analysis of poverty in Afghanistan, particularly in the analysis of an urban area. Therefore, due to the limited information on the extent of poverty in Mazar-i-Sharif city
especially at the micro/household level, this paper will provide such information and a more current one. To conduct the study, an actual data of 1060 households in Mazar-i-Sharif, obtained from a strictly random process, is used and applied the “Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT)” measures of poverty to analyse poverty based on income and expenditure approach in two waves, before “COVID-19” (March 21, 2019-March 20, 2020) and during “COVID-19” (March 21, 2020-March 21, 2021). Also, the “Independent t-test” is applied to compare the mean of poverty indices in wave 1 compared to wave 2. It is found that, overall, the poverty rate is high in Mazar-i-Sharif, and more than two-thirds of the population severely suffers from the phenomenon, and it increased during the pandemic compared to pre-pandemic time. Also, the depth and severity of poverty are also serious issues and the indices increased in wave 2 compared to wave 1. Further, the study suggests that the government and international organizations should do urgent actions to save million lives and to overcome of this phenomenon

References

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  • Afera, N. (2015). Determinants of poverty in rural Tigray: Ethiopia evidence from rural households of Gulomekeda Wereda. Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development, 10(1), 95-102. https://core. ac.uk/download/pdf/234695199.pdf
  • Ali, A. F. M. (2019). Difference Between Income and Expenditure Method in Measuring Poverty in Kelantan, Malaysia. International Journal of Economics, Management and Accounting, 27(1), 1-40. https://journals.iium.edu.my/enmjournal/index.php/enmj/article/view/594/314
  • ANDS. (2005). Afghanistan National Development Strategy: An Interim Strategy for Security, Governance, Economic Growth & Poverty Reduction. Accessed on September 8, 2022. https://reliefweb.int/sites/ reliefweb.int/files/resources/AFA4970B33A0505E492.571.07000811C6-unama-afg-30jan2.pdf
  • Atkinson, A. B. (1991). Comparing poverty rates internationally: lessons from recent studies in developed countries. The World Bank Economic Review, 5(1), 3-21. https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/5.1.3 Atkinson, A. B., Rainwater, L., & Smeeding, T. M. (1994). Income distribution in European countries (No. 121). LIS Working Paper Series. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(01)00072-9
  • Bellù, L. G., & Liberati, P. (2005). Impacts of Policies on Poverty. Basic Poverty Measures. https://mpra. ub.uni-muenchen.de/id/eprint/44666
  • Beverly, S. G. (1999). Economic poverty reconsidered: Material hardship and income-poverty in the United States. Washington University in St. Louis.
  • Borko, Z. P. (2016). Determinants of Poverty in Rural Households (The Case of Damot Gale District in Wolaita Zone) A Household Level Analysis, International Journal of African and Asian Studies, V(29), https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/234690246.pdf
  • Boskin, M. J., Dulberger, E. L., Gordon, R. J., Griliches, Z., & Jorgenson, D. W. (1998). Consumer prices, the consumer price index, and the cost of living. Journal of economic perspectives, 12(1), 3-26. https:// dio.org/10.1257/jep.12.1.3
  • Cancho, C. A., & Pradhan, T. (2020, August 16). Mitigating the poverty implications of COVID-19 in Afghanistan. Published on End Poverty in South Asia. https://blogs.worldbank.org/ endpovertyinsouthasia/mitigating-poverty-implications-covid-19-afghanistan
  • Chamhuri, N. H., Karim, H. A., & Hamdan, H. (2012). Conceptual framework of urban poverty reduction: A review of literature. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 68, 804–814. doi:10.1016/j. sbspro.2012.12.268
  • CSO. (2018). Afghanistan Living Conditions Survey 2016-17. Central Statistic Organization: Kabul, Afghanistan. Accessed on September 7, 2022. https://washdata.org/sites/default/files/documents/ reports/2018-07/Afghanistan%20ALCS%202016-17%20Analysis%20report.pdf
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  • De Silva, I. (2008). Micro‐level determinants of poverty reduction in Sri Lanka: a multivariate approach. International Journal of Social Economics, 35(3), 140-158. https://doi. org/10.1108/030.682.90810847833
  • Demeke, M., Guta, F., & Ferede, T. (2003). Growth, employment, poverty and policies in Ethiopia: an empirical investigation. Issues in employment and poverty Discussion Paper, 12, 86. http://www.ilo. int/wcmsp5/groups/public/—-ed_emp/documents/publication/wcms_120734.pdf
  • Dharmadasa, R. A. P. I. S., Weerahewa, J., & Samarathunga, P. A. (2018). Labor migration and impact of remittances on poverty and income inequality: evidence from estate sector of Sri Lanka. Tropical Agricultural Research, 30(1), 69. https://doi.org/10.4038/tar.v30i1.8279
  • Duclos, J. Y., & Araar, A. (2006). Poverty and equity: measurement, policy and estimation with DAD (Vol. 2). IDRC.
  • Duniya, K. P., & Rekwot, G. Z. (2015). Determinants of poverty among groundnut farming households in Jigawa State, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics and Sociology, 4(3), 224- 230. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajaees/2015/13539
  • EASO. (2020). Afghanistan Key socio-economic indicators Focus on Kabul City, Mazar-e Sharif and Herat City. https://doi.org/10.2847/497573
  • Eskelinen, T. (2011). Relative poverty. Encyclopedia of Global Justice. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 942- 943.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9160-5
  • Etuk, E., Angba, C., & Angba, A. (2015). Determinants of poverty status of fish vendor households in Lower Cross River Basin, Nigeria. Journal of Economics and Sustainable development, 6(14), 50-55. https:// core.ac.uk/download/pdf/234647149.pdf
  • Fisher, J. D., Johnson, D. S., & Smeeding, T. M. (2013). Measuring the trends in inequality of individuals and families: Income and consumption. American Economic Review, 103(3), 184-88. https://doi. org/10.1257/aer.103.3.184
  • Foster, J., Greer, J., & Thorbecke, E. (1984). A class of decomposable poverty measures. Econometrica: journal of the econometric society, 761-766. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913475
  • Fox, L., Wimer, C., Garfinkel, I., Kaushal, N., & Waldfogel, J. (2015). Waging war on poverty: Poverty trends using a historical supplemental poverty measure. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 34(3), 567-592. https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.21833
  • Gass, G., & Adetunmbi, O. (2000). Summary report: DFID’s civil society consultation process in Nigeria (13 December 1999–2 February 2000).UK: Department for International Development.
  • Grosh, M., & Glewwe, P. (2000). Designing household survey questionnaires for developing countries. Washington, DC: World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/25338
  • Hagenaars, A., & de Vos, K. (1988). The Definition and Measurement of Poverty. The Journal of Human Resources vol. 23, issue 2, 211-221. https://doi.org/10.2307/145776
  • Hall, S. (2011). Economic Assessment and Labour Market Survey of Mazar-i-Sharif, Pul-i-Khumri, Kandahar City and Kunduz City.
  • Hall, S. (2014). Urban Poverty Report: A Study of Poverty, Food Insecurity and Resilience in Afghan Cities. Danish Refuge Council and People In Need, Kabul, Afghanistan. https://www.clovekvtisni.cz/ media/publications/729/file/143.350.2328-pin-drc-afghanistan-2014-a-study-of-poverty-foodsecurity- and-resilience.pdf
  • Imran, K., Devadason, E. S., & Kee Cheok, C. (2020). Foreign remittances and regional poverty: Evidence from household data. International Migration, 58(4), 214-230. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12681
  • Le, Q. H., & Nguyen, T. H. T. (2019). Impacts of migration on poverty reduction in Vietnam: a household level study. Business and Economic Horizons (BEH), 15, 261-275. https://doi.org/10.15208/beh.2019.16
  • Lekobane, K., & Seleka, T. B. (2014). Determinants of household welfare and poverty in Botswana, 2002/03 and 2009/10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2819997
  • Mayer, S. E. (1997). What money can’t buy: Family income and children’s life chances. Harvard University Press.
  • Mayer, S. E., & Jencks, C. (1989). Poverty and the Distribution of Material Hardship. Journal of Human Resources, 24(1), 88-114.https://doi.org/10.2307/145934
  • Mayer, S. E., & Jencks, C. (1993). Recent trends in economic inequality in the United States: Income versus expenditures versus material well-being. In Poverty and Prosperity in the USA in the Late Twentieth Century (pp. 121-207). Palgrave Macmillan, London. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-349-22953-6_5
  • McKay, A., & Lawson, D. (2003). Assessing the extent and nature of chronic poverty in low income countries: issues and evidence. World development, 31(3), 425-439. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305- 750X(02)00221-8
  • Melkamu, M., & Mesfin, M. (2016). Interconnections Between Income and Expenditure Approach to Measure Poverty in Northern Rajasthan. International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences, 5(1), 89-106. https://www.academia.edu/download/41556709/25_Melkamu_ and_Mesfin.pdf
  • Meyer, B. D., & Sullivan, J. X. (2003). Measuring the well-being of the poor using income and consumption. V(38), 1180-1220. https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w9760/w9760.pdf
  • Milanovic, B. (1999). Explaining the increase in inequality during transition. Economics of transition, 7(2), 299-341. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0351.00016
  • Mohsen, A., Sadat, S. F., & Haidery, J. (2021). Effects of the macroeconomic variables on GDP growth of Afghanistan. International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR), 8(2).
  • Mussa, R. (2014). Household expenditure components and the poverty and inequality relationship in Malawi. African Development Review, 26(1), 138-147. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12070
  • Nahar, F. H., & Arshad, M. N. M. (2017). Effects of remittances on poverty reduction: the case of Indonesia. Journal of Indonesian Economy & Business, 32(3). https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ b6ad/4d171f64965d8e92ab367d8190db01547e56.pdf
  • Tirkaso, W. T., & Hess, S. (2015). The role of ICT expenditure for cash crop production and income generation in Southern Ethiopia. The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries, 71(1), 1–14. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1681-4835
  • UNDP. (2021a, September 9). Afghanistan on the brink of universal poverty: UN. Al Jazeera and News Agencies.
  • UNDP. (2021b). Economic Instability and Uncertainty in Afghanistan after August 15 A Rapid Appraisal. https://www.af.undp.org/content/afghanistan/en/home/library/knowledge-products/UNDPreport. html
  • United Nations. (1995). The United Nations World Summit for Social Development: Copenhagen, 6–12 March 1995. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/198966/files/A_CONF.166_9-EN.pdf?ln=en
  • United Nations. (2021). Security Council Report: Monthly Forecast (March 2021). Accessed on September 5, 2022. https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3- CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/2021_03_forecast.pdf
  • United Nations. (2005). Poverty Statistics: Concepts, Methods and Policy Use. United Nation. https:// unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/poverty/pdf/un_book%20final%2030%20dec%2005.pdf
  • United Nations. (2017). Basic consumption and income-based indicators of economic inequalities in Bosnia and Herzegovina: evidence from household budget surveys (13). https://unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/ stats/documents/ece/ces/ge.15/2017/Expert-meeting-Montenegro-2017/Bosnia_paper_formatted. pdf
  • WFP. (2021). Afghanistan Food Security Update #2. https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/afghanistanfood- security-update-2-22 september-2021
  • World Bank (2013). Afghanistan Economic Update: Poverty Reduction, and Economic Management. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/ handle/10986/16510/770830REVISED0box377289B00PUBLIC00.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
  • World Bank. (1990). World development report: Poverty. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • World Bank. (2005). Introduction to Poverty Analysis. https://numerons.files.wordpress. com/2012/04/5poverty-manual-wb.pdf
  • World Bank. (2015). Afghanistan Poverty Status Update. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/ en/594.051.468180880731/pdf/100638-v2-WP-P145128-PUBLIC-Box393238B-Poverty-Status- Update-Report.pdf
Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 22 - 40, 30.03.2023

Abstract

References

  • Adams, R., Lopez-Feldman, A., Mora, J., Taylor, J. E., DeWind, J., & Holdaway, J. (2008). Remittances, inequality and poverty: Evidence from rural Mexico. Migration and development within and across borders: Research and policy perspectives on internal and international migration, 101-130.
  • Afera, N. (2015). Determinants of poverty in rural Tigray: Ethiopia evidence from rural households of Gulomekeda Wereda. Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development, 10(1), 95-102. https://core. ac.uk/download/pdf/234695199.pdf
  • Ali, A. F. M. (2019). Difference Between Income and Expenditure Method in Measuring Poverty in Kelantan, Malaysia. International Journal of Economics, Management and Accounting, 27(1), 1-40. https://journals.iium.edu.my/enmjournal/index.php/enmj/article/view/594/314
  • ANDS. (2005). Afghanistan National Development Strategy: An Interim Strategy for Security, Governance, Economic Growth & Poverty Reduction. Accessed on September 8, 2022. https://reliefweb.int/sites/ reliefweb.int/files/resources/AFA4970B33A0505E492.571.07000811C6-unama-afg-30jan2.pdf
  • Atkinson, A. B. (1991). Comparing poverty rates internationally: lessons from recent studies in developed countries. The World Bank Economic Review, 5(1), 3-21. https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/5.1.3 Atkinson, A. B., Rainwater, L., & Smeeding, T. M. (1994). Income distribution in European countries (No. 121). LIS Working Paper Series. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(01)00072-9
  • Bellù, L. G., & Liberati, P. (2005). Impacts of Policies on Poverty. Basic Poverty Measures. https://mpra. ub.uni-muenchen.de/id/eprint/44666
  • Beverly, S. G. (1999). Economic poverty reconsidered: Material hardship and income-poverty in the United States. Washington University in St. Louis.
  • Borko, Z. P. (2016). Determinants of Poverty in Rural Households (The Case of Damot Gale District in Wolaita Zone) A Household Level Analysis, International Journal of African and Asian Studies, V(29), https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/234690246.pdf
  • Boskin, M. J., Dulberger, E. L., Gordon, R. J., Griliches, Z., & Jorgenson, D. W. (1998). Consumer prices, the consumer price index, and the cost of living. Journal of economic perspectives, 12(1), 3-26. https:// dio.org/10.1257/jep.12.1.3
  • Cancho, C. A., & Pradhan, T. (2020, August 16). Mitigating the poverty implications of COVID-19 in Afghanistan. Published on End Poverty in South Asia. https://blogs.worldbank.org/ endpovertyinsouthasia/mitigating-poverty-implications-covid-19-afghanistan
  • Chamhuri, N. H., Karim, H. A., & Hamdan, H. (2012). Conceptual framework of urban poverty reduction: A review of literature. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 68, 804–814. doi:10.1016/j. sbspro.2012.12.268
  • CSO. (2018). Afghanistan Living Conditions Survey 2016-17. Central Statistic Organization: Kabul, Afghanistan. Accessed on September 7, 2022. https://washdata.org/sites/default/files/documents/ reports/2018-07/Afghanistan%20ALCS%202016-17%20Analysis%20report.pdf
  • Cutler, D. M., Katz, L. F., Card, D., & Hall, R. E. (1991). Macroeconomic performance and the disadvantaged. Brookings papers on economic activity, 1991(2), 1-74. https://doi.org/10.2307/2534589
  • De Silva, I. (2008). Micro‐level determinants of poverty reduction in Sri Lanka: a multivariate approach. International Journal of Social Economics, 35(3), 140-158. https://doi. org/10.1108/030.682.90810847833
  • Demeke, M., Guta, F., & Ferede, T. (2003). Growth, employment, poverty and policies in Ethiopia: an empirical investigation. Issues in employment and poverty Discussion Paper, 12, 86. http://www.ilo. int/wcmsp5/groups/public/—-ed_emp/documents/publication/wcms_120734.pdf
  • Dharmadasa, R. A. P. I. S., Weerahewa, J., & Samarathunga, P. A. (2018). Labor migration and impact of remittances on poverty and income inequality: evidence from estate sector of Sri Lanka. Tropical Agricultural Research, 30(1), 69. https://doi.org/10.4038/tar.v30i1.8279
  • Duclos, J. Y., & Araar, A. (2006). Poverty and equity: measurement, policy and estimation with DAD (Vol. 2). IDRC.
  • Duniya, K. P., & Rekwot, G. Z. (2015). Determinants of poverty among groundnut farming households in Jigawa State, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics and Sociology, 4(3), 224- 230. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajaees/2015/13539
  • EASO. (2020). Afghanistan Key socio-economic indicators Focus on Kabul City, Mazar-e Sharif and Herat City. https://doi.org/10.2847/497573
  • Eskelinen, T. (2011). Relative poverty. Encyclopedia of Global Justice. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 942- 943.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9160-5
  • Etuk, E., Angba, C., & Angba, A. (2015). Determinants of poverty status of fish vendor households in Lower Cross River Basin, Nigeria. Journal of Economics and Sustainable development, 6(14), 50-55. https:// core.ac.uk/download/pdf/234647149.pdf
  • Fisher, J. D., Johnson, D. S., & Smeeding, T. M. (2013). Measuring the trends in inequality of individuals and families: Income and consumption. American Economic Review, 103(3), 184-88. https://doi. org/10.1257/aer.103.3.184
  • Foster, J., Greer, J., & Thorbecke, E. (1984). A class of decomposable poverty measures. Econometrica: journal of the econometric society, 761-766. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913475
  • Fox, L., Wimer, C., Garfinkel, I., Kaushal, N., & Waldfogel, J. (2015). Waging war on poverty: Poverty trends using a historical supplemental poverty measure. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 34(3), 567-592. https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.21833
  • Gass, G., & Adetunmbi, O. (2000). Summary report: DFID’s civil society consultation process in Nigeria (13 December 1999–2 February 2000).UK: Department for International Development.
  • Grosh, M., & Glewwe, P. (2000). Designing household survey questionnaires for developing countries. Washington, DC: World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/25338
  • Hagenaars, A., & de Vos, K. (1988). The Definition and Measurement of Poverty. The Journal of Human Resources vol. 23, issue 2, 211-221. https://doi.org/10.2307/145776
  • Hall, S. (2011). Economic Assessment and Labour Market Survey of Mazar-i-Sharif, Pul-i-Khumri, Kandahar City and Kunduz City.
  • Hall, S. (2014). Urban Poverty Report: A Study of Poverty, Food Insecurity and Resilience in Afghan Cities. Danish Refuge Council and People In Need, Kabul, Afghanistan. https://www.clovekvtisni.cz/ media/publications/729/file/143.350.2328-pin-drc-afghanistan-2014-a-study-of-poverty-foodsecurity- and-resilience.pdf
  • Imran, K., Devadason, E. S., & Kee Cheok, C. (2020). Foreign remittances and regional poverty: Evidence from household data. International Migration, 58(4), 214-230. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12681
  • Le, Q. H., & Nguyen, T. H. T. (2019). Impacts of migration on poverty reduction in Vietnam: a household level study. Business and Economic Horizons (BEH), 15, 261-275. https://doi.org/10.15208/beh.2019.16
  • Lekobane, K., & Seleka, T. B. (2014). Determinants of household welfare and poverty in Botswana, 2002/03 and 2009/10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2819997
  • Mayer, S. E. (1997). What money can’t buy: Family income and children’s life chances. Harvard University Press.
  • Mayer, S. E., & Jencks, C. (1989). Poverty and the Distribution of Material Hardship. Journal of Human Resources, 24(1), 88-114.https://doi.org/10.2307/145934
  • Mayer, S. E., & Jencks, C. (1993). Recent trends in economic inequality in the United States: Income versus expenditures versus material well-being. In Poverty and Prosperity in the USA in the Late Twentieth Century (pp. 121-207). Palgrave Macmillan, London. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-349-22953-6_5
  • McKay, A., & Lawson, D. (2003). Assessing the extent and nature of chronic poverty in low income countries: issues and evidence. World development, 31(3), 425-439. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305- 750X(02)00221-8
  • Melkamu, M., & Mesfin, M. (2016). Interconnections Between Income and Expenditure Approach to Measure Poverty in Northern Rajasthan. International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences, 5(1), 89-106. https://www.academia.edu/download/41556709/25_Melkamu_ and_Mesfin.pdf
  • Meyer, B. D., & Sullivan, J. X. (2003). Measuring the well-being of the poor using income and consumption. V(38), 1180-1220. https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w9760/w9760.pdf
  • Milanovic, B. (1999). Explaining the increase in inequality during transition. Economics of transition, 7(2), 299-341. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0351.00016
  • Mohsen, A., Sadat, S. F., & Haidery, J. (2021). Effects of the macroeconomic variables on GDP growth of Afghanistan. International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR), 8(2).
  • Mussa, R. (2014). Household expenditure components and the poverty and inequality relationship in Malawi. African Development Review, 26(1), 138-147. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12070
  • Nahar, F. H., & Arshad, M. N. M. (2017). Effects of remittances on poverty reduction: the case of Indonesia. Journal of Indonesian Economy & Business, 32(3). https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ b6ad/4d171f64965d8e92ab367d8190db01547e56.pdf
  • Tirkaso, W. T., & Hess, S. (2015). The role of ICT expenditure for cash crop production and income generation in Southern Ethiopia. The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries, 71(1), 1–14. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1681-4835
  • UNDP. (2021a, September 9). Afghanistan on the brink of universal poverty: UN. Al Jazeera and News Agencies.
  • UNDP. (2021b). Economic Instability and Uncertainty in Afghanistan after August 15 A Rapid Appraisal. https://www.af.undp.org/content/afghanistan/en/home/library/knowledge-products/UNDPreport. html
  • United Nations. (1995). The United Nations World Summit for Social Development: Copenhagen, 6–12 March 1995. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/198966/files/A_CONF.166_9-EN.pdf?ln=en
  • United Nations. (2021). Security Council Report: Monthly Forecast (March 2021). Accessed on September 5, 2022. https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3- CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/2021_03_forecast.pdf
  • United Nations. (2005). Poverty Statistics: Concepts, Methods and Policy Use. United Nation. https:// unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/poverty/pdf/un_book%20final%2030%20dec%2005.pdf
  • United Nations. (2017). Basic consumption and income-based indicators of economic inequalities in Bosnia and Herzegovina: evidence from household budget surveys (13). https://unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/ stats/documents/ece/ces/ge.15/2017/Expert-meeting-Montenegro-2017/Bosnia_paper_formatted. pdf
  • WFP. (2021). Afghanistan Food Security Update #2. https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/afghanistanfood- security-update-2-22 september-2021
  • World Bank (2013). Afghanistan Economic Update: Poverty Reduction, and Economic Management. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/ handle/10986/16510/770830REVISED0box377289B00PUBLIC00.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
  • World Bank. (1990). World development report: Poverty. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • World Bank. (2005). Introduction to Poverty Analysis. https://numerons.files.wordpress. com/2012/04/5poverty-manual-wb.pdf
  • World Bank. (2015). Afghanistan Poverty Status Update. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/ en/594.051.468180880731/pdf/100638-v2-WP-P145128-PUBLIC-Box393238B-Poverty-Status- Update-Report.pdf
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Baqir Khawarı This is me 0000-0001-5142-4784

Publication Date March 30, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 7 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Khawarı, B. (2023). THE EXTENT OF HOUSEHOLD POVERTY IN AFGHANISTAN: A CASE STUDY OF MAZAR-I-SHARIF CITY, BALKH PROVINCE (2019/20 AND 2020/21). Journal of Research in Economics, 7(1), 22-40.