A Review on Measurement of Radon Gas Concentration in Drinking Water

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 21 - 26, 18.12.2023

Adeeb Jafir , Ahmed Hassan Ahmed , Safar Saeed Mohammed

https://doi.org/10.54565/jphcfum.1331416

Abstract

Radon is a noble gas that has a high risk to the human body, and existence at various rates in soil, air and different source of water. Moreover, radon has a short lifetime but it can produce more risk to public health. Humans are good users of water by food, drinking water, vegetable, shower and dishwashing, however, we do have not good knowledge about the risk of radon, and we need to do more research because it’s one of the main factors to various types of cancer such as lung and stomach cancer. This review used different data in some research in different countries (Romania, Chania, Brazil, Sudan, India, Syria, Iraq, and Yemen) in (2012-2020) with the help of the RAD7 detector because it has higher resolution and is faster in measurement. In current review, higher average reading of radon was found in Nigeria, its reading was (36.1 Bq/L) which was more than the standard value in the world for drinking water (11.1 Bq/L). In any country there are so many factors to high and low concentration of radon in drinking water which are discussed and explained in this review.

Keywords

drinking water, RAD7 detector, Radon, radioactivity, human health

References

• F. Dagdelen, E. Balci, I. Qader, E. Ozen, M. Kok, M. Kanca, S. Abdullah and S. Mohammed. Influence of the Nb content on the microstructure and phase transformation properties of NiTiNb shape memory alloys. JOM. 2020;72:1664-1672.
• M. Kök, I. N. Qader, S. S. Mohammed, E. Öner, F. Dağdelen and Y. Aydogdu. Thermal stability and some thermodynamics analysis of heat treated quaternary CuAlNiTa shape memory alloy. Materials Research Express. 2019;7(1):015702.
• S. S. Mohammed, M. Kok, I. N. Qader, M. S. Kanca, E. Ercan, F. Dağdelen and Y. Aydoğdu. Influence of Ta Additive into Cu 84− x Al 13 Ni 3 (wt%) Shape Memory Alloy Produced by Induction Melting. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions A: Science. 2020;44:1167-1175.
• I. N. Qader, E. Öner, M. Kok, S. S. Mohammed, F. Dağdelen, M. S. Kanca and Y. Aydoğdu. Mechanical and Thermal Behavior of Cu 84− x Al 13 Ni 3 Hf x Shape Memory Alloys. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions A: Science. 2021;45:343-349.
• S. Mohammed, M. Kök, Z. Çirak, I. Qader, F. Dağdelen and H. Zardawi. The relationship between cobalt amount and oxidation parameters in NiTiCo shape memory alloys. PMM. 2020; 121 (14): 1411–7.
• S. S. Mohammed, K. Mediha, I. N. Qader and F. Dağdelen. The Developments of piezoelectric Materials and Shape Memory Alloys in Robotic Actuator. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi. 2019(17):1014-1030.
• M. Kok, R. A. Qadir, S. S. Mohammed and I. N. Qader. Effect of transition metals (Zr and Hf) on microstructure, thermodynamic parameters, electrical resistivity, and magnetization of CuAlMn-based shape memory alloy. The European Physical Journal Plus. 2022;137(1):62.
• R. QADIR, S. MOHAMMED, K. Mediha and I. QADER. A Review on NiTiCu Shape Memory Alloys: Manufacturing and Characterizations. Journal of Physical Chemistry and Functional Materials. 2021;4(2):49-56.
• S. MOHAMMED, K. Mediha, I. N. Qader and M. Coşkun. A Review Study on Biocompatible Improvements of NiTi-based Shape Memory Alloys. International Journal of Innovative Engineering Applications. 2021;5(2):125-130.
• S. MOHAMMED, F. DAĞDELEN and I. N. QADER. Effect of Ta Content on Microstructure and Phase Transformation Temperatures of Ti75. 5-Nb25. 5 (% at.) Alloy. Gazi University Journal of Science. 2022:1-1.
• S. Mohammed, E. Balci, F. Dagdelen and S. Saydam. Comparison of Thermodynamic Parameters and Corrosion Behaviors of Ti50Ni25Nb25 and Ti50Ni25Ta25 Shape Memory Alloys. Physics of Metals and Metallography. 2022;123(14):1427-1435.
• S. S. Mohammed, E. Balci, H. A. Qadir, I. N. Qader, S. Saydam and F. Dagdelen. The exploring microstructural, caloric, and corrosion behavior of NiTiNb shape-memory alloys. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 2022;147(21):11705-11713.
• E. Balci, F. Dagdelen, S. Mohammed and E. Ercan. Corrosion behavior and thermal cycle stability of TiNiTa shape memory alloy. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 2022:1-8.
• S. S. Mohammed, K. Mediha, I. QADER and R. QADIR. A Review on the Effect of Mechanical and Thermal Treatment Techniques on Shape Memory Alloys. Journal of Physical Chemistry and Functional Materials.5(1):51-61.
• S. S. M. Mohammed. Production and investigation of some physical properties of CuAlNiTa quaternary shape memory alloys: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü; 2021. D. Nita, M. Moldovan, T. Sferle, V. ONAd and B. Burghele. Radon concentrations in water and indoor air in north-west regions of Romania. cancer. 2013;2:3. , I. Opoku-Ntim, A. B. Andam, T. T. Akiti, J. Flectcher and V. Roca. Annual effective dose of radon in groundwater samples for different age groups in Obuasi and Offinso in the Ashanti Region, Ghana. Environmental Research Communications. 2019;1(10):105002.
• M. Ćujić, L. J. Mandić, J. Petrović, R. Dragović, M. Đorđević, M. Đokić and S. Dragović. Radon-222: environmental behavior and impact to (human and non-human) biota. International journal of biometeorology. 2020:1-15.
• G. M. Mudd. Radon sources and impacts: a review of mining and non-mining issues. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology. 2008;7(4):325-353.
• N. Vogeltanz-Holm and G. G. Schwartz. Radon and lung cancer: What does the public really know? Journal of environmental radioactivity. 2018;192:26-31.
• F. Del Claro, J. N. Correa, S. A. Paschuk, J. Kappke, A. F. Perna, M. Reque, V. Denyak, Z. Rocha and T. O. Santos. Evaluation of radon-222 concentration in air of workplaces at Curitiba/PR, Brazil. 2013.
• A. Alvarellos, M. Gestal, J. Dorado and J. R. Rabuñal. Developing a secure low-cost radon monitoring system. Sensors. 2020;20(3):752.
• L. Smith and M. Voutchkov. Assessment of radon levels in drinking water wells in St. Catherine, Jamaica. Journal of Health and Pollution. 2017;7(16):31-37.
• D. Rangaswamy, E. Srinivasa, M. Srilatha and J. Sannappa. Measurement of radon concentration in drinking water of Shimoga district, Karnataka, India. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry. 2016;307(2):907-916.
• P. Hopke, T. Borak, J. Doull, J. Cleaver, K. Eckerman, L. Gundersen, N. Harley, C. Hess, N. Kinner and K. Kopecky. Health risks due to radon in drinking water. ACS Publications; 2000.
• M. Inácio, S. Soares and P. Almeida. Radon concentration assessment in water sources of public drinking of Covilhã's county, Portugal. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences. 2017;10(2):135-139.
• A. O. Jafir, A. H. Ahmad and W. M. Saridan, editors. Seasonal radon measurements in Darbandikhan Lake water resources at Kurdistan region-northeastern of Iraq. AIP Conference Proceedings; 2016: AIP Publishing LLC.
• V. Jobbágy, T. Altzitzoglou, P. Malo, V. Tanner and M. Hult. A brief overview on radon measurements in drinking water. Journal of environmental radioactivity. 2017;173:18-24.
• I. Alam, J. ur Rehman, N. Ahmad, A. Nazir, A. Hameed and A. Hussain. An overview on the concentration of radioactive elements and physiochemical analysis of soil and water in Iraq. Reviews on environmental health. 2020;35(2):147-155.
• Y.-Y. Wu, Y.-Z. Ma, H.-X. Cui, J.-X. Liu, Y.-R. Sun, B. Shang and X. Su. Radon concentrations in drinking water in Beijing City, China and contribution to radiation dose. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2014;11(11):11121-11131.
• [D. M. Bonotto. 222Rn, 220Rn and other dissolved gases in mineral waters of southeast Brazil. Journal of environmental radioactivity. 2014;132:21-30.
• A.-E. A. Elzain. A study of indoor radon levels and radon effective dose in dwellings of some cities of Gezira State in Sudan. Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection. 2014;29(4):307-312.
• T. Yashaswini, C. Ningappa, R. Niranjan and J. Sannappa. Radon concentration level in ground and drinking water around Kabini River basin, Karnataka. Journal of the Geological Society of India. 2020;95(3):273-278.
• R. Shweikani and G. Raja. Natural radionuclides monitoring in drinking water of Homs city. Radiation Physics and Chemistry. 2015;106:333-336.
• W. A. Abdurabu, M. A. Saleh, A. T. Ramli and A. Heryansyah. Occurrence of natural radioactivity and corresponding health risk in groundwater with an elevated radiation background in Juban District, Yemen. Environmental Earth Sciences. 2016;75(20):1-12.
• S. Bello, R. Nasiru, N. Garba and D. Adeyemo. Annual effective dose associated with radon, gross alpha and gross beta radioactivity in drinking water from gold mining areas of Shanono and Bagwai, Kano state, Nigeria. Microchemical Journal. 2020;154:104551.
• M. Shamsaddini, A. Negarestani, M. Malakootian and N. Javid. Study of radon concentration of drinking water sources in adjacent areas of Sabzevaran fault. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry. 2020;326(2):1437-1446.