Research Article
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A Simple Spectrophotometric Determination of Amoxicillin in Drug Samples

Year 2022, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 423 - 432, 31.05.2022
https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.978686

Abstract

In this study, a fast and simple spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of amoxicillin in drugs without any extraction steps. The developed method is based on the formation of a colored ion pair complex between bromocresol green and amoxycillin in dimethyl sulfoxide-acetonitrile (50 % v/v) medium. The absorbance of the bluish green complex is measured at a wavelength of 630 nm. The factors that affect the ion pair complex formation, such as time, reagent concentration, etc., have been optimized. Under the optimum conditions, the developed method had an average recovery of 98.16% with a relative standard deviation of 3.62 % and showed a very good linear behavior obeying Lambert-Beer's law in the range 1-18 µg mL-1 of amoxycillin concentration. The developed method has been successfully applied to both tablet and powder forms of pharmaceutical preparations. The standard addition method and statistical parameters were applied to test the accuracy of the proposed method, and the obtained results from the two methods showed good agreement with each other.

References

  • 1. Zheng F, Wang S, Wen S, Shen M, Zhu M, Shi X. Characterization and antibacterial activity of amoxicillin-loaded electrospun nano-hydroxyapatite/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) composite nanofibers. Biomaterials. 2013 Jan;34(4):1402–12.
  • 2. Lim WS, Gander S, Finch RG, McFarlane JT. A novel method for collecting and detecting amoxycillin in urine: a tool for testing antibiotic compliance in the community. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2000 Nov 1;46(5):835–7.
  • 3. Kaur SP, Rao R, Nanda S. Amoxicillin: a broad spectrum antibiotic. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2011;3(3):30–7.
  • 4. Lee TL, D’Arconte L, Brooks MA. High-Pressure Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Amoxicillin in Urine. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1979 Apr;68(4):454–8.
  • 5. De Abreu LP, Ortiz RAM, de Castro SC, Pedrazzoli J. HPLC determination of amoxicillin comparative bioavailability in healthy volunteers after a single dose administration. J Pharm Sci. 2003;6(2):223–30.
  • 6. Douša M, Hosmanová R. Rapid determination of amoxicillin in premixes by HPLC. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2005 Feb;37(2):373–7.
  • 7. Basavaiah K, Tharpa K, Prasad NR, Hiriyanna S, Vinay K. Determination of amoxycillin in pharmaceutical forms by visible spectrophotometry and HPLC. 2009; Available from:
  • 8. Shoukry MM. Potentiometric studies of binary and ternary complexes of amoxycillin. Talanta. 1992 Dec;39(12):1625–8.
  • 9. El Walily AFM, Abdel-Kader Gazy A, Belal SF, Khamis EF. Selective spectrofluorimetric determination of phenolic β-lactam antibiotics through the formation of their coumarin derivatives. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 1999 Aug;20(4):643–53.
  • 10. Li Y, Tang Y, Yao H, Fu J. Determination of ampicillin and amoxycillin by flow injection chemiluminescence method based on their enhancing effects on the luminol-periodate reaction. Luminescence. 2003 Nov;18(6):313–7.
  • 11. Xiaofeng X, Zhenghua S. Ultrasensitive determination of amoxicillin using chemiluminescence with flow injection analysis. Journal of Spectroscopy. 2006; 20(1): 37–43.
  • 12. Indrayanto G, Sa TK, Widjaja S. Simultaneous Determination of Amoxycillin Trihydrate and Clavulanate Potassium in Pharmaceutical Preparations by Thin-Layer Chromatography/Densitometry. Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL. 2000 Nov 1;83(6):1493–6.
  • 13. Fouladgar M, Hadjmohammadi MR, Khalilzadeh MA, Biparva P, Teymoori N, Beitollah H. Voltammetric determination of amoxicillin at the electrochemical sensor ferrocenedicarboxylic acid multi wall carbon nanotubes paste electrode. Int J Electrochem Sci. 2011;6:1355–66.
  • 14. Kotte SCB, Tulam VK, Chinta RR, Raghavan S, Dubey P, Murali P. Qualitative analysis of amoxicillin, ampicillin, cephalexin by quadrupole–time of flight (LCMS) using electrospray ionization. International Journal of ChemTech Research. 2012;4:855–61.
  • 15. Pajchel G, Pawłowski K, Tyski S. CE versus LC for simultaneous determination of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and ampicillin/sulbactam in pharmaceutical formulations for injections. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2002 Jun;29(1–2):75–81.
  • 16. Hernández M, Borrull F, Calull M. Determination of amoxicillin in plasma samples by capillary electrophoresis. Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications. 1999 Aug;731(2):309–15.
  • 17. Issa M, Nejem M, Al-Kholy M, El-Abadla S, Helles S, Saleh A. An indirect atomic absorption spectrometric determination of ciprofloxacin, amoxycillin and diclofenac sodium in pharmaceutical formulations. J Serb Chem Soc. 2008;73(5):569–76.
  • 18. Raghavendra G, Suryanarayana R. Spectrophotometric method for the determination of ampicillin and amoxicillin. J Pharm Res. 2010;3:869–72. 19. Mohamed GG. Spectrophotometric determination of ampicillin, dicluxacillin, flucloxacillin and amoxicillin antibiotic drugs: ion-pair formation with molybdenum and thiocyanate. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2001 Feb;24(4):561–7.
  • 20. Shafique Ahmad A, Rahman N, Islam F. Spectrophotometric Determination of Ampicillin, Amoxycillin, and Carbenicillin Using Folin-Ciocalteu Phenol Reagent. Journal of Analytical Chemistry. 2004 Feb;59(2):119–23.
  • 21. Prasad B, Gupta S. Extraction spectrophotometric method for the determination of certain β-lactam antibiotics with methylene blue. 2000;62(4):261–6.
  • 22. Keskar MR, Jugade RM. A new spectrophotometric method for determination of amoxicillin using bromocresol green. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2014;3(2):1340–8.
  • 23. Nagaraja P, Shrestha AK. Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Drugs Containing Phenol Group by Using 2, 4- Dinitrophenylhydrazine. E-Journal of Chemistry. 2010;7(2):395–402.
  • 24. Al-Uzri WA. Spectrophotometric determination of amoxicillin in pharmaceutical preparations through diazotization and coupling reaction. IJ S. 2012;53(4):713–23.
  • 25. Abdul-Sattar JA, Atia A-JK, Kadhom SA, Mohammed-Ali LF. Spectrophotometric Determination of Amoxicillin-Application to Capsules. Al-Mustansiriya J Sci. 2009;20(4):35–42.
  • 26. Gujral RS, Haque SM. Simultaneous Determination of Potassium Clavulanate and Amoxicillin Trihydrate in Bulk, Pharmaceutical Formulations and in Human Urine Samples by UV Spectrophotometry. Int J Biomed Sci. 2010 Dec;6(4):335–43. PMID: 23675211.
  • 27. Ünal K, Palabiyik İM, Karacan E, Onur F. Spectrophotometric determination of amoxicillin in pharmaceutical formulations. Turk J Pharm Sci. 2008;5(1):1–16.
  • 28. Tavallali H, Rasti S. Simultaneous determination of amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium by derivative spectrophotometric method. Int J Pharm Tech Res. 2013;5(3):2475–80.
  • 29. Radhi ER, Ali KJ. Spectrophotometric Study for Comparison of Amoxicillin Trihydrate and Levofloxacin Hemihydrate Determination Using Bromocresol Green. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2019;11(1):1107–13.
  • 30. Hamed AH, Ibrahim SK, DHAHIR S, Mhemeed AH. Indirect Spectrophotometric Determination of Amoxicillin by oxidative with Cerium ammonium nitrate using Arsenazo III as a reagent. Chemical Science. 2019;8(2):289–94.
  • 31. Ermer J, Miller JHM. Method Validation in Pharmaceutical Analysis A Guide to Best Practice [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2022 Mar 3]. ISBN: 978-3-527-31255-9.
Year 2022, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 423 - 432, 31.05.2022
https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.978686

Abstract

References

  • 1. Zheng F, Wang S, Wen S, Shen M, Zhu M, Shi X. Characterization and antibacterial activity of amoxicillin-loaded electrospun nano-hydroxyapatite/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) composite nanofibers. Biomaterials. 2013 Jan;34(4):1402–12.
  • 2. Lim WS, Gander S, Finch RG, McFarlane JT. A novel method for collecting and detecting amoxycillin in urine: a tool for testing antibiotic compliance in the community. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2000 Nov 1;46(5):835–7.
  • 3. Kaur SP, Rao R, Nanda S. Amoxicillin: a broad spectrum antibiotic. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2011;3(3):30–7.
  • 4. Lee TL, D’Arconte L, Brooks MA. High-Pressure Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Amoxicillin in Urine. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1979 Apr;68(4):454–8.
  • 5. De Abreu LP, Ortiz RAM, de Castro SC, Pedrazzoli J. HPLC determination of amoxicillin comparative bioavailability in healthy volunteers after a single dose administration. J Pharm Sci. 2003;6(2):223–30.
  • 6. Douša M, Hosmanová R. Rapid determination of amoxicillin in premixes by HPLC. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2005 Feb;37(2):373–7.
  • 7. Basavaiah K, Tharpa K, Prasad NR, Hiriyanna S, Vinay K. Determination of amoxycillin in pharmaceutical forms by visible spectrophotometry and HPLC. 2009; Available from:
  • 8. Shoukry MM. Potentiometric studies of binary and ternary complexes of amoxycillin. Talanta. 1992 Dec;39(12):1625–8.
  • 9. El Walily AFM, Abdel-Kader Gazy A, Belal SF, Khamis EF. Selective spectrofluorimetric determination of phenolic β-lactam antibiotics through the formation of their coumarin derivatives. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 1999 Aug;20(4):643–53.
  • 10. Li Y, Tang Y, Yao H, Fu J. Determination of ampicillin and amoxycillin by flow injection chemiluminescence method based on their enhancing effects on the luminol-periodate reaction. Luminescence. 2003 Nov;18(6):313–7.
  • 11. Xiaofeng X, Zhenghua S. Ultrasensitive determination of amoxicillin using chemiluminescence with flow injection analysis. Journal of Spectroscopy. 2006; 20(1): 37–43.
  • 12. Indrayanto G, Sa TK, Widjaja S. Simultaneous Determination of Amoxycillin Trihydrate and Clavulanate Potassium in Pharmaceutical Preparations by Thin-Layer Chromatography/Densitometry. Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL. 2000 Nov 1;83(6):1493–6.
  • 13. Fouladgar M, Hadjmohammadi MR, Khalilzadeh MA, Biparva P, Teymoori N, Beitollah H. Voltammetric determination of amoxicillin at the electrochemical sensor ferrocenedicarboxylic acid multi wall carbon nanotubes paste electrode. Int J Electrochem Sci. 2011;6:1355–66.
  • 14. Kotte SCB, Tulam VK, Chinta RR, Raghavan S, Dubey P, Murali P. Qualitative analysis of amoxicillin, ampicillin, cephalexin by quadrupole–time of flight (LCMS) using electrospray ionization. International Journal of ChemTech Research. 2012;4:855–61.
  • 15. Pajchel G, Pawłowski K, Tyski S. CE versus LC for simultaneous determination of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and ampicillin/sulbactam in pharmaceutical formulations for injections. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2002 Jun;29(1–2):75–81.
  • 16. Hernández M, Borrull F, Calull M. Determination of amoxicillin in plasma samples by capillary electrophoresis. Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications. 1999 Aug;731(2):309–15.
  • 17. Issa M, Nejem M, Al-Kholy M, El-Abadla S, Helles S, Saleh A. An indirect atomic absorption spectrometric determination of ciprofloxacin, amoxycillin and diclofenac sodium in pharmaceutical formulations. J Serb Chem Soc. 2008;73(5):569–76.
  • 18. Raghavendra G, Suryanarayana R. Spectrophotometric method for the determination of ampicillin and amoxicillin. J Pharm Res. 2010;3:869–72. 19. Mohamed GG. Spectrophotometric determination of ampicillin, dicluxacillin, flucloxacillin and amoxicillin antibiotic drugs: ion-pair formation with molybdenum and thiocyanate. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2001 Feb;24(4):561–7.
  • 20. Shafique Ahmad A, Rahman N, Islam F. Spectrophotometric Determination of Ampicillin, Amoxycillin, and Carbenicillin Using Folin-Ciocalteu Phenol Reagent. Journal of Analytical Chemistry. 2004 Feb;59(2):119–23.
  • 21. Prasad B, Gupta S. Extraction spectrophotometric method for the determination of certain β-lactam antibiotics with methylene blue. 2000;62(4):261–6.
  • 22. Keskar MR, Jugade RM. A new spectrophotometric method for determination of amoxicillin using bromocresol green. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2014;3(2):1340–8.
  • 23. Nagaraja P, Shrestha AK. Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Drugs Containing Phenol Group by Using 2, 4- Dinitrophenylhydrazine. E-Journal of Chemistry. 2010;7(2):395–402.
  • 24. Al-Uzri WA. Spectrophotometric determination of amoxicillin in pharmaceutical preparations through diazotization and coupling reaction. IJ S. 2012;53(4):713–23.
  • 25. Abdul-Sattar JA, Atia A-JK, Kadhom SA, Mohammed-Ali LF. Spectrophotometric Determination of Amoxicillin-Application to Capsules. Al-Mustansiriya J Sci. 2009;20(4):35–42.
  • 26. Gujral RS, Haque SM. Simultaneous Determination of Potassium Clavulanate and Amoxicillin Trihydrate in Bulk, Pharmaceutical Formulations and in Human Urine Samples by UV Spectrophotometry. Int J Biomed Sci. 2010 Dec;6(4):335–43. PMID: 23675211.
  • 27. Ünal K, Palabiyik İM, Karacan E, Onur F. Spectrophotometric determination of amoxicillin in pharmaceutical formulations. Turk J Pharm Sci. 2008;5(1):1–16.
  • 28. Tavallali H, Rasti S. Simultaneous determination of amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium by derivative spectrophotometric method. Int J Pharm Tech Res. 2013;5(3):2475–80.
  • 29. Radhi ER, Ali KJ. Spectrophotometric Study for Comparison of Amoxicillin Trihydrate and Levofloxacin Hemihydrate Determination Using Bromocresol Green. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2019;11(1):1107–13.
  • 30. Hamed AH, Ibrahim SK, DHAHIR S, Mhemeed AH. Indirect Spectrophotometric Determination of Amoxicillin by oxidative with Cerium ammonium nitrate using Arsenazo III as a reagent. Chemical Science. 2019;8(2):289–94.
  • 31. Ermer J, Miller JHM. Method Validation in Pharmaceutical Analysis A Guide to Best Practice [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2022 Mar 3]. ISBN: 978-3-527-31255-9.
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Analytical Chemistry
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Adem Asan 0000-0002-0282-3874

Nada Seddıq

Publication Date May 31, 2022
Submission Date August 4, 2021
Acceptance Date March 3, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 9 Issue: 2

Cite

Vancouver Asan A, Seddıq N. A Simple Spectrophotometric Determination of Amoxicillin in Drug Samples. JOTCSA. 2022;9(2):423-32.