<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>j. res. pharm.</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Journal of Research in Pharmacy</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2630-6344</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Marmara University</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12991/jrespharm.1798146</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences (Other)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Eczacılık ve İlaç Bilimleri (Diğer)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>Combination of quercetin and Pangasius hypophthalmus offal oil extract in SNEDDS formulation as antihypercholesterolemia: Optimization, in vitro, and in vivo</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2880-5321</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Ainurofiq</surname>
                                    <given-names>Ahmad</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Sebelas Maret</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0447-6221</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Sutanto</surname>
                                    <given-names>Evelyn Benedikta</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Sebelas Maret</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7032-4383</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Wijaya</surname>
                                    <given-names>Nayla Khanza</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Sebelas Maret</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4911-4868</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Ikhsani</surname>
                                    <given-names>Putri Alif Nur</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Sebelas Maret</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5577-957X</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Nurhanifah</surname>
                                    <given-names>Farah</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Sebelas Maret</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2491-283X</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Afifah</surname>
                                    <given-names>Nurul</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Sebelas Maret</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20251102">
                    <day>11</day>
                    <month>02</month>
                    <year>2025</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>29</volume>
                                        <issue>6</issue>
                                        <fpage>2476</fpage>
                                        <lpage>2485</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20240726">
                        <day>07</day>
                        <month>26</month>
                        <year>2024</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20241018">
                        <day>10</day>
                        <month>18</month>
                        <year>2024</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2010, Journal of Research in Pharmacy</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2010</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Journal of Research in Pharmacy</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>Quercetin contains antioxidant compounds that are proven to reduce the level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL). The challenges of poor solubility and bioavailability demand the modification of quercetin in the form of Self Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS). This study aims to develop a SNEDDS formulation of quercetin compound with a combination of Pangasius hypophthalmus offal fat extract oil as a hypercholesterolemia drug using the Box-Behnken Design. Dry rendering extraction of Pangasius hypophthalmus fish offal fat produced pure fish oil with GC-FID results containing omega 3 (1.33%), omega 6 (1.48%), and omega 9 (8.20%). SNEDDS was developed using the Box-Behnken Design method with variations of 85% tween 80, 10% propylene glycol, and 5% Pangasius hypophthalmus oil. The optimum formula was determined based on droplet size, emulsification time, and % transmittance parameters using Stat-Ease® 360 Design Expert software. The optimum formulation exhibited a droplet size of 22.6 ± 0.11 nm with a polydispersity index of 0.641 ± 0.02 and a zeta potential value of -11.6 ± 0.51 mV. In vitro testing showed quercetin SNEDDS could quickly form spontaneous nanoemulsions when in contact with water compared to quercetin not in the form of SNEDDS, with a Q30 obtained of 91.2889%. The depiction of the drug release profile at 30 minutes can also be referred to as the Q30. The SNEDDS dissolution profile has requirements, namely that it must dissolve within 30 minutes minimum 80%. In vivo testing showed quercetin SNEDDS had antihypercholesterolemia activity by reducing cholesterol levels by 51.5%, thus providing greater effectiveness in reducing cholesterol levels than SNEDDS without quercetin and preparations not in the form of SNEDDS.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>antihypercholesterolemia</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  fish oil</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Pangasius hypophthalmus</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  quercetin</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  SNEDDS</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                                                                                        </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[1] Kementerian Kesehatan RI. https://yankes.kemkes.go.id/ (accessed January 21, 2023).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[2] Sinulingga BO. The effect of fiber consumption in lowering cholesterol levels. J Penelitian Sains. 2020; 22(1): 9-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.26554/jps.v22i.556.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[3] Ward NC, Watts GF, Eckel RH. Statin toxicity mechanistic insights and clinical implications. Circ Res. 2019; 124(2): 328-350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.312782.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[4] Yang D, Wang T, Long M, Li P. Quercetin: Its main pharmacological activity and potential application in clinical medicine. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2020;2020:8825387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8825387.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[5] Wahyuni LT, Putra RP. The effect of avocado leaf extract on reducing cholesterol levels in mice (Mus musculus). J Kes Lent Aisy. 2020; 3(2): 55-61.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[6] Xu D, Hu MJ, Wang YQ, Cui YL. Antioxidant Activities of Quercetin and Its Complexes for Medicinal Application. Molecules. 2019 Mar 21;24(6):1123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24061123.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[7] Priani SE, Somantri SY, Aryani R. Formulation and characterization of SNEDDS (self nanoemulsifying drug delivery system) containing black cumin seed oil and olive oil. J Sains Farm Klin. 2020; 7(1): 31-38. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jsfk.7.1.31-38.2020.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[8] Iwo A. POTENSI PRODUKSI MINYAK IKAN DARI JEROAN IKAN PATIN (The Potential of Fish Oil Production from Catfish Viscera). Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Agrokompleks. 2019; 2(1): 86-91.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[9] Natakusuma PN, Anggo AD, Purnamayati L, Arifin MH. The effect of red ginger oleoresin addition on the oxidation level in oil pangas 10 catfish offal (Pangasius hypoptalmus). J Adv Food Sci Tech. 2023; 10(4): 54-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.56557/jafsat/2023/v10i48413.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[10] Suseno SH, Rizkon AK, Jacoeb AM, Nurjanah N, Supinah P. Extraction with dry rendering method and characterization of fish oil by-product of pangasius fillet industries in lampung. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia. 2020; 23(1): 38-46. https://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/jphpi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[11] Yadav P, Rastogi V, Verma A. Application of Box–Behnken design and desirability function in the development and optimization of self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system for enhanced dissolution of ezetimibe. Fut J Pharm Sci. 2020; 6: 7 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s43094-020-00023-3.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[12] Patel J, Dhingani A, Tilala J, Raval M, Sheth N. Formulation and development of self-nanoemulsifying granules of olmesartan medoxomil for bioavailability enhancement. Particul Sci Tech. 2014; 32(3): 274–290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02726351.2013.855686.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[13] Shanmugam S, Baskaran R, Balakrishnan P, Thapa P, Yong CS, Yoo BK. Solid self nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (S-SNEDDS) containing phosphatidylcholine for enhanced bioavailability of highly lipophilic bioactive carotenoid lutein. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2011; 79(2): 250–257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.04.012.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[14] Hastuti ED, Sukarno S. Formulation of self nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) of ethyl acetate extract of Parijoto Fruit (Medinilla Speciosa Blume) and physical stability test. Cendekia J Pharm. 2020; 4(2): 131-137. http://dx.doi.org/10.31596/cjp.v4i2.106.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[15] Darusman F, Dwiatama A, Priani SE. Formulation and characterization of self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) of esomeprazole magnesium trihydrate. Jurnal Sains Farmasi &amp; Klinis 2023; 10(1): 10-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jsfk.10.1.10-20.2023.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[16] Nasr A, Gardouh A, Ghorab M. Novel Solid Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (S-SNEDDS) for oral delivery of olmesartan medoxomil: Design, formulation, pharmacokinetic and bioavailability evaluation. Pharmaceutics. 2016;8(3):20. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics8030020.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[17] Firmansyah F, Wulandari W, Muhtadi W, Nofriyanti N. Optimization of antioxidant nanoemulsion formula of patchouli oil (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) using box behnken design method. J Mandala Pharmacon Indones. 2022; 8(2) :294–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.35311/jmpi.v8i2.259.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[18] Yudanti GP, Kuncahyo I, Ikasari ED. In vitro naringenin SNEDDS release test by dissolution. NASET J. 2023; 3(1): 161-167. http://dx.doi.org/10.37275/nasetjournal.v3i2.29.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[19] Syamdini CFS, Muthiah IK, Ainurofiq A. Validation of UV spectrophotometric method for ketoprofen multicomponent crystals with malic acid and tartaric acid. J Phys: Conf Ser. 2022; 2190 (1): 012034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2190/1/012034.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[20] Deliara H, Kartikadewi A, Nugraheni DM. Kaffir lime peel ethanol extract (Citrus hystrix) as a cholesterol reducing agent: in vivo study. Medica Arteriana. 2020; 2(1) :1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.26714/medart.2.1.2020.1-9.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[21] Al-Mumtahanah A, Banowati NA, Dewi TAS, Nurbaiti FA, Rachmadani SA, Ainurofiq A. Formulation development and in vivo study of nanoemulgel of Channa striata and Citrus limon extract for caesarean wound treatment. Acta Pharm Sci. 2024; 62(3): 631-646. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.23893/1307-2080.APS6240.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[22] Senapati PC, Sahoo SK, Sahu A.N. Mixed surfactant based (SNEDDS) self nanoemulsifying drug delivery system presenting efavirenz for enhancement of oral bioavailability. Biomed Pharmacother. 2016; 80: 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2016.02.039.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[23] Baloch J, Sohail MF, Sarwar HS, Kiani MH, Khan GM, Jahan S, Rafay M, Chaudhry MT, Yasinzai M, Shahnaz G. Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) for improved oral bioavailability of chlorpromazine: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation. Medicina. 2019; 55: 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina55050210.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[24] Rohani AS, Yuandani Y, Sitorus P, Andrianto D, Dalimunthe A. Anti-hypercholesterolemic activity of standardized fermented Allium cepa L. var aggregatum extract: In vitro and in vivo studies. J Herbmed Pharmacol. 2022; 11(3): 383-388. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/jhp.2022.44.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[25] Nugraha F, Kurniawan H, Yastiara I. Determination of paracetamol levels in herbal medicine in Pontianak City using UV-Vis spectrophotometry instruments. Indones J Pharm Educ. 2023; 3(1): 77-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.37311/ijpe.v3i1.18876.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
