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Batı Türk Sikkelerindeki zpγw Kelimesinin Restorasyonu: Ayrıca Magha Shad’ın Soyağacı Üzerine

Year 2024, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 24 - 56, 23.02.2024

Ken Chen

https://doi.org/10.35236/jots.1382795

Abstract

The Sogdian word zpγw in the legends on the Western Turkic coins is not the variant spelling form of cpγw (Jabghu), and its reading should be revised to zwγw/ žwγw, the Chinese transcription of which may be Shegui 射匱, and the etymology of which is related to Sogdian žwγ-/žγw/jwγ-/jγw/δrγw, which means “hard, cruel, harsh, severe”. There are two kinds of žwγw coin, each casted by Shegui, grandson of Tardu, son of Dulu, and by Yipi Shegui, grandson of Dielishi. They had different tamgas deriving from different branches within the Tardu line. The tamga of the second kind of žwγw coin i.e. Yipi Shegui coin belonged to the Magha Shad line, and the other tamga that appeared along with it came from the Hephthalite, indicating that the line was closely related to Hephthalite-Tokharistan. From the perspective of the relationship between basic tamga and derived tamga, the possibility that Magha Shad came from the Dulu line can be ruled out, and Magha Shad might be the grandson of Tardu and son of Ton Shad instead. The joint appearance of the two tamgas on the Yipi Shegui coin suggest a marriage relationship between the Magha Shad line and the Hephthalite, which might be a continuation of the earlier tradition of marriage relationship between Tardu and Hephthalite.

Keywords

Western Turkic Qaghanate Sogdian Chinese transcription Old Turkic titles epithet coin legend tamga pedigree ton Jabghu Magha Shad Hephthalite

References

  • Atwood, C. P. (2012/2013). Some Early Inner Asian Terms Related to the Imperial Family and the Comitatus. Central Asiatic Journal, 56, 49-86.
  • Babayar, G. (2007). Köktürk Kağanlığı Sikkeleri Kataloğu. The Catalogue of the Coins of Turkic Qaghanate. Ankara: TIKA.
  • Babayar, G. (2017). Batı Köktürk Kağanlığı’nın “Elbi İşbara Sır Cabgu-Kağan” Ünvanlı Sikkeleri. GLOBAL-Turk, 3-4, 105-115.
  • Babayarov, G. (2007a). Drevnetyurkskiye monety Chachskogo oazisa (VI - VIII vv. n.e.). Tashkent.
  • Babayarov, G. (2007b). On the orthography of the title “djabghu” in the coins with Sogdian letters relation to the Chach epoch of the Western Turkic Qaghanate. (https://groups.yahoo.com/group/Sogdian-L/)
  • Babayarov, G. (2016). The Old Turkic Titles Qaghan, Jabghu and Jabgu-Qaghan on the Coins of the Western Turkic Qaghanate. Jusup Balasagındın “Kuttuu bilimi” - X-XI kılımdardagı borborduk Aziyadagı musulmandık kayra jarapuunun kuzgusu - Jusup Balasagındın 1000 jıldıgına arnalgan V “Kırgız jana Karahandar kaganattarı” el aralık ilimiy-tajrıybalık jıyınının (2016-jıldın 16-18- sentyabrı) bayandamaları (pp. 25-33). Bişkek.
  • Babayarov, G. (2017). On the Relations between the Rulers of Chach аnd Tokharistan in the Pre-Islamic Period. Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi, 23, 5-20.
  • Babayarov, G. (2019). Tamgas on Early Medieval Coins from Central Asian Oases. In Voyakin, D. A. (Ed.). Tamgas of Pre-Islamic Central Asia (pp. 333-363). Samarkand: IICAS.
  • Babayarov, G. (2021). New Reading of Some Turko-Sogdian Coins of Pre-Islamic Central Asia. Kamoliddin, Sh. (Ed.), Sogdiyskiy sbornik. Vypusk 9: Noveyshiye issledovaniya po istorii i istorii kul'tury Sogda v Uzbekistane (pp. 35-48). LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing.
  • Babayarov, G. & Kubatin, A. (2013). Byzantine impact on the iconography of Western Turkic coinage. Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 66(1), 47-58.
  • Babayarov, G. & Kubatin, A. (2014). Ocherki po istorii i numizmatike Zapadno-Tyurkskogo kaganata. Chast’ 1. Saarbryuken: Lambert Academic Publishing.
  • Bai, Yudong (2019). 成吉思汗称号的释音释义 [The Phonetics and Meaning of the Title Chinggis Khan]. 历史研究 [Historical Research], 2019(6), 45-58.
  • Cai, Meibiao (2007). 成吉思及撑黎孤涂释义 [The Meaning of Chinggis and Chengli-Gutu]. 中国史研究 [Journal of Chinese Historical Studies], 2, 99-106.
  • Cen, Zhongmian (1958). 突厥集史 [A Compilation of Chinese Sources on the Early Turks]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.
  • Chen, Ken (2022). 關於突厥木杆可汗的名號 [On the Epithets of Türk Mu-gan Qaghan]. In 西域歷史語言研究集刊 [Historical and Philological Studies of China’s Western Regions], 17, 43-55.
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  • Guo, Xiliang (2010). 漢字古音手册 [A Handbook of Ancient Pronunciation of Chinese Characters]. Beijing: The Commercial Press.
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  • Haussig, H. W. (1953). Theophylakts Exkurs über die skythischen Völker. Byzantion, 23, 275-462.
  • Hirano, S. (2011). A New Coin in the Name of Pēčut Lord of Panch. The Numismatic Chronicle (1966-), 171, 355-358.
  • Ilyasov, J. Y. (2003). On a number of Central-Asian Tamghas. Silk Road Art and Archaeology, 9, 131-157.
  • Jiang, Boqin (1994). 敦煌吐鲁番文书与丝绸之路 [Dunhuang and Turfan Documents and the Silk Road]. Beijing: Cultural Relics Press.
  • Kamoliddin, S. & Babajar, G. (2008). Some Notes on the Titles of the Pre-Islamic Rulers of Chach. Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi, 15, 71-92.
  • Kamoliddin, S. & Babayar, G. (2007). RETSENZIYA na rabotu E. V. Rtveladze «Istoriya i numizmatika Chacha (vtoraya polovina III – seredina VIII v. n.e.)» (pp. 1-45). Tashkent, 2006, 28.01.07.
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  • Kubatin, A. V. (2016). Sistema titulov v Tyurkskom kaganate: genezis i preyemstvennost’. Tashkent: Yangi nashr.
  • Lang, Rui & Lin, Wenjun (2018). 昭武遗珍 ：唐安西都护府地区货币研究 [Relics of Zhaowu: Research on the Currencies of the Anxi protectorate under the Tang]. Changsha: Hunan Art Publishing House.
  • Li, Fanggui (1980). 上古音研究 [Studies on Archaic Chinese]. Beijing: The Commercial Press.
  • Liu, Xinzhong (2021). 元音分析的框架 [A Framework for Vowel Analysis]. 东方语言学 [Journal of East Linguistics], 22, 35-46.
  • Luo, Changpei & Wang, Jun (1981). 普通语音学纲要 [Outline of General Phonetics]. Beijing: The Commercial Press.
  • Lurje, P. B. (2010). Personal Names in Sogdian Sources. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
  • Markwart, J. (1938). Wehrot und Arang: Untersuchungen zur mythischen und geschichtlichen Landeskunde von Ostiran. Leiden: Brill.
  • Marquart, J. (1914). Über das Volkstum der Komanen. In Osttürkische Dialektstudien (pp. 25-238). Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung.
  • Matsuda, Hisao (1970). 古代天山の歷史地理學的研究 [Geo-Historical Studies on the Ancient TianshanRegion]. Tokyo: Waseda Daigaku Shuppanbu.
  • Nagasawa, Kazutoshi (1979). 韋節 杜行滿の西使 [On Wei Jie and Du Xingman’s mission to the west]. シルクロード史研 [Historical studies of the Silk Road] (pp. 481-488).
  • Naito, Midori (1988). 西突厥史の研究 [History of the Western Turks]. Tokyo: Waseda Daigaku Shuppanbu.
  • Osawa, T. (2002). Batı Göktürk Kağanlığın’daki Aşinaslı Bir Kağan’ın Şeceresine ait Bir Kaynak. In Güzel, H. C. et al. (Eds.), Türkler II (pp. 813-823). Ankara: Yeni Türkiye Yayınları.
  • Pan, Wuyun (2000). 汉语历史音韵学 [Chinese Historical Phonology]. Shanghai: Shanghai Educational Publishing House.
  • Pulleyblank, E. G. (1962). The Consonantal System of Old Chinese. Asia Major, 9, 58-144, 206-265.
  • Pulleyblank, E. G. (1965). The Chinese Name for the Turks. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 85(2), 121-125.
  • Pulleyblank, E. G. (1991). A Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese and Early Mandarin. Vancouver: UBC Press.
  • Rachewiltz, I. (1989). The Title Činggis Qan/Qaɤan re-examined. In Heissig, W. & Sagaster, K. (Eds.), Gedanke und Wirkung: Festschrift zum 90. Geburtstag von Nikolaus Poppe (pp. 281-298). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
  • Rezakhani, K. (2017). Re-Orienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Rtveladze, E. (2006). Istoriya i numizmatika Chacha (vtoraya polovina III - seredina VIII v. n.e.). Tashkent.
  • Shagalov, V. D. & Kuznetsov, A. V. (2006). Каталог монет Чача III-VIII вв. Tashkent: FAN.
  • Sims-Williams, N. (1989). Sogdian. In Schmitt, R. (Ed.), Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum (pp. 173–192). Wiesbaden: Reichert.
  • Sims-Williams, N. (2016). A Dictionary: Christian Sogdian, Syriac and English. Wiesbaden: Reichert.
  • Sinor, D. (1985). Some Components of the Civilization of the Turks. In Jarring, G. & Rosén, S. (Eds.), Altaistic Studies (pp. 145–159). Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell. Uchida, Ginpū (1975). 北アジア史研究：鮮卑柔然突厥篇 [North Asian History Studies II]. Kyoto: Dōhōsha Publishing Department.
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The Restoration of zpγw in the Legends on the Western Turkic Coins: Also on Magha Shad’s Pedigree

Year 2024, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 24 - 56, 23.02.2024

Ken Chen

https://doi.org/10.35236/jots.1382795

Abstract

The Sogdian word zpγw in the legends on the Western Turkic coins is not the variant spelling form of cpγw (Jabghu), and its reading should be revised to zwγw/ žwγw, the Chinese transcription of which may be Shegui 射匱, and the etymology of which is related to Sogdian žwγ-/žγw/jwγ-/jγw/δrγw, which means “hard, cruel, harsh, severe”. There are two kinds of žwγw coin, each casted by Shegui, grandson of Tardu, son of Dulu, and by Yipi Shegui, grandson of Dielishi. They had different tamgas deriving from different branches within the Tardu line. The tamga of the second kind of žwγw coin i.e. Yipi Shegui coin belonged to the Magha Shad line, and the other tamga that appeared along with it came from the Hephthalite, indicating that the line was closely related to Hephthalite-Tokharistan. From the perspective of the relationship between basic tamga and derived tamga, the possibility that Magha Shad came from the Dulu line can be ruled out, and Magha Shad might be the grandson of Tardu and son of Ton Shad instead. The joint appearance of the two tamgas on the Yipi Shegui coin suggest a marriage relationship between the Magha Shad line and the Hephthalite, which might be a continuation of the earlier tradition of marriage relationship between Tardu and Hephthalite.

Keywords

Western Turkic Qaghanate Sogdian Chinese transcription Old Turkic titles epithet coin legend tamga pedigree ton Jabghu Magha Shad Hephthalite

References

  • Atwood, C. P. (2012/2013). Some Early Inner Asian Terms Related to the Imperial Family and the Comitatus. Central Asiatic Journal, 56, 49-86.
  • Babayar, G. (2007). Köktürk Kağanlığı Sikkeleri Kataloğu. The Catalogue of the Coins of Turkic Qaghanate. Ankara: TIKA.
  • Babayar, G. (2017). Batı Köktürk Kağanlığı’nın “Elbi İşbara Sır Cabgu-Kağan” Ünvanlı Sikkeleri. GLOBAL-Turk, 3-4, 105-115.
  • Babayarov, G. (2007a). Drevnetyurkskiye monety Chachskogo oazisa (VI - VIII vv. n.e.). Tashkent.
  • Babayarov, G. (2007b). On the orthography of the title “djabghu” in the coins with Sogdian letters relation to the Chach epoch of the Western Turkic Qaghanate. (https://groups.yahoo.com/group/Sogdian-L/)
  • Babayarov, G. (2016). The Old Turkic Titles Qaghan, Jabghu and Jabgu-Qaghan on the Coins of the Western Turkic Qaghanate. Jusup Balasagındın “Kuttuu bilimi” - X-XI kılımdardagı borborduk Aziyadagı musulmandık kayra jarapuunun kuzgusu - Jusup Balasagındın 1000 jıldıgına arnalgan V “Kırgız jana Karahandar kaganattarı” el aralık ilimiy-tajrıybalık jıyınının (2016-jıldın 16-18- sentyabrı) bayandamaları (pp. 25-33). Bişkek.
  • Babayarov, G. (2017). On the Relations between the Rulers of Chach аnd Tokharistan in the Pre-Islamic Period. Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi, 23, 5-20.
  • Babayarov, G. (2019). Tamgas on Early Medieval Coins from Central Asian Oases. In Voyakin, D. A. (Ed.). Tamgas of Pre-Islamic Central Asia (pp. 333-363). Samarkand: IICAS.
  • Babayarov, G. (2021). New Reading of Some Turko-Sogdian Coins of Pre-Islamic Central Asia. Kamoliddin, Sh. (Ed.), Sogdiyskiy sbornik. Vypusk 9: Noveyshiye issledovaniya po istorii i istorii kul'tury Sogda v Uzbekistane (pp. 35-48). LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing.
  • Babayarov, G. & Kubatin, A. (2013). Byzantine impact on the iconography of Western Turkic coinage. Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 66(1), 47-58.
  • Babayarov, G. & Kubatin, A. (2014). Ocherki po istorii i numizmatike Zapadno-Tyurkskogo kaganata. Chast’ 1. Saarbryuken: Lambert Academic Publishing.
  • Bai, Yudong (2019). 成吉思汗称号的释音释义 [The Phonetics and Meaning of the Title Chinggis Khan]. 历史研究 [Historical Research], 2019(6), 45-58.
  • Cai, Meibiao (2007). 成吉思及撑黎孤涂释义 [The Meaning of Chinggis and Chengli-Gutu]. 中国史研究 [Journal of Chinese Historical Studies], 2, 99-106.
  • Cen, Zhongmian (1958). 突厥集史 [A Compilation of Chinese Sources on the Early Turks]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.
  • Chen, Ken (2022). 關於突厥木杆可汗的名號 [On the Epithets of Türk Mu-gan Qaghan]. In 西域歷史語言研究集刊 [Historical and Philological Studies of China’s Western Regions], 17, 43-55.
  • Chen, Ken (2023). 《慧思陶勒盖碑》时代的突厥形势 [The Situation in Turkic World on the Era of Khüis Tolgoi Inscription]. 中国与域外 [Sino-foreign Relations History], 5, 21-59.
  • Gharib, B. (1995). Sogdian Dictionary (Sogdian-Persian-English). Tahran: Ferhangan Publications.
  • Golden, P. B. (1992). An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
  • Guo, Xiliang (2010). 漢字古音手册 [A Handbook of Ancient Pronunciation of Chinese Characters]. Beijing: The Commercial Press.
  • Harmatta, J. & Litvinsky, B. A. (1996). 16 Tokharistan and Gandhara under Western Türk rule (650–750). In: Litvinsky, B. A. (Ed.). History of Civilizations of Central Asia III: The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750 (pp. 367-401). UNESCO Publishing.
  • Haussig, H. W. (1953). Theophylakts Exkurs über die skythischen Völker. Byzantion, 23, 275-462.
  • Hirano, S. (2011). A New Coin in the Name of Pēčut Lord of Panch. The Numismatic Chronicle (1966-), 171, 355-358.
  • Ilyasov, J. Y. (2003). On a number of Central-Asian Tamghas. Silk Road Art and Archaeology, 9, 131-157.
  • Jiang, Boqin (1994). 敦煌吐鲁番文书与丝绸之路 [Dunhuang and Turfan Documents and the Silk Road]. Beijing: Cultural Relics Press.
  • Kamoliddin, S. & Babajar, G. (2008). Some Notes on the Titles of the Pre-Islamic Rulers of Chach. Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi, 15, 71-92.
  • Kamoliddin, S. & Babayar, G. (2007). RETSENZIYA na rabotu E. V. Rtveladze «Istoriya i numizmatika Chacha (vtoraya polovina III – seredina VIII v. n.e.)» (pp. 1-45). Tashkent, 2006, 28.01.07.
  • Kyzlasov, I. L. (2000). Fyrkal'skaya runicheskaya nadpis' i yeyo tamga. Yezhegodnik Instituta Sayano-Altayskoy tyurkologii. Abakan: Khakasskogo gosuniversiteta.
  • Kubatin, A. V. (2016). Sistema titulov v Tyurkskom kaganate: genezis i preyemstvennost’. Tashkent: Yangi nashr.
  • Lang, Rui & Lin, Wenjun (2018). 昭武遗珍 ：唐安西都护府地区货币研究 [Relics of Zhaowu: Research on the Currencies of the Anxi protectorate under the Tang]. Changsha: Hunan Art Publishing House.
  • Li, Fanggui (1980). 上古音研究 [Studies on Archaic Chinese]. Beijing: The Commercial Press.
  • Liu, Xinzhong (2021). 元音分析的框架 [A Framework for Vowel Analysis]. 东方语言学 [Journal of East Linguistics], 22, 35-46.
  • Luo, Changpei & Wang, Jun (1981). 普通语音学纲要 [Outline of General Phonetics]. Beijing: The Commercial Press.
  • Lurje, P. B. (2010). Personal Names in Sogdian Sources. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
  • Markwart, J. (1938). Wehrot und Arang: Untersuchungen zur mythischen und geschichtlichen Landeskunde von Ostiran. Leiden: Brill.
  • Marquart, J. (1914). Über das Volkstum der Komanen. In Osttürkische Dialektstudien (pp. 25-238). Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung.
  • Matsuda, Hisao (1970). 古代天山の歷史地理學的研究 [Geo-Historical Studies on the Ancient TianshanRegion]. Tokyo: Waseda Daigaku Shuppanbu.
  • Nagasawa, Kazutoshi (1979). 韋節 杜行滿の西使 [On Wei Jie and Du Xingman’s mission to the west]. シルクロード史研 [Historical studies of the Silk Road] (pp. 481-488).
  • Naito, Midori (1988). 西突厥史の研究 [History of the Western Turks]. Tokyo: Waseda Daigaku Shuppanbu.
  • Osawa, T. (2002). Batı Göktürk Kağanlığın’daki Aşinaslı Bir Kağan’ın Şeceresine ait Bir Kaynak. In Güzel, H. C. et al. (Eds.), Türkler II (pp. 813-823). Ankara: Yeni Türkiye Yayınları.
  • Pan, Wuyun (2000). 汉语历史音韵学 [Chinese Historical Phonology]. Shanghai: Shanghai Educational Publishing House.
  • Pulleyblank, E. G. (1962). The Consonantal System of Old Chinese. Asia Major, 9, 58-144, 206-265.
  • Pulleyblank, E. G. (1965). The Chinese Name for the Turks. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 85(2), 121-125.
  • Pulleyblank, E. G. (1991). A Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese and Early Mandarin. Vancouver: UBC Press.
  • Rachewiltz, I. (1989). The Title Činggis Qan/Qaɤan re-examined. In Heissig, W. & Sagaster, K. (Eds.), Gedanke und Wirkung: Festschrift zum 90. Geburtstag von Nikolaus Poppe (pp. 281-298). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
  • Rezakhani, K. (2017). Re-Orienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Rtveladze, E. (2006). Istoriya i numizmatika Chacha (vtoraya polovina III - seredina VIII v. n.e.). Tashkent.
  • Shagalov, V. D. & Kuznetsov, A. V. (2006). Каталог монет Чача III-VIII вв. Tashkent: FAN.
  • Sims-Williams, N. (1989). Sogdian. In Schmitt, R. (Ed.), Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum (pp. 173–192). Wiesbaden: Reichert.
  • Sims-Williams, N. (2016). A Dictionary: Christian Sogdian, Syriac and English. Wiesbaden: Reichert.
  • Sinor, D. (1985). Some Components of the Civilization of the Turks. In Jarring, G. & Rosén, S. (Eds.), Altaistic Studies (pp. 145–159). Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell. Uchida, Ginpū (1975). 北アジア史研究：鮮卑柔然突厥篇 [North Asian History Studies II]. Kyoto: Dōhōsha Publishing Department.
  • Vondrovec, K. (2008). Numismatic Evidence of the Alchon Huns Reconsidered. Beiträge zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte Mitteleuropas, 50, 25-56.
  • Vovin, A. (2018). An Interpretation of the Khüis Tolgoi Inscription. Journal Asiatique, 306(2), 303-313.
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There are 66 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects History of Central Asia
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ken Chen 0009-0005-0381-6042

Publication Date February 23, 2024
Submission Date October 29, 2023
Acceptance Date November 24, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 8 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Chen, K. (2024). The Restoration of zpγw in the Legends on the Western Turkic Coins: Also on Magha Shad’s Pedigree. Journal of Old Turkic Studies, 8(1), 24-56. https://doi.org/10.35236/jots.1382795
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