j. res. pharm. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 2630-6344 Marmara University Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences (Other) Eczacılık ve İlaç Bilimleri (Diğer) Cardioprotective effect of green tea and green coffee extract as metformin’s add-on to prevent cardiac fibrosis in a rat model of metabolic syndrome https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1050-3571 Chomsy Indah Nur Doctoral Program in Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6461-2223 Rohman Mohammad Saifur Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Saiful Anwar General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2374-4358 Khotimah Husnul Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1126-498X Widodo Nashi Universitas Brawijaya, Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0450-8114 Nugrahini Nur Ida Panca Doctoral Program of Food Sciences, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya 06 28 2025 28 1 16 28 02 15 2023 05 24 2023 Copyright © 2010, Journal of Research in Pharmacy 2010 Journal of Research in Pharmacy

Metabolic syndrome (METS) is a cluster of risk factors contributing to cardiovascular disease (CVD) development. Agonist-related hypertension and obesity may occur due to excess cardiac pressure caused by increased systemic blood pressure. In addition, METS also enhances the progression of cardiac remodelling through several cardiac fibrosis-related genes. METS treatment is managed using metformin as a glycemic control agent, often given with other complementary agents. This study investigates the effect of green tea and green coffee extract therapy as an add-on to metformin in preventing cardiac organ dysfunction and overexpression of cardiac fibrosis biomarkers in the METS rat model. METS model rats were divided into five groups. The rats' blood pressure, flow, and volume are measured using a non-invasive tail-cuff sphygmomanometer. After nine weeks of treatment, the heart was isolated for measurement of angiotensinogen receptor 1 (ATR1), transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), and collagen type 1 (COL1A1) gene expression by reverse-transcriptase PCR. This study found that there was a significant improvement in blood pressure, increased tail blood flow, and volume (p-value

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