Research Article
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The Effect of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae and Spirulina Platensis on Glutathione and Leucocytes Count in Rabbits

Year 2019, Volume: 38 Issue: 1, 71 - 76, 18.07.2019

Nurten Galıp Nilay Seyıdoglu Zehra Serdar Nilgün Savas

https://doi.org/10.30782/uluvfd.422576

Abstract

Glutathione is the important antioxidant agent that is used for body detoxification system. Because of the fact that ıt is crucial for protecting health. A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of natural additives such as live yeast culture Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) and microalgae Spirulina platensis (SP) on the glutathione and leukocytes counts of rabbits. Forty male New Zealand white rabbits, aged 5-6 weeks, were studied in 4 groups. Treatments were control group, SC (added 3 g/kg diet), SP (added 5% of the diet) and, SC and SP (added 3
g/kg diet and added 5% of the diet) respectively. The experiment lasted for 90 days and the blood samples were obtained by ear venipuncture on the 90th day. In conclusion, according to the results of this study, although not statistically significant, supplementing rabbit with S. cerevisiae or S. platensis  had increased on glutathione values. Glutathione tend to be positively correlated with the addition of SC or SP. No significant difference in white blood cell counts was evidenced, even if lymphocyte counts tended to increase and neutrophil counts to decrease in rabbits fed SC or SC+SP. The determination of biological consequences (antioxidant potential, resistance to diseases, and improvement of nutritional status) requires further investigations.

Keywords

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Spirulina platensis glutathione leukocyte

Supporting Institution

BUU-BAP

Project Number

2011/19

Thanks

This study was supported by a grant from the Research Foundations of Uludag University (Project number: 2011/19)

References

  • 1. Compoti M. Glutathione depleting agents and lipid peroxidation in the aging rat. Com Biochem Phys. 1987;88:177-180.
  • 2. Mitchel JB, Russo l. The role of glutathione in radiation and drug induced cytotoxicity. Br J Cancer Suppl. 1987;55:96-104.
  • 3. Vertuani S, Angusti A, Manfredini, S. The Antioxidants and Pro-Antioxidants Network: An Overview. Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2004;10(14):1677– 94.
  • 4. Suthanthiran M, Anderson ME, Sharma VK, Meister A. Glutathione regulates activation-dependent DNA synthesis in highly purified normal human T lymphocytes stimulated via the CD2 and CD3 antigens, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1990;87:3343–3347.
  • 5. Hutter DE, Till, BG, Greene JJ. Redox state changes in density-dependent regulation of proliferation, Exp. Cell Res. 1997;232:435–438.
  • 6. Ketterer B. Glutathione-S-transferase and prevention of cellular free radical damage. Free Radical Research. 1998;28:647–658.
  • 7. Davies KJ. Oxidative stress: The paradox of aerobic life. Free Radicals and Oxidative Stress: Environment, Drugs and Food Additives. Biochem Soc Symp. 1995;61:1-31.
  • 8. Stefanis L, Burke RE, Greene LA. Apoptosis in neurodegenerative disorders. Curr Opin Neurol. 1997;10:299–305.
  • 9. Catapano AL, Maggi FM, Tragni E. Low density lipoprotein oxidation, antioxidants, and atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2000;5:355–363.
  • 10. Mashima R, Witting PK, Stocher R: Oxidants and antioxidants in atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2001;12:411–418.
  • 11. Shahidi F. Natural Antioxidants: Chemistry, Health Effects, and Applications. 1-12 AOCS press; 1997.
  • 12. McCarty MF. Clinical potential of Spirulina as a source of phycocyanobilin. J Med Food. 2007;10(4):566–70.
  • 13. Dartsch PC. Antioxidant potential of selectedSpirulina platensis preparations. Phytother Res. 2008;22(5):627– 33.
  • 14. Hany MR, Abdel L, Riad H. Khalil. Evaluation of two Phytobiotics, Spirulina platensis and Origanum vulgare extract on Growth, Serum antioxidant activities and Resistance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to pathogenic Vibrio alginolyticus. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies. 2014;1(5):250- 255
  • 15. Duncan PL, Klesius PH. Effects of Feeding Spirulina on Specific and Nonspecific Immune Responses of Channel Catfish. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health. 1996;8:308-313.
  • 16. Seyidoglu N, Galip N, Budak F, Uzabaci E. The effects of Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira platensis) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the distribution and cytokine production of CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes in rabbits. Austral J Vet Sci. 2017;49:185-190.
  • 17. Khan Z, Bhadouria P, Bisen PS. Nutritional and therapeutic potential ofSpirulina. Curr Pharm Biotechnol.2005;6:373–379.
  • 18. Kim YM, Cheong SH, Lee JH, Kim JM, Sok DE, Kim MR. Spirulina improves antioxidant status by reducing oxidative stress in rabbits fed a high-cholesterol diet. Medicinal Food. 2010;13(2):420-426.
  • 19. Ponce-Canchihuamán JC, Pérez-Méndez O, Hernández- Muñoz R, Torres-Durán PV, JuárezOropeza MA. Protective effects of Spirulina maxima on hyperlipidemia and oxidative-stress induced by lead acetate in the liver and kidney. Lipids Health Dis. 2010;9:35.
  • 20. Viswanadha VP, Sivan S, Rajendra Shenoi R. Protective effect of Spirulina against 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide induced toxicity. Mol Biol Rep. 2011;38(1):309-17.
  • 21. Zanello G, Meurens F, Berri M, Salmon H. Saccharomyces boulardii effects on gastrointestinal diseases. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2009;11:47-58.
  • 22. Dawson, K.A, Yeast culture as feedsupplements for ruminants: Mode of action and future applications. J. Anim. Sci. 1993;71:280–284.
  • 23. Wallace RJ. Yeast benefits examined. Feed Mix. 1998;6:27–29.
  • 24. Al-Masri Sa,.El- Safty SMS, Nada SA, Amra HA. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Probiotic Bacteria Potentially Inhibit Fumonisin B1 Production in Vitro and in Vivo. Journal of American Science. 2011;7(1):198- 205.
  • 25. Peker S., Seyidoglu, N; Galip N., Zık, B. The Effect of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae on the Morphological and Histochemical Characteristics of the Duodenal Mucosa in the Rabbit. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg. 2014;20 (1): 87-92.
  • 26. Galip, N. Effect of supplemental yeast culture on ruminal protozoa and blood parameters in Rams. Revue Med. Vet. 2006;157(11):519-524.
  • 27. Galip N, Aydın C, Türkmen İİ, Yalçın M, Biricik H. Effects of Supplemental Yeast Culture on Blood Parameters. Indian Vet. J. 2004;81:1235-1238.
  • 28. NRC, National Research Council. Nutrient Requirements of Rabbits. 6th ed. National Academy Press, Washington; 1997.
  • 29. AOAC. Official Methods of Analysis: MD Official Method 991.36, 17th ed. Gaithersburg; 2000.
  • 30. Jain NC. Schalm’s Veterinary Haematology, 4th ed. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia; 1986, 40-66.
  • 31. Tietz NW. Textbook of Clinical Chemistry. W.B. Saunders Comp, Philadelphia; 1996, 1508-1510.
  • 32. SPSS: SPSS software package for Windows, Version 17.0, Chicago.
  • 33. Dawson B, Trapp RG. Basic&Clinical Biostatistics. 3rd ed. Lange Medical Books / McGraw International Editions, New York; 2001.
  • 34. Yang YT, Whiteman M, Gieseg SP. Intracellular glutathione protects human monocyte-derived macrophages from hypochlorite damage. Life Sciences. 2012;90(17–18):682-688.
  • 35. Kim JM, Kim H, Kwon SB, Lee SY, Chung SC, Jeong DW, Min BM. Intracellular glutathione status regulates mouse bone marrow monocyte-derived macrophage differentiation and phagocytic activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004;325(1):101-8.
  • 36. Rayner BS, Love, DT, Hawkins CL. Comparative reactivity of myeloperoxidase-derived oxidants with mammalian cells. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2014;71:240-255.
  • 37. Zhou D, Huang C, Lin Z, Zhan S, Kong L, Fang C, li J. Macrophage polarization and function with emphasis on the evolving roles of coordinated regulation of cellular signaling pathways. Cellular Signalling. 2014;26 (2):192–197.
  • 38. Premkumar K, Pachiappan A, Abraham SK, Santhiya ST, Gopinath PM, Ramesh A. Effect of Spirulina fusiformison cyclophosphamide and mitomycin-C induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress in mice. Fitoterapia. 2001;72:906–911.
  • 39. Belay A, Ota Y, Miyakawa K, Shimamatsu H. Current knowledge on potential health benefits of Spirulina. J Appl Phycol. 1993;5:235–241.
  • 40. Romay CR, González R, Ledón N, Remirez D, Rimbau V. C-Phycocyanin, A Biliprotein with Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Effects. Current Protein and Peptide Science. 2003;4;207-216.
  • 41. Riss J, De´corde´ K, Sutra T, Delage M, Baccou JC, Jouy N,Brune JP, Ore´al H, Cristol JP, Rouanet JM. Phycobiliprotein C-phycocyanin fromSpirulina platensisis powerfully responsible for reducing oxidative stress and NADPH oxidase expression induced by an atherogenic diet in hamsters. J Agric Food. 2007;5:7962– 7967.
  • 42. Pinero Estrada JE, Bermejo Bescos P, Villar del Fresno AM. Antioxidant activity of different fractions of Spirulina platensis protean extract. Farmco. 2001;56 (5-7): 497-500.
  • 43. Belay A. The Potential Application of Spirulina (Arthrospira) as a Nutritional Health and Therapeutic Supplement in Health Management. Journal of the American Nutraceutical Association. 2002;5:27-48.
  • 44. Kalafati M, Jamurtas AZ, Nikolaidis MG, Paschalis V, Theodorou AA, Sakellariou GK, Koutedakis Y, Kouretas D. Ergogenic and antioxidant effects of spirulina supplementation in humans. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42(1):142-51.
  • 45. Şener G, Toklu HZ, Çetinel Ş. Beta-Glucan Protects Against Chronic Nicotine- Induced Oxidative Damage in Kidney and Bladder. Environmental Toxicology And Pharmacology. 2007;23:25-32.
  • 46. Atalay B. Japon Bıldırcınlarında Deneysel Aflatoksikozis’te Esterifiye Glukomannan’ın Lipid Peroksidasyonu ve Bazı Antioksidan Sistem Parametreleri Üzerine Etkileri. Dicle Üniv Vet Fak Derg. 2010;2(1):29-33.
  • 47. Liut L, Baojiang G, Jihong R, Xinyi D, Linxing C, Botang W. Study on effect and mechanism of polysaccharides of Spirulina platensis on body immune function improvement. Marine Science. 1991;6:44-49.
  • 48. Hayashi O, Katoh T, Okuwaki Y. Enhancement of antibody production in mice by dietary Spirulina platensis. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology. 1994;40:431-441.
  • 49. Şahan A, Taşbozan O, Aydın F, Özütok S, Erbaşı C, Duman S, Uslu L, Özcan, F. Determination of some Haematolgical and Nonspecific Immune Parameters in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L., 1758) Fed with Spirulina (Spirulina platensis) Added Diets. Journal of Aquaculture Engineering and Fisheries Research. 2015;1(3):133-139.
  • 50. Onifade AA, Obiyan RI, Onipede E, Adejumo DO, Abu OA, Babatunde GM. Assessment of the effects of supplementing rabbit diets with a culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae using growth performance, blood composition and clinical enzyme activities. Anim Feed Sci Tech. 1999;77:25-32.

Year 2019, Volume: 38 Issue: 1, 71 - 76, 18.07.2019

Nurten Galıp Nilay Seyıdoglu Zehra Serdar Nilgün Savas

https://doi.org/10.30782/uluvfd.422576

Abstract

Project Number

2011/19

References

  • 1. Compoti M. Glutathione depleting agents and lipid peroxidation in the aging rat. Com Biochem Phys. 1987;88:177-180.
  • 2. Mitchel JB, Russo l. The role of glutathione in radiation and drug induced cytotoxicity. Br J Cancer Suppl. 1987;55:96-104.
  • 3. Vertuani S, Angusti A, Manfredini, S. The Antioxidants and Pro-Antioxidants Network: An Overview. Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2004;10(14):1677– 94.
  • 4. Suthanthiran M, Anderson ME, Sharma VK, Meister A. Glutathione regulates activation-dependent DNA synthesis in highly purified normal human T lymphocytes stimulated via the CD2 and CD3 antigens, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1990;87:3343–3347.
  • 5. Hutter DE, Till, BG, Greene JJ. Redox state changes in density-dependent regulation of proliferation, Exp. Cell Res. 1997;232:435–438.
  • 6. Ketterer B. Glutathione-S-transferase and prevention of cellular free radical damage. Free Radical Research. 1998;28:647–658.
  • 7. Davies KJ. Oxidative stress: The paradox of aerobic life. Free Radicals and Oxidative Stress: Environment, Drugs and Food Additives. Biochem Soc Symp. 1995;61:1-31.
  • 8. Stefanis L, Burke RE, Greene LA. Apoptosis in neurodegenerative disorders. Curr Opin Neurol. 1997;10:299–305.
  • 9. Catapano AL, Maggi FM, Tragni E. Low density lipoprotein oxidation, antioxidants, and atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2000;5:355–363.
  • 10. Mashima R, Witting PK, Stocher R: Oxidants and antioxidants in atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2001;12:411–418.
  • 11. Shahidi F. Natural Antioxidants: Chemistry, Health Effects, and Applications. 1-12 AOCS press; 1997.
  • 12. McCarty MF. Clinical potential of Spirulina as a source of phycocyanobilin. J Med Food. 2007;10(4):566–70.
  • 13. Dartsch PC. Antioxidant potential of selectedSpirulina platensis preparations. Phytother Res. 2008;22(5):627– 33.
  • 14. Hany MR, Abdel L, Riad H. Khalil. Evaluation of two Phytobiotics, Spirulina platensis and Origanum vulgare extract on Growth, Serum antioxidant activities and Resistance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to pathogenic Vibrio alginolyticus. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies. 2014;1(5):250- 255
  • 15. Duncan PL, Klesius PH. Effects of Feeding Spirulina on Specific and Nonspecific Immune Responses of Channel Catfish. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health. 1996;8:308-313.
  • 16. Seyidoglu N, Galip N, Budak F, Uzabaci E. The effects of Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira platensis) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the distribution and cytokine production of CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes in rabbits. Austral J Vet Sci. 2017;49:185-190.
  • 17. Khan Z, Bhadouria P, Bisen PS. Nutritional and therapeutic potential ofSpirulina. Curr Pharm Biotechnol.2005;6:373–379.
  • 18. Kim YM, Cheong SH, Lee JH, Kim JM, Sok DE, Kim MR. Spirulina improves antioxidant status by reducing oxidative stress in rabbits fed a high-cholesterol diet. Medicinal Food. 2010;13(2):420-426.
  • 19. Ponce-Canchihuamán JC, Pérez-Méndez O, Hernández- Muñoz R, Torres-Durán PV, JuárezOropeza MA. Protective effects of Spirulina maxima on hyperlipidemia and oxidative-stress induced by lead acetate in the liver and kidney. Lipids Health Dis. 2010;9:35.
  • 20. Viswanadha VP, Sivan S, Rajendra Shenoi R. Protective effect of Spirulina against 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide induced toxicity. Mol Biol Rep. 2011;38(1):309-17.
  • 21. Zanello G, Meurens F, Berri M, Salmon H. Saccharomyces boulardii effects on gastrointestinal diseases. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2009;11:47-58.
  • 22. Dawson, K.A, Yeast culture as feedsupplements for ruminants: Mode of action and future applications. J. Anim. Sci. 1993;71:280–284.
  • 23. Wallace RJ. Yeast benefits examined. Feed Mix. 1998;6:27–29.
  • 24. Al-Masri Sa,.El- Safty SMS, Nada SA, Amra HA. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Probiotic Bacteria Potentially Inhibit Fumonisin B1 Production in Vitro and in Vivo. Journal of American Science. 2011;7(1):198- 205.
  • 25. Peker S., Seyidoglu, N; Galip N., Zık, B. The Effect of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae on the Morphological and Histochemical Characteristics of the Duodenal Mucosa in the Rabbit. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg. 2014;20 (1): 87-92.
  • 26. Galip, N. Effect of supplemental yeast culture on ruminal protozoa and blood parameters in Rams. Revue Med. Vet. 2006;157(11):519-524.
  • 27. Galip N, Aydın C, Türkmen İİ, Yalçın M, Biricik H. Effects of Supplemental Yeast Culture on Blood Parameters. Indian Vet. J. 2004;81:1235-1238.
  • 28. NRC, National Research Council. Nutrient Requirements of Rabbits. 6th ed. National Academy Press, Washington; 1997.
  • 29. AOAC. Official Methods of Analysis: MD Official Method 991.36, 17th ed. Gaithersburg; 2000.
  • 30. Jain NC. Schalm’s Veterinary Haematology, 4th ed. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia; 1986, 40-66.
  • 31. Tietz NW. Textbook of Clinical Chemistry. W.B. Saunders Comp, Philadelphia; 1996, 1508-1510.
  • 32. SPSS: SPSS software package for Windows, Version 17.0, Chicago.
  • 33. Dawson B, Trapp RG. Basic&Clinical Biostatistics. 3rd ed. Lange Medical Books / McGraw International Editions, New York; 2001.
  • 34. Yang YT, Whiteman M, Gieseg SP. Intracellular glutathione protects human monocyte-derived macrophages from hypochlorite damage. Life Sciences. 2012;90(17–18):682-688.
  • 35. Kim JM, Kim H, Kwon SB, Lee SY, Chung SC, Jeong DW, Min BM. Intracellular glutathione status regulates mouse bone marrow monocyte-derived macrophage differentiation and phagocytic activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004;325(1):101-8.
  • 36. Rayner BS, Love, DT, Hawkins CL. Comparative reactivity of myeloperoxidase-derived oxidants with mammalian cells. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2014;71:240-255.
  • 37. Zhou D, Huang C, Lin Z, Zhan S, Kong L, Fang C, li J. Macrophage polarization and function with emphasis on the evolving roles of coordinated regulation of cellular signaling pathways. Cellular Signalling. 2014;26 (2):192–197.
  • 38. Premkumar K, Pachiappan A, Abraham SK, Santhiya ST, Gopinath PM, Ramesh A. Effect of Spirulina fusiformison cyclophosphamide and mitomycin-C induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress in mice. Fitoterapia. 2001;72:906–911.
  • 39. Belay A, Ota Y, Miyakawa K, Shimamatsu H. Current knowledge on potential health benefits of Spirulina. J Appl Phycol. 1993;5:235–241.
  • 40. Romay CR, González R, Ledón N, Remirez D, Rimbau V. C-Phycocyanin, A Biliprotein with Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Effects. Current Protein and Peptide Science. 2003;4;207-216.
  • 41. Riss J, De´corde´ K, Sutra T, Delage M, Baccou JC, Jouy N,Brune JP, Ore´al H, Cristol JP, Rouanet JM. Phycobiliprotein C-phycocyanin fromSpirulina platensisis powerfully responsible for reducing oxidative stress and NADPH oxidase expression induced by an atherogenic diet in hamsters. J Agric Food. 2007;5:7962– 7967.
  • 42. Pinero Estrada JE, Bermejo Bescos P, Villar del Fresno AM. Antioxidant activity of different fractions of Spirulina platensis protean extract. Farmco. 2001;56 (5-7): 497-500.
  • 43. Belay A. The Potential Application of Spirulina (Arthrospira) as a Nutritional Health and Therapeutic Supplement in Health Management. Journal of the American Nutraceutical Association. 2002;5:27-48.
  • 44. Kalafati M, Jamurtas AZ, Nikolaidis MG, Paschalis V, Theodorou AA, Sakellariou GK, Koutedakis Y, Kouretas D. Ergogenic and antioxidant effects of spirulina supplementation in humans. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42(1):142-51.
  • 45. Şener G, Toklu HZ, Çetinel Ş. Beta-Glucan Protects Against Chronic Nicotine- Induced Oxidative Damage in Kidney and Bladder. Environmental Toxicology And Pharmacology. 2007;23:25-32.
  • 46. Atalay B. Japon Bıldırcınlarında Deneysel Aflatoksikozis’te Esterifiye Glukomannan’ın Lipid Peroksidasyonu ve Bazı Antioksidan Sistem Parametreleri Üzerine Etkileri. Dicle Üniv Vet Fak Derg. 2010;2(1):29-33.
  • 47. Liut L, Baojiang G, Jihong R, Xinyi D, Linxing C, Botang W. Study on effect and mechanism of polysaccharides of Spirulina platensis on body immune function improvement. Marine Science. 1991;6:44-49.
  • 48. Hayashi O, Katoh T, Okuwaki Y. Enhancement of antibody production in mice by dietary Spirulina platensis. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology. 1994;40:431-441.
  • 49. Şahan A, Taşbozan O, Aydın F, Özütok S, Erbaşı C, Duman S, Uslu L, Özcan, F. Determination of some Haematolgical and Nonspecific Immune Parameters in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L., 1758) Fed with Spirulina (Spirulina platensis) Added Diets. Journal of Aquaculture Engineering and Fisheries Research. 2015;1(3):133-139.
  • 50. Onifade AA, Obiyan RI, Onipede E, Adejumo DO, Abu OA, Babatunde GM. Assessment of the effects of supplementing rabbit diets with a culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae using growth performance, blood composition and clinical enzyme activities. Anim Feed Sci Tech. 1999;77:25-32.
There are 50 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Veterinary Surgery
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Nurten Galıp This is me 0000-0003-1714-410X

Nilay Seyıdoglu This is me 0000-0002-2817-5131

Zehra Serdar This is me 0000-0002-0909-618X

Nilgün Savas This is me

Project Number 2011/19
Publication Date July 18, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 38 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Galıp, N., Seyıdoglu, N., Serdar, Z., Savas, N. (2019). The Effect of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae and Spirulina Platensis on Glutathione and Leucocytes Count in Rabbits. Journal of Research in Veterinary Medicine, 38(1), 71-76. https://doi.org/10.30782/uluvfd.422576
AMA Galıp N, Seyıdoglu N, Serdar Z, Savas N. The Effect of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae and Spirulina Platensis on Glutathione and Leucocytes Count in Rabbits. J Res Vet Med. July 2019;38(1):71-76. doi:10.30782/uluvfd.422576
Chicago Galıp, Nurten, Nilay Seyıdoglu, Zehra Serdar, and Nilgün Savas. “The Effect of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae and Spirulina Platensis on Glutathione and Leucocytes Count in Rabbits”. Journal of Research in Veterinary Medicine 38, no. 1 (July 2019): 71-76. https://doi.org/10.30782/uluvfd.422576.
EndNote Galıp N, Seyıdoglu N, Serdar Z, Savas N (July 1, 2019) The Effect of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae and Spirulina Platensis on Glutathione and Leucocytes Count in Rabbits. Journal of Research in Veterinary Medicine 38 1 71–76.
IEEE N. Galıp, N. Seyıdoglu, Z. Serdar, and N. Savas, “The Effect of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae and Spirulina Platensis on Glutathione and Leucocytes Count in Rabbits”, J Res Vet Med, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 71–76, 2019, doi: 10.30782/uluvfd.422576.
ISNAD Galıp, Nurten et al. “The Effect of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae and Spirulina Platensis on Glutathione and Leucocytes Count in Rabbits”. Journal of Research in Veterinary Medicine 38/1 (July 2019), 71-76. https://doi.org/10.30782/uluvfd.422576.
JAMA Galıp N, Seyıdoglu N, Serdar Z, Savas N. The Effect of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae and Spirulina Platensis on Glutathione and Leucocytes Count in Rabbits. J Res Vet Med. 2019;38:71–76.
MLA Galıp, Nurten et al. “The Effect of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae and Spirulina Platensis on Glutathione and Leucocytes Count in Rabbits”. Journal of Research in Veterinary Medicine, vol. 38, no. 1, 2019, pp. 71-76, doi:10.30782/uluvfd.422576.
Vancouver Galıp N, Seyıdoglu N, Serdar Z, Savas N. The Effect of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae and Spirulina Platensis on Glutathione and Leucocytes Count in Rabbits. J Res Vet Med. 2019;38(1):71-6.