Clustering Analysis of Compressive Strength of Structural Recycled Aggregate Concrete

Year 2024, Volume: 9 Issue: 4, 402 - 411, 31.12.2024

Hasan Dilbas , Mehmet Şamil Güneş

https://doi.org/10.47481/jscmt.1607515

Abstract

Clustering analysis primarily highlights the in homogeneity of data and can be utilized in structural engineering to demonstrate strength irregularity. It is well-known that strength irregularity between neighboring floors within a structure or among structural elements can lead to non-holistic behavior. Therefore, the clustering of compressive strength holds significant importance. Despite the relevance, only a few studies have addressed the clustering of compressive strength in recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) and proposed potential solutions for clustering issues. This paper aims to investigate the clustering of compressive strength in RAC and explore viable solutions. In this experimental study, four concrete groups were produced under standard conditions. The first group included natural aggregate concretes (NAC) designed with the Absolute Volume Method (AVM) as control concretes. The second group, comprised of RAC, was designed with the equivalent mortar volume method (EVM) as the control RAC. The third group consisted of RAC treated with silica fume (SF) and designed using AVM, while the fourth group included RAC designed with EVM. Statistical analyses were conducted on the 28-day compressive strength test results. The results indicated that the strength class of compressive strength clusters varied among the four groups. The clustering of test results was influenced by the type of concrete components used and the design method employed. Additionally, using silica fume and adopting the Absolute Volume Method reduced strength fluctuation and regulated the strength class of clusters by bringing them closer together. In contrast, the Equivalent Mortar Volume Method resulted in a greater dispersion of strength classes. The clustering effect of recycled aggregate (RA) was more pronounced than that of natural aggregate (NA). Given these findings, it is essential to implement measures when utilizing RAC in sustainable structures to address potential clustering issues.

Keywords

Absolute volume method, clustering, equivalent mortar volume method, recycled aggregate, silica fume

References

• 1. Turkish Standards Institution. (2010). Testing hardened concrete - Part 3: Compressive strength of test specimens, Ankara, Türkiye. TS EN 12390-3.
• 2. ASTM. (2014). Standard test method for static modulus of elasticity and poisson’s ratio of concrete in compression, Pennsylvania, United States. ASTM C469.
• 3. Turkish Standards Institution. (2010). Testing hardened concrete - Part 6: Tensile splitting strength of test specimens, Ankara, Türkiye. TS EN 12390-6.
• 4. European Committee for Standardization. (2014). Design of Concrete Structures - Part 1-1: General Rules for Buildings, Brussels, Belgium. EN 1992-1-1.
• 5. Borhan, T. M. (2012). Properties of glass concrete reinforced with short basalt fiber. Materials and Design, 42, 265-271. [CrossRef]
• 6. Dilbas, H., Erkılıç, E., Saraylı, S., & Haktanır, T. (2011). Beton Mukavemet Deneyleri Değerlendirmesi için Bir İstatistiksel Çalışma. Yapı Dünya Dergisi, 178, 25-31.
• 7. Almeida, F. M., Barragán, B. E., Casas, J. R., & El Debs, H. C. (2010). Hardened properties of self-compacting concrete - A statistical approach. Construction and Building Materials, 24(9), 1608-1615. [CrossRef]
• 8. Zhou, C., Li, K., & Ma, F. (2014). Numerical and statistical analysis of elastic modulus of concrete as a three-phase heterogeneous composite. Composite Structures, 139, 33-42. [CrossRef]
• 9. Brito, J., & Saikia, N. (2014). Recycled Aggregate in Concrete. Springer, London, UK.
• 10. Xiao, J., Li, W., Fan, Y., & Huang, X. (2012). An overview of study on recycled aggregate concrete in China (1996-2011). Construction and Building Materials, 31, 364-383. [CrossRef]
• 11. Xiao, J., Li, W., & Poon, C. (2012). Recent studies on mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete in China - A review. Science China Technological Sciences, 55(6), 1463-1480. [CrossRef]
• 12. Kılınçarslan, Ş., İnce, E. Y., Tuncay, E. B., & Yağmurlu, F. (2018). Clustering analysis of normal strength concretes produced with different aggregate types. Open Chemistry, 16(1), 918-922. [CrossRef]
• 13. Turkish Standards Institution. (2016). Design of concrete mixes, Ankara, Türkiye. TS 802.
• 14. Abbas, A., Fathifazl, G., Isgor, O. B., Razaqpur, A. G., Fournier, B., & Foo, S. (2009). Durability of recycled aggregate concrete designed with equivalent mortar volume method. Cement and Concrete Composites, 31(8), 555-563. [CrossRef]
• 15. Dilbas, H., Çakır, Ö., & Atiş, C. D. (2019). Experimental investigation on properties of recycled aggregate concrete with optimized Ball Milling Method. Construction and Building Materials, 212, 716-726. [CrossRef]
• 16. Kim, J., & Sadowski, Ł. (2019). The equivalent mortar volume method in the manufacturing of recycled aggregate concrete. Technical Transactions, 116(11), 121-138. [CrossRef]
• 17. R Core Team. (2020). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.r-project.org/
• 18. Everitt, B. S., Landau, S., Leese, M., & Stahl, D. (2011). Cluster analysis. 5th ed., Wiley. [CrossRef]
• 19. Fernández, A., & Gómez, S. (2008). Solving non-uniqueness in agglomerative hierarchical clustering using multidendrograms. Journal of Classification, 25(1), 43-65. [CrossRef]
• 20. Agresti, A. (2012). Categorical data analysis (Vol. 792). John Wiley & Sons.
• 21. Dilbas, H., & Çakır, Ö. (2015). Fracture and failure of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) - A Review. International Journal of Concrete Technology, 1(1), 31-48.
• 22. Dilbas, H. (2014). An examination on mechanical behaviour of a cantilever beam produced with recycled aggregate concrete. Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, Yildiz Technical University.
• 23. Duan, Z. H., & Poon, C. S. (2014). Properties of recycled aggregate concrete made with recycled aggregates with different amounts of old adhered mortars. Materials and Design, 58, 19-29. [CrossRef]
• 24. Matias, D., De Brito, J., Rosa, A., & Pedro, D. (2013). Mechanical properties of concrete produced with recycled coarse aggregates - Influence of the use of superplasticizers. Construction and Building Materials, 44, 101-109. [CrossRef]
• 25. Dilbas, H., Şimşek, M., & Çakır, Ö. (2014). An investigation on mechanical and physical properties of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) with and without silica fume. Construction and Building Materials, 61, 50-59. [CrossRef]
• 26. Dilbas, H., Çakır, Ö., & Şimşek, M. (2017). Recycled aggregate concretes (RACs) for structural use: An evaluation on elasticity modulus and energy capacities. International Journal of Civil Engineering, 15, 247-261. [CrossRef]
• 27. Cantero, B., del Bosque, I. S., Matías, A., & Medina, C. (2018). Statistically significant effects of mixed recycled aggregate on the physical-mechanical properties of structural concretes. Construction and Building Materials, 185, 93-101. [CrossRef]
• 28. Wardeh, G., & Ghorbel, E. (2014, August 11-12). Mechanical properties of recycled aggregates concrete: An analytical study. International Symposium on Eco-Crete, Reykjavik, Iceland.
• 29. De Brito, J., & Saikia, N. (2012). Recycled aggregate in concrete: Use of industrial, construction, and demolition waste. Springer. [CrossRef]
• 30. Çakır, Ö., & Dilbas, H. (2018). A comparative analysis of elasticity modulus of recycled aggregate concrete with silica fume. Pamukkale University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 24(6), 1069-1078. [CrossRef]