<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>j. res. pharm.</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Journal of Research in Pharmacy</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2630-6344</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Marmara University</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id/>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Pharmaceutical Chemistry</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Farmasotik Kimya</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>The anti-inflammatory activity of hydrolyzed virgin coconut oil towards RAW 264.7 cell</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Nasution</surname>
                                    <given-names>Muhammad Amin</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Muslim Nusantara Al- Washliyah, Medan, 20147, Indonesia.</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0455-0555</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Silalahi</surname>
                                    <given-names>Jansen</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, 20155, Indonesia.</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2736-7932</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Harahap</surname>
                                    <given-names>Urip</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, 20155, Indonesia.</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9122-711X</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Hasibuan</surname>
                                    <given-names>Poppy Anjelisa Zaitun</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, 20155, Indonesia.</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4724-3256</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Satria</surname>
                                    <given-names>Denny</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, 20155, Indonesia.</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20250627">
                    <day>06</day>
                    <month>27</month>
                    <year>2025</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>27</volume>
                                        <issue>2</issue>
                                        <fpage>705</fpage>
                                        <lpage>711</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20220713">
                        <day>07</day>
                        <month>13</month>
                        <year>2022</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20221024">
                        <day>10</day>
                        <month>24</month>
                        <year>2022</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2010, Journal of Research in Pharmacy</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2010</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Journal of Research in Pharmacy</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>Inflammation can result from the introduction of foreign things into the body, such as bacteria or viruses.Inflammation activates macrophages and mast cells, which serve as immunological agents. The resultant hydrolysis ofvirgin coconut oil (HVCO) has an anti-inflammatory effect. This research aimed to determine how HVCO affects anti-inflammatory effects in vitro RAW 264.7 cells were activated against lipopolysaccharide. HVCO has anti-inflammatoryeffects determined by performing a live-cell viability assay using the MTT method [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide], IL- 6, TNF- α, IL-1β, iNOS, COX-2, and β-actin gene expression have been studiedutilizing reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The HVCO test results on RAW 264.7 cells with thecell viability test at concentrations (62.5 g/mL; 31.5 g/mL) showed the percentage of live cells (&amp;gt; 90%), namely (97.74 ±0.31; 102.31 ± 1.21) and assays using the expression of iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, COX-2, and β-actin genes from HVCOin cells induced with LPS decreased the density value of HVCO, the expression of iNOS and IL-1β resulted in densityvalues the best (0.72±0.010) and (2.40±0.015), TNF-α (0.76±0.7633), IL-6 (1.16±0.010), COX-2 (0.98 ± 0.010), and β-actin(1,02± 0,010). This study showed that HVCO has anti-inflammatory actions on RAW 264.7 cells caused bylipopolysaccharide.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>HVCO</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Antiinflammatory</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  RAW-264.7</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Cell-Viability</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  RT-PCR</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                                                                                        </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sami DG, Heiba HH, Abdellatif A. Wound Healing Models; A Systematic Review of Animal and Non-Animal
Models. Wound Med. 2018;24:8–17. [CrossRef]</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Rodrigues HG, Vinolo MAR, Sato FT, Magdalon J, Kuhl CMC, et al. Oral Administration of Linoleic Acid Induces New
Vessel Formation and Improves Skin Wound Healing in Diabetic Rats. Plos One. 2016; 2016;11(10):1-19. [CrossRef]</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Reina-Couto M., Pereira-Terra, P.; Quelhas-Santos J, Silva-Pereira C, Albino-Teixeira A, Sousa T. Inflammation
in Human Heart Failure: Major Mediators and Therapeutic Targets. Front. Physiol. 2021;12:746494. [CrossRef]</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Zhang X, Wu X, Hu Q, Wu J, Wang G, Hong Z, Ren J. Lab for Trauma and Surgical Infections. Mitochondrial
DNA in Liver Inflammation and Oxidative Stress. Life Sci. 2019;223:116464. [CrossRef]</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Da Hye Kwon JM, Choi EO, Jeong JW, Lee KW, Kim KY, Kim SG, Kim S, Hong SH, Park C, Hwang HJ, Choi
YH. The immunomodulatory activity of Mori folium, the leaf of Morus alba L. in RAW 264.7 macrophages in
vitro. Journal of cancer prevention. 2016;21(3):144. [CrossRef]</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tian Y, Zhou S, Takeda R, Okazaki K, Sekita M, Sakamoto K. Anti-inflammatory activities of amber extract in
lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. Biomedicine &amp; Pharmacotherapy.
2021;141(2021):111854. [CrossRef]</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Raghubeer EV, Phan, BN, Onuoha E, Diggins S, Aguilar V, Swanson S, Lee A. The Use of High-Pressure
Processing (HPP) to Improve the Safety and Quality of Raw Coconut (Cocos Nucifera L.) Water. Int. J. Food
Microbiol. 2020;331:108697. [CrossRef]</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Intahphuak S, Khonsung P, Panthong, A. Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities of Virgin Coconut
Oil. Pharmaceutical Biology. 2010;48(2):151–157.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Silalahi J, Situmorang P, Patilaya P, Silalahi YC. Antibacterial Activity of Chitosan and Hydrolyzed Coconut Oil
and Their Combination Against Bacillus Cereus and Eschericia Coli. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and
Clinical Research. 2018;11(10):69-73. [CrossRef]</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Varma SR, Sivaprakasam TO, Arumugam I, Dilip, N, Raghuraman M, Pavan K, Rafiq M, Paramesh R. In vitro
anti-inflammatory and skin protective properties of Virgin coconut oil. J. Tradit. Complement. Med. 2019;9:5–
14. [CrossRef]</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Margata L, Silalahi J, Harahap U, Suryanto D. The Antibacterial Effect Of Enzymatic Hydrolyzed Virgin coconut
Oil on Propionibacterium acne, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Methicillin-Resistent Staphylococcus
aureus. Rasayan J. Chem. 2019;12(2):987-993. [CrossRef]</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Silalahi J, Rosidah, Yuandani, Satria D. Virgin Coconut Oil Modulates TCD4+ and TCD8+ Cell Profile of
Doxorubicin-Induced Immune-Suppressed Rats. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research.
2018;11(1):37-8. [CrossRef]</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Elysa, Harahap U, Silalahi J. Antibacterial activity of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Virgin Coconut oil against
Salmonella. International Journal of PharmTech Research. 2014; 6(2):589-99.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Santos HO, Howell S, Earnest CP, Teixeira FJ. Coconut oil intake and its effects on the cardiometabolic profile—
A structured literature review. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2019;62:436–443. [CrossRef]</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Narayanankutty A, Illam SP, Raghavamenon AC. Health impacts of different edible oils prepared from coconut
(Cocos nucifera): A comprehensive review. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2018; 80:1–7. [CrossRef]</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Nasution MA, Silalahi J, Urip H, Satria D. Anti-Inflammation Activity of Virgin Coconut Oil In-Vitro Against
Raw Cells 264.7. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development. 2020;8(1):55-58. [CrossRef]</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kumar A, Sawhney G, Nagar RK, Chauhan N, Gupta N, Kaul A, Ahmed Z, Sangwan PL, Kumar P S, Yadav G.
Evaluation of the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activity of Bakuchiol using RAW 264.7
macrophage cell lines and in animal models stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). International
Immunopharmacology. 2020;91(2021):107264. [CrossRef]</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Li Y, Yu P, Fu W, Cai L, Yu Y, Feng Z, Wang Y, Zhang F, Yu X, Xu H. Ginseng-Astragalus-oxymatrine injection
ameliorates cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in mice and enhances the immune activity of
RAW264.7 cells. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2021;279:114387. [CrossRef]</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sipayung HM, Silalahi J, Yuandani. The Activity of Combination of Hydrolyzed Virgin Coconut Oil and
Chitosan Toward Wound Healing Parameters on NIH 3T3 Cells Using in Vitro Methods.
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development. 2019;7(3):14-19 [CrossRef]</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sagala EM, Silalahi J. Wound Healing Activities of Hydrolyzed Virgin Coconut Oil (HVCO) and Fucoidan
Combination: An In Vitro Assay. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development. 2019; 7(3): 40-
45. [CrossRef]</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Verma P, Naik S, Nanda P, Banerjee S, Naik S, Ghosh A. In vitro anticancer activity of virgin coconut oil and
its fractions in liver and oral cancer cells. Anti-Cancer Agents Med. Chem. 2019; 19:2223–2230. [CrossRef]</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Zicker MC, Silveira, ALM., Lacerda DR, Rodrigues D, Oliveira CT, de Souza Cordeiro LM., Lima LCF, Santos
SHS, Teixeira MM, Ferreira AVM. Virgin coconut oil is effective to treat metabolic and inflammatory
dysfunction induced by high refined carbohydrate-containing diet in mice. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2019;63:117–128.
[CrossRef]</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Joo T, Sowndhararajan K, Hong S, Lee J, Park SY, Kim S, Jhoo JW. Inhibition of nitric oxide production in LPS-
stimulated RAW 264.7 cells by stem bark of Ulmus pumila L. Saudi journal of biological sciences. 2014;21(5):427-
35. [CrossRef]</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Chang LP, Lai YS, Wu CJ, Chou TC. Liquid perfluorochemical inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase
expression and nitric oxide formation in lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Journal of
pharmacological sciences. 2009;111(2):147-54. [CrossRef]</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gadina M, Gazaniga N, Vian L, Furumoto Y. Small molecules to the rescue: Inhibition of cytokine signaling in
immune-mediated diseases. J. Autoimmun. 2017;85:20–31. [CrossRef]</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Liu X, Jia L, Gao Y, Li B, Tu Y. Anti-inflammatory activity of total flavonoids from seeds of Camellia oleifera
Abel. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin. 2014;46(10):920-2.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Wang LQ, Lu SQ, Wang LY, Xin M, Xu YY, Wang G, Chen DQ, Chen LX, Liu S, Zhao F. Anti-inflammatory
effects of three withanolides isolated from Physalis angulata L. in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells through
blocking NF-kappa B signaling pathway. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2021; 276:114186. [CrossRef]</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Chen L, Teng H, Fang T, Xiao J. Agrimonolide from Agrimonia pilosa suppresses inflammatory responses
through down-regulation of COX-2/iNOS and inactivation of NF-κB in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated
macrophages. Phytomedicine. 2016;23:846–855. [CrossRef]</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Zhao F, Wang L, Liu K. In vitro anti-inflammatory effects of arctigenin, a lignan from Arctium lappa L., through
inhibition on iNOS pathway. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2009;122:457–462. [CrossRef]</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Margata L, Silalahi J, Harahap U, Satria D. The Effect of Hydrolyzed Coconut Oil on Lipid Profile and Liver
enzymes in Dyslipidemic Rats. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2018;11(1):406-9.
[CrossRef]</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Silalahi J, Karo LK, Sinaga S M, Cinthya Y, Silalahi E. Composition of fatty acid and ıdentification of lauric acid
position in coconut and palm kernel oils. Indones J Pharm Clin Res. 2018;1:8.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Margata L, Silalahi J, Harahap U, Satria D. The Effect of Dietary Oils and Hydrolyzed Coconut Oil on Minerals
Absorption in Rats. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2018;11(1):185-90. [CrossRef]</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kim DH, Kim DW, Jung BH, Lee JH, Lee HS, Hwang GS, Kang KS, Lee JW. Ginsenoside Rb2 suppresses the
glutamate-mediated oxidative stress and neuronal cell death in HT22 cells. J. Ginseng Res. 2019;43:326–334.
[CrossRef]</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Laksmitawati DR, Widyastuti A, Karami N, Afifah E, Rihibiha DD, Nufus H, Widowati W. Anti-inflammatory
effects of Anredera cordifolia and Piper crocatum extracts on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophage cell
line Bangladesh J. Pharmacol. 2017;12:35-40. [CrossRef]</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kim EA, Kim SY, Ye BR, Kim J, Ko SC, Lee WW, Kim KN, Choi IW, Jung WK, Heo SJ. Anti-inflammatory
effect of Apo-90 -fucoxanthinone via inhibition of MAPKs and NF-kB signaling pathway in LPS-stimulated
RAW 264.7 macrophages and zebrafish model. Int. Immun. Pharmacol. 2018;59:339–346. [CrossRef]</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref36">
                        <label>36</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tian Y, Zhou SQ, Takeda R, Okazaki K, Sekita M, Sakamoto K. Anti-inflammatory activities of amber extract in
lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2021;141:111854. [CrossRef]</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
